Download or read book Effects of Dietary Crude Protein and Buffer on Lactational Performance Acid base Status and Nitrogen and Mineral Metabolism in Lactating Dairy Cows During Summer written by Lisa Ann Griffel and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Dietary Cation anion Difference on Performance Acid base Status and Nitrogen and Macromineral Metabolism of Lactating Dairy Cows written by Wenping Hu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Dietary Protein Degradability and Undergradability on Milk Urea Nitrogen Milk NPN and Blood Urea Nitrogen in Lactating Dairy Cows written by Dwight Kenneth Roseler and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protein Nutrition in Dairy Cows written by Paulina Letelier and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The release of N into the environment is having a severe negative impact in the ecosystems and human health. The dairy industry is under pressure to improve the N utilization and reduce the N losses to the environment. This work comprises 1 meta-analysis, and 2 cow experiments that aimed to study the effect of protein nutrition, amino acids (AA), and sampling methodologies on cow performance, and N utilization responses of lactating dairy cows. The meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association of plasma essential AA (EAA) profile with cow performance and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). A hierarchical clustering revealed 2 plasma EAA clusters. Cows in cluster 1 had lower proportion of Leu and Val and greater proportion of Phe, Lys, Ile and Thr in total plasma EAA, greater milk, protein and fat yield and numerically lower PUN than cows in cluster 2. Our findings suggested the existence of an association between the plasma EAA profile and productive performance. The first cow experiment evaluated three protocols to determine urinary urea-N (UUN) excretion, the end-product of N metabolism in dairy cows. Urinary urea-N excretion was lower when determined by spot sampling compared to bladder catheterization or via an external collection cup device. Urinary urea-N and creatinine concentration were greater for spot sampling than for bladder catheterization. Urine specific gravity explained 66.5, 73.2, and 32.1% of the variation in urine output for bladder catheterization, collection cup and spot sampling, respectively. Increasing salt in the diet tended to increase urine output, decrease urinary urea concentration as well as milk protein concentration and yield. Finally, the last cow experiment evaluated production performance of dairy cows when fed 4 levels of dietary crude protein (CP) at different stages of lactation. Milk energy output was influenced by the interaction between dietary CP and stage of lactation. At 180 days in milk, feeding diets with more than 16.3% up to 17.4% CP marginally increased milk energy output from 31.5 to 32.6 Mcal/d. At 270 days in milk, the predicted responses of milk energy output to dietary CP decreased, resulting in a marginal improvement (24.5 vs. 25.8 Mcal/d) when cows were fed diet with more than 15.6% up to 16.9% CP. Nitrogen use efficiency linearly decreased with increasing levels of dietary CP.
Download or read book Effects of Feather Meal on Lactation Performance of Dairy Cows Fed Methionine Deficient Diets written by Sopaphan Pruekvimolphan and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of Feeding Supplemental Palmitic Acid C16 0 on Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Lactating Dairy Cows Under Summer Heat written by Jesse Lee Warntjes and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Optimizing Dietary Crude Protein Level for Maximal Bacterial Protein Synthesis and Milk Production in Dairy Cows written by Jose de Jesus Olmos Colmenero and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nitrogen Efficiency in Late Lactation Dairy Cows written by Tiago Miguel Lima da Costa Barros and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our main objectives were to (Project A) determine the partitioning of N from alfalfa silage (AS), corn silage (CS), corn grain (CG), and soybean meal (SBM) in lactating cows; and (Project B) study the effects of incremental reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on N metabolism of late-lactation dairy cows. In Project A, 12 multiparous cows were fed one of four dietary treatments constructed by replacing one feed ingredient of the unlabeled pretreatment TMR with its corresponding 15N-labeled ingredient (grown with 15N-labeled fertilizers). Cows were fed dietary treatments for four days and were fed the unlabeled TMR from day another four days. Results of different modeling approaches using a single exponential pool model suggested that N from concentrates contributed to a greater extent to milk N than N from silages. Corn grain N contributed the least to urinary N compared with other feed ingredients. These results provided evidence for distinct metabolic and digestive utilization of the N from AS, CS, CG, and SBM. Overall results suggested more excretion of urinary N and fecal N relative to milk N secretion for silages than for concentrates. In project B, 16 pens of eight late-lactation cows were fed for 12 weeks one of four diets that contained CP concentration of 16.2, 14.4, 13.1, and 11.8%. Reducing dietary CP reduced, in a linear fashion, the mass of dry matter, CP, and starch digested in the digestive tract. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia and branched-chain amino acids (AA) were linearly reduced with the reduction in dietary CP. Milk N secretion and excretion of urinary N and fecal N were linearly reduced with the reduction in dietary CP. Serum concentration of essential and non-essential amino acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Muscle N breakdown increased with the reduction of dietary CP concentration in week 1 and 4 of the experimental period, however this effect was not present in week 12. Muscle N mobilization was insufficient to maintain production level, but might have been instrumental in maintaining other physiological functions such as pregnancy.
