Download or read book Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Insulin Resistance Tissue Lipid Profile and Adipose Tissue Cellularity in Sprague dawley Rat written by Tekeleselassie Ayalew Woldemariam and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fatty Acid and Lipotoxicity in Obesity and Diabetes written by Gregory R. Bock and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-11 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential lipotoxic effect of accumulation of fatty acids in non-adipose tissues is thought to be a major component in the development of insulin resistance. Chronic exposure to high concentrations of free fatty acids in the blood affects pancreatic β cell function, insulin secretion and lipid synthesis in the liver, and storage in adipose tissue. Maintaining the normal levels of fatty acids requires coordinated regulation between the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. This book deals with the molecular aspects of fatty acid action in obesity and insulin resistance. The topics include lipid metabolism and adipose tissue biology, and β cell function and insulin resistance. Chapters deal with the molecular genetics and molecular physiology of energy homeostasis.

Download or read book The Effect of Dietary Fatty Acid Composition on Skeletal Muscle and Hepatic Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism in Male and Female Mice written by Lisa Kate Philp and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 974 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Australian adults consume ~6% above the recommended intake of saturated fat and less than half the recommended daily amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). There is some evidence that the type and proportion of dietary fat consumed may influence the development of the obese phenotype and associated metabolic complications. Epidemiological studies indicate that a saturated fat-rich diet (HF-S) is deleterious, whilst consuming n-3 PUFAs is beneficial to metabolic health. Saturated fats have a greater propensity to enter storage in adipose tissue and ectopic stores, as opposed to being oxidised. This is deleterious as ectopic fat deposition in skeletal muscle and liver are strongly associated with insulin resistance. In contrast, diets rich in n-3 PUFA limit adipose tissue hypertrophy, reduce ectopic fat and prevent high fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance in rats. However, the mechanism by which n-3 PUFA enrichment of a HF-S diet (HF-n-3) prevents ectopic fat deposition in muscle and liver is unclear; though pathways of fatty acid uptake, storage and oxidation may be implicated. Furthermore, in skeletal muscle a functional shift in fibre type may be implicated, as increased muscle n-3 PUFA content is associated with an increased proportion of oxidative fibres. The studies in this thesis therefore aimed to determine: (I) the effect of HFD fatty acid composition on metabolic profile, adipose tissue distribution, and muscle fibre type composition of male and female mice; (II) if HF-n-3 feeding influenced the mRNA content of 27 key genes that regulate the uptake (FAT/CD36, FABPpm, FATP), synthesis and storage (SREBF, INSIG, SCD, ACC, DGAT, HSL) and utilisation (PDK, PPAR, PGC1, AMPK, ACC, CPT1, UCP) of fatty acids and metabolism of glucose (HK, PFK, GYS) in the glycolytic extensor digitorum longus muscle, oxidative soleus muscle and liver of male and female mice. To assess these aims mice were fed either a control diet (16% energy from fat) or one of two HFDs (60% energy from fat), a HF-S or HF-n-3 (7.5% saturated fat replaced with n-3 PUFA) diet. I investigated the hypothesis that HF-n-3 feeding prevents ectopic fat deposition through enhanced uptake and utilisation, and reduced storage, of fatty acids. Despite similarly increased body weight with both HFDs, mesenteric fat mass decreased and brown fat increased with HF-n-3 feeding compared to HF-S feeding. HF-S feeding increased muscle and liver fat content; this was ameliorated by HF-n-3. As hypothesised, HF-n-3 feeding may ameliorate intramyocellular and intrahepatic fat accumulation through an altered pattern of fatty acid metabolism gene expression in those tissues, specifically through the concurrent activation of pathways regulating fatty acid transport and utilisation, whilst limiting pathways that promote fatty acid storage and lipogenesis. Muscle fibre type composition was unchanged with diet, although HF-n-3 feeding increased muscle oxidative capacity. HF-S mice exhibited increased plasma insulin and glucose metabolism was influenced by HF-n-3 feeding in a tissue-specific manner. These studies highlight the importance of gender and in skeletal muscle, muscle fibre type, to the overall characteristics, profile of gene expression and ultimate function of the skeletal muscle and liver.

Download or read book The Role of Dietary Fatty Acids from Plant based Oils in Metabolic and Vascular Disease written by Jennifer Emily Enns and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary fat has long been implicated in the etiology of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, and both the amount of fat and the fatty acid composition of the diet play a role in disease progression. Although national health organizations have set guidelines for the recommended intake of dietary fats, questions remain regarding the optimal dietary lipid profile for maintaining health and improving disease conditions. Whether certain types of fatty acids from plant-based oils can improve metabolic and vascular disease has been studied and debated, but not fully determined. In this study, we investigated the role of dietary fatty acids from plant-based oils, and examined their effects on metabolic and vascular disease parameters. Obese fa/fa Zucker rats were fed a diet containing flaxseed oil, which resulted in smaller adipocytes and decreased adipose tissue T-cell infiltration. Obese-prone Sprague Dawley rats were fed high-fat diets with different proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fats. Changes were observed in adipose tissue levels of fatty acid synthase, adiponectin and fatty acid receptors GPR41 and GPR43, but other metabolic and inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue and serum remained stable. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of n3 fatty acids on major cardiovascular endpoints showed that little evidence exists to support their role in peripheral arterial disease. Then again, very few studies on this topic have been conducted. To address this research gap, a clinical trial was designed to investigate the effects of a dietary intervention on blood vessel properties in people with peripheral arterial disease. Participants in the Canola-PAD Study consumed 25 g/day of canola oil or a Western diet oil mixture as part of their usual diet for 8 weeks. Although the intervention altered phospholipid fatty acids, vascular function, the lipid profile and inflammatory markers stayed relatively stable. Overall, this research demonstrates that dietary fatty acids from plant-based oils can be immunomodulatory, but at the physiological doses tested they are not potent mediators of functional changes in obesity or vascular physiology.

Download or read book The Effects of Ageing and High Fat Diet on the Gene Expression of Adrenomedullin and Its Receptor Components in Rat Skeletal Muscles and Adipose Tissues written by Hei-Man Chow and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "The Effects of Ageing and High-fat Diet on the Gene Expression of Adrenomedullin and Its Receptor Components in Rat Skeletal Muscles and Adipose Tissues" by Hei-man, Chow, 周熙文, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled The Effects of Ageing and High-Fat Diet on the Gene Expression of Adrenomedullin and its Receptor Components in Rat Skeletal Muscles and Adipose Tissues Submitted by Hei Man Chow for the Degree of Master of Philosophy at the University of Hong Kong In August 2007 Metabolic syndrome is characterized by obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and atherogenesis. Insulin resistance is a state in which a given concentration of insulin produces a sub-optimal biological effect in target tissues of skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver. Despite reports about the presence of adrenomedullin (AM) in skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, and the effect of high-fat diet induced obesity on its expression, details of the effects of ageing on AM levels in rat have not been reported. Here, the effects of ageing and high-fat diet on the gene expression of AM and its receptor component proteins, the metabolic effects of AM on skeletal and adipose tissue and the regulation of AM gene expression by glucose and insulin are reported. Both ageing and high-fat diet reduce the gene expression of preproAM in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. For the gene expression of receptor component proteins in the skeletal muscle, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) was reduced by both, but the receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) 2 was only decreased on ageing. In the adipose tissue, significant reductions of gene expression were observed in all the receptor component proteins (CRLR, RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3) from the ageing study only. Moreover, immunoreactive (ir-) AM peptide contents were decreased by the ageing and high-fat diet in both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. All these changes might suggest a reduction of AM level and functions. Obesity is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Ageing is also characterized by hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia might affect the gene expression of AM in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. We found a decrease in AM gene expression by insulin in vitro in the skeletal muscle, similar to the adipose tissue, as reported previously. However, glucose did not lead to any significant changes. These suggest the AM gene expression in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is under transcription control of insulin but not glucose. The changes in AM gene expression suggested that AM might play roles in the regulation of fuel metabolism in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. We extended the studies to the effects of AM on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and found that was inhibited by AM in both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Such effects were reversed by a specific AM blocker, hAM(22-52); as well as a specific protein kinase A blocker, H89. Lipolysis in adipose tissue was enhanced with AM. These findings showed the increase in AM might be a possible cause to the insulin resistance. DOI: 10.5353/th_b3876701 Subjects: Adrenomedullin Gene expression Adipose tissues Aging Food habits Rats - Physiology

Download or read book Mechanisms of Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Insulin Resistance Hepatic Steatosis and Adiposity written by Angela Ann Wendel and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The significant depletion of adipose in mice by CLA may contribute to the lipodystrophic-like effects that accompany. The final objective of this research was to determine mechanisms by which CLA reduces adipose mass. Six-week old, male ob/ob mice were fed either a control diet (CON) or a diet supplemented with 1.5% mixed isomer CLA (CLA) for 4 weeks. A third group of mice (LEPTIN) were fed the control diet and received daily, intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg/kg BW recombinant leptin as a positive control for adipose depletion in ob/ob mice. The depletion of adipose tissue by CLA was accompanied by the acquirement of brown adipose-like characteristics, such as increased CPT-1b, PGC-1alpha, and UCP-1, in the white adipose of CLA-fed mice. This alteration may facilitate the reduction of adipose mass by increasing mitochondrial oxidation and energy dissipation. However, it appears that CLA does not increase UCP-1 through beta3AR signaling.