Download or read book The Effects of Dietary Cation anion Balance Stage of Lactation and Ration Ingredients on Acid Base Metabolism and Productivity of Dairy Cows written by Annick Marie Delaquis and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of formulating rations using different ingredients and of manipulating the cation-anion balance of the rations on production, acid-base status, metabolism of macrominerals and renal function of dairy cows. The effects of dietary cation-anion balance were studied during early, mid and late lactation as well as during the dry period. Feeding an alfalfa-haylage based diet vs a corn silage based diet, both having the same cation-anion balance did not affect the voluntary consumption, milk yield or milk composition of cows in early lactation. The acid-base status of the animals was not affected by dietary treatment. The lower urinary bicarbonate concentration observed with the alfalfa haylage-based diet was not associated with a lower total urinary bicarbonate excretion since urine volume was significantly higher than when cows were fed the corn silage-based diet. Manipulating dietary cation-anion balance, however, resulted in changes in acid-base status at all stages of lactation studied. Urinary bicarbonate concentration and total daily excretion were increased by a higher dietary cation-anion balance at all stages of lactation. Similar effects of dietary cation-anion balance on urinary bicarbonate did not, however, translate into similar changes in production or intake by cows at differing stages of lactation. Cows in early and mid lactation seemed to have benefited more from a highly positive dietary cation-anion balance than cows in late lactation or dry period." --
Download or read book Effects of Dietary Engergy Density on Metabolic Status and Lactation Performance of Periparturient Dairy Cows written by Euler Rabelo and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Buffer Supplementation to High grain Diets Fed Lactating Dairy Cows written by Luis Carlos Solorzano and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nutrient Utilization Lactational Performance and Profitability of Dairy Cows by Feeding Protein Supplements in High Forage Lactation Diets written by Kathryn Neal and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the increasing cost of soybean meal and concerns of excess N being excreted into the environment, new protein supplements have been developed. Two products that have shown potential in increasing N utilization efficiency are slow release urea (SRU; Optigen) and ruminal escape protein derived from yeast (YMP; DEMP). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feeding these 2 supplements in high-forage [(54% of total dietary dry matter (DM)] dairy diets on nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, lactational performance of dairy cows, and their impacts on income-over feed costs. Twelve multiparous dairy cows were used in a triple 4 ©7 4 Latin square design with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. Treatments included: 1) control, 2) SRU-supplemented total mixed ration (TMR, SRUT), 3) YMP-supplemented TMR (YMPT), and 4) SRU and YMP-supplemented TMR (SYT). The control consisted only of a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal (SBMCM) in a 50:50 ratio. The SRU and the YMP were supplemented at 0.49% and 1.15% DM, respectively. The experiment consisted of 4 periods lasting 28 d each (21 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling). Cows fed YMPT and SYT had decreased intake of DM, and all supplemented treatments had lower crude protein intake compared to those fed the control. Milk yield tended to have the greatest increase in YMPT compared with the control (41.1 vs. 39.7 kg/d) as well as a tendency for increased milk fat and protein yields. Feed efficiencies based on yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk increased at 10-16% due to protein supplementation. Cows fed with protein supplements partitioned less energy toward body weight gain, but tended to partition more energy toward milk production. Efficiency of use of feed N to milk N increased by feeding SRUT and YMPT, and milk N-to-manure N ratio increased in YMPT. Cows fed SRUT or YMPT tended to improve income-over feed costs. Overall results from this experiment indicate that replacing SBMCM with SRU and YMP in high-forage dairy diets can be a good approach to enhance dairy profitability through improved nutrient utilization efficiencies by lactating dairy cows.
Download or read book Impacts of Reducing Dietary Crude Protein with Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation on Lactating Sow Performance Nitrogen Utilization and Heat Production written by David Paul Chamberlin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Designing Foods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively book examines recent trends in animal product consumption and diet; reviews industry efforts, policies, and programs aimed at improving the nutritional attributes of animal products; and offers suggestions for further research. In addition, the volume reviews dietary and health recommendations from major health organizations and notes specific target levels for nutrients.
Download or read book Effect of Dietary Cation anion Balance Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Chloride on Acid base Status Milk Production and Mineral Metabolism in Lactating Dairy Cattle written by William Bryan Tucker and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Histidine written by Fabio Giallongo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three experiments were conducted (1) to evaluate the effects of supplementing a reduced-protein diet with a ruminally available source of N and rumen-protected (RP) limiting AA on performance of lactating cows; (2) to determine the specific effects of His supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows fed a reduced-protein diet; and (3) to investigate the effects of feeding a His-deficient diet on lactational performance and the endogenous His-reserves of dairy cows. The objective for the first study was to investigate the effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected Met (RPMet) and rumen-protected His (RPHis) supplementation of a reduced-protein diet [deficient in metabolizable protein (MP), according to the National Research Council (NRC, 2001)] on lactation performance of dairy cows. We hypothesized that slow-release urea supplementation would alleviate the previously observed negative effect of lower ruminal N availability on total-tract fiber digestibility. We also hypothesized that supplementation of RPMet and specifically RPHis may increase dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and milk protein yield (MPY). Sixty lactating Holstein cows were used in a 10-wk randomized complete block-design trial. Cows were fed a covariate diet for 2 wk (i.e., baseline period during which all cows are fed the same diet) and then assigned to one of the following treatments: MP-adequate diet (AMP), MP-deficient diet (DMP), DMP supplemented with slow-release urea (DMPU), DMPU supplemented with RPMet (DMPUM), and DMPUM supplemented with RPHis (DMPUMH). The DMP diet did not affect DMI, yields of milk, and milk components, despite a reduction in nutrient digestibility, compared to AMP. Urinary N and urea-N excretions were decreased by DMP, compared to AMP. Cows fed DMP had higher plasma concentration of 3-methylhistidine and gained less body weight (BW) compared to AMP and cows fed DMPU, DMPUM, and DMPUMH. Addition of slow-release urea to the DMP diet increased urinary urea-N excretion. Supplementation of RPMet increased plasma Met concentration but had no effect on milk production or composition. The DMPUMH increased DMI, milk true protein concentration and yield, and decreased milk fat concentration, compared to DMPUM. These results were in line with a previous study from A. N. Hristovs laboratory and suggested that His may have a positive effect on feed intake and milk production and composition in dairy cows fed MP-deficient diets.The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a reduced-protein diet [deficient in MP, based on NRC (2001)] with RPMet, rumen-protected Lys (RPLys), and RPHis, individually or combined, on the performance of lactating dairy cows. We hypothesized that supplementation of (1) RPHis may improve DMI, milk yield, and MPY; (2) RPMet, RPLys, or both may increase milk protein content and MPY; and (3) a combination of the 3 RPAA (Met, Lys, His) may further increase milk yield and MPY. The experiment was a 9-wk randomized complete block design with 72 Holstein cows. Following a 2-wk covariate period, cows were assigned to 1 of the following 6 treatments: MP-adequate diet (MPA), MP-deficient diet (MPD), MPD supplemented with RPMet (MPDM); (4) MPD supplemented with RPLys (MPDL); (5) MPD supplemented with RPHis (MPDH); and (6) MPD supplemented with RPMet, RPLys, and RPHis (MPDMLH). The MPD diet decreased DMI, yields of milk and milk components (fat, protein, lactose), energy-corrected milk (ECM), and feed efficiency, compared to MPA. Cows fed MPD had lower milk and plasma urea N and higher milk N efficiency compared to cows fed MPA. Supplementation of MPD with RPLys increased milk protein content. Addition of RPHis increased DMI and milk protein concentration. Supplementation of the 3 RPAA increased yields of milk fat, protein, and ECM and ECM feed efficiency. Cows fed MPD had lower blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration than cows fed MPA. Overall, data from this study confirmed our previous findings and suggested that His stimulates DMI and the combination of the 3 RPAA (Met, Lys, and His) has the potential to improve milk and milk component yields in dairy cows fed MP-deficient diets.The objective of the third experiment was to investigate the effects of feeding a His-deficient diet on lactational performance and the endogenous His-reserves of dairy cows. We hypothesized that feeding a His-deficient diet may decrease DMI, yields of milk and/or milk components, BW gain, N efficiency, and the endogenous His-reserves (i.e., blood Hb and muscle His-dipeptides). Supplementation of the His-deficient diet with RPHis may alleviate these effects in dairy cows. The study was a 10-wk randomized complete block design with 24 Holstein cows. After a 2-wk covariate period, cows were assigned to a His-adequate diet (HAD) and His-deficient diet (HDD). At the end of the 10-wk experiment, HDD was supplemented with RPHis for an additional 9 d. The HDD diet decreased DMI, yields of milk, protein and lactose, ECM, and milk and plasma urea N, compared to HAD. Total-tract apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber, and excretion of urinary N and urea N were decreased by HDD, compared to HAD. Concentrations of muscle His, plasma His and blood Hb were decreased by HDD compared to HAD, suggesting a supply of His from the endogenous reserves. The 9-d supplementation of HDD with RPHis increased DMI and ECM yield, compared to HDD. These results confirmed the findings of the two previous experiments that low dietary His supply impair DMI and yields of milk and milk protein in dairy cows. Supplementation of such diets with RPHis has the potential to reverse these effects.
Download or read book The Effect of Abomasal Infusion of Histidine and Proline on Milk Composition and Mammary Amino Acid Utilization in High Producing Lactating Dairy Cows written by Megan Wiles Hofherr and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high cost of feed and increasing necessity to reduce nitrogen (N) waste in dairy production systems has driven research in the area of improving milk protein synthesis and overall efficiency of N utilization in lactating dairy cows. One strategy that has been investigated is reducing the total crude protein (CP) level of the diet while supplementing the ration with limiting amino acids (AA) for milk production. However, currently there is not enough information on the effects of increasing absorptive supply of certain individual AA on productive performance and mammary metabolism in high producing lactating dairy cows. Specifically, histidine (His) has been shown to be a limiting amino acid in grass fed lactating dairy cows and to alter fat secretion under certain conditions. In one published study in which the nonessential AA proline (Pro) was infused into the duodenum of two cows, a significant increase in milk protein output and a reduction in arginine (Arg) uptake by the mammary gland were observed. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of abomasal infusion of His and Pro, separately and in combination, on productive performance and mammary amino acid utilization in high producing lactating dairy cows. Four rumen-fistulated Holstein cows (52 [PLUS OR MINUS]16 DIM) with indwelling intercostal arterial catheters were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Experimental treatments were continuous abomasal infusion of water (Control), His (H, 10g/d), Pro (P, 20 g/d), and His (10 g/d) + Pro (20 g/d)(H+P), with 7-d treatment periods. Cows were fed a TMR (15.6 % CP, 2.7 Mcals/kg ME) once per day for ad libitum intake, and refusals were measured and analyzed. The CNCPS v6.1 was used to formulate a diet to exceed the metabolizable energy requirement, provide 95% of the predicted metabolizable protein requirement, and supply adequate amounts of all essential amino acids, except Arg. Compared to the Control treatment, abomasal infusion of Pro decreased dry matter intake (DMI) by 1.8 kg/d and improved feed efficiency (P [LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO] 0.05) by 0.16 kg 3.5% FCM per kg dry matter. Fat corrected milk (FCM) yields were not affected by treatment (51.8 kg/d, TRT C; 50.6 kg/d, TRT H; 49.0 kg/d TRT H+P; 52.4 kg/d TRT P). Abomasal infusion of His resulted in no difference in milk yield or composition, and there was no effect of Pro infusion on protein and fat contents and yields. Pro infusion increased lactose percentage (P [LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO] 0.05) but not yield. The lactose response suggests that longer infusions might have resulted in increased milk yield. Mammary blood flow, expressed as L plasma/L milk, was not significantly different among treatments; though, Pro infusion increased blood flow by 14% relative to the control treatment (694.8 vs. 606.8 L plasma/L milk for P and C, respectively). Arterial concentration of His tended to be higher for His infusion than for both water and Pro infusions. The AV differences for all EAA were not affected by AA infusion; however, AV differences for Asp, Cys, Glu, and Cit were numerically lowest for Pro infusion, with no changes for other NEAA. Compared to the Control infusion, His infusion decreased extraction efficiency of His by the mammary gland. Although the P treatment did not significantly affect arterial concentration, AV difference, or extraction rate of Pro or Arg when compared to values for the control, it appears that Pro infusion tended to alter extraction efficiency and mammary uptake of Cit and Val. Results of this experiment suggest that His does not limit milk production or milk protein synthesis in high producing lactating dairy cows fed corn silage based rations. Lactation performance and feed efficiency were not improved by abomasal infusion of His and Pro, simultaneously. Unlike results of other studies, increased absorptive supply of both His and Pro did not increase milk protein synthesis in this experiment. Further, abomasal infusion of Pro did not reduce Arg uptake by the mammary gland, which is not consistent with other experiments in which Pro was infused postruminally in lactating cows and goats. However, this work does suggest that postruminal supplementation of Pro might improve feed efficiency and alter milk fat secretion in high producing dairy cows in early lactation.