Download or read book Effects of Diet and Lactation on Lipogenesis in Rat Tissues written by Mohamed Farid Abd El-Khalek Farid and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Dietary Fat and Age on Adipose Tissue Composition and Fatty Acid Synthesis Levels in Strain A ST Mice written by Roger L. Behrman and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 1340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fatty Acid and NOD1 mediated Macrophage Polarization written by Kenny Lop-Gee Chan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insulin resistance is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of obesity-linked type 2 diabetes (T2D). Over the last 15 years, T2D has become increasingly recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease, with immune cells, most notably macrophages, representing an important link between lipid intake and insulin resistance. During high fat diets (HFD), macrophages infiltrate tissues that regulate glucose metabolism, including adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. Concomitantly, HFD disrupts the intestinal barrier, permitting translocation of gut bacterial compounds into circulation. It has been hypothesized that these compounds, along with certain lipids, activate macrophages to a pro-inflammatory polarized phenotype, resulting in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that directly interfere with insulin signalling in parenchymal cells of metabolism-defining tissues. However, the identity of the lipids and gut-derived factors that influence macrophage polarization, along with the underlying mechanisms, remain to be elucidated. In contrast to saturated fats, consumption of certain unsaturated fatty acids has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis. Using isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages cultured ex vivo, we find that the monounsaturated fatty acid cis-palmitoleate promotes anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. Specifically, cis-palmitoleate counteracts pro-inflammatory polarization induced by long-term HFD in vivo or by acute exposure to the saturated fatty acid palmitate in vitro. Further, we show that these anti-inflammatory effects are partially mediated by AMPK. When characterizing other diet-linked factors with immunoregulatory activity, we identify that activators of NOD1, a receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan, increase in circulation of HFD-fed mice. Moreover depleting NOD1 specifically in hematopoietic cells limits pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization within adipose tissue, and simultaneously improves whole-body insulin responsiveness without affecting body weight or adiposity. Collectively, our findings highlight that specific fatty acids and innate immune receptors have critical involvement in macrophage polarization under obesogenic conditions. These results suggest that cell-targeted anti-inflammatory strategies may have therapeutic promise in the alleviation of insulin resistance preceding T2D.

Download or read book Effects of the Structural Arrangement of Dietary Triglycerides on the Lipid Composition of Rat Tissues written by Charles Edward Elson and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effect of Dietary Fatty Acids Upon the Development of Obesity and Insulin Resistance written by Christopher Edward Donnellan and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Treatment Effects of Dietary Oils on Diet induced Obesity Lipidemia and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle Tissue of Obese Prone Rats written by Karin Dunthorne and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity -- Metabolism -- Nutrition -- Diabetes -- Canola -- Oil.

Download or read book Effects of a High fat Sucrose Diet in Insulin Levels and Related Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Rats written by Daniel Joseph Faria and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dietary Fat Regulates Metabolic and Mitogenic Effects of Insulin written by Sadeesh Kumar Ramakrishnan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insulin has pleiotrophic effect from the regulation of metabolism to cell survival. Dietary factors influence insulin action on its target tissue. High-fat feeding of C57BL/6 (BL6) mice for 30 days decrease hepatic CEACAM1 and insulin clearance leading to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. We demonstrate that high fat mediated repression of CEACAM1 is PPAR[alpha] dependent as CEACAM1 levels are protected in -high fat fed PPAR[alpha]-/-. Ligand activated PPAR[alpha] binds to and inhibits Ceacam1 promoter activity and its expression. Though PPAR[alpha] activation by WY14,643 or fenofibrate decreased insulin clearance, it did not induce hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance. On the contrary, PPAR[alpha] activation improved insulin sensitivity while decreasing insulin secretion. Therefore, the decrease in CEACAM1 might have compensated for the decrease insulin secretion to avoid insulin deficiency. However, Hf diet decreases CEACAM1 with a parallel increase in insulin secretion from the pancreas which leads to chronic hyperinsulinemia as they exhibit impairment of insulin clearance. This is further evident in the diet induced obese mice treated with fenofibrate exhibiting improvement in insulin sensitivity and decreased insulin secretion in a PPAR[alpha] dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrate fat feeding and fasting involve PPAR[alpha] activation by free fatty acids (FFA) and fatty acids have differential effect on CEACAM1 expression. Conversely, caloric restriction decreases PPAR[alpha] and increases CEACAM1 expression and its phosphorylation resulting in improved insulin clearance and insulin action. Increase in visceral obesity is often associated with increased risk of developing cancer. However, the association between obesity and prostate cancer is poorly understood. Since, HF feeding results in hyperinsulinemia and insulin activates mitogenic pathway, we examined the effect of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia on the prostate cancer development and progression in the insulin sensitive Pten+/- mouse models. We demonstrate that high fat feeding decreases the latency period of prostate cancer in Pten+/-. We also show that hyperinsulinemia induces proliferation in cells with siRNA-mediated Pten knockdown suggesting that diet induced hyperinsulinemia plays a key role in the neoplastic progression observed in Pten+/- mice on high fat. Together, the data provide a invivo and invitro demonstration of how high fat feeding causes hyperinsulinemia which in turn leads to obesity and predisposition to cancer.

Download or read book The Influence of Dietary Polyunsaturated and Saturated Fatty Acids on Hepatic and Adipose Tissue Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Meal fed Rat written by Steven Donald Clarke and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Increased Dietary Protein Fat Levels with Cornstarch Or Sucrose on Insulin Resistance in Sprague Dawley Rats written by Mary Broderick Burgess and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: