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Book Experimental Tests of Parallel Impurity Transport Theory in Tokamak Plasmas

Download or read book Experimental Tests of Parallel Impurity Transport Theory in Tokamak Plasmas written by Matthew Logan Reinke and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In realistic reactor scenarios, high temperature plasmas will be composed of not only the fusion reactants and products, but also impurities introduced purposefully or unintentionally from plasma facing materials. In tokamaks it is often assumed, sometimes erroneously, that surfaces of constant main ion pressure are also surfaces of constant impurity pressure. Although the same underlying physics determine impurity momentum balance along closed magnetic field lines, the increased mass and charge of high-Z impurities weights terms differently. Their large mass enhances inertial effects like the centrifugal force from toroidal rotation, and( can lead to accumulation of heavy impurities on the outboard side of a flux surface. Their high charge enhances ion-impurity friction and makes impurities sensitive to small poloidal variations in the electrostatic potential. In Alcator C-Mod, 2D (R,Z) measurements of photon emission from high-Z impurities reveal significant variations of impurity density on a flux surface. Poloidal variations, normalized to the flux surface average, I 2/(n ) , have been measured up to ~ 1/3, and separate cases of impurities accumulating on the inboard and outboard side of a flux surface are observed, depending on local plasmas conditions. Experiments demonstrate that these asymmetries are due to a combination of inertia., poloidal electric fields and ion-impurity friction, and measurements are compared to existing neoclassical parallel impurity transport theory. This is the first time centrifugal force has been observed to cause a substantial asymmetry in a plasma with no external momentum input and where the flow is entirely self-generated. Magnetically trapped fast ions, sustained by ion cyclotron waves, create a poloidally varying electrostatic potential which causes high-Z impurities to accumulate on the inboard side. Existing theory is extended to include this effect by incorporating a species that has an anisotropic pressure tensor. Experimental measurements in plasmas where the minority resonance layer is scanned show good qualitative and quantitative agreement with this extended theory. The sensitivity of 51/(nz) to fast-ions demonstrates the opportunity for the impurity asymmetry to be used as a novel diagnostic tool and calls into question prior work on in/out asymmetries in neutral beam heated plasmas. /down asymmetries in the banana regime are unable to be explained by ion/impurity friction in the trace limit, nZZ 2 /n

Book Orbit Effects on Impurity Transport in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma

Download or read book Orbit Effects on Impurity Transport in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Particle orbits in a rotating tokamak plasma are calculated from the equation of motion in the frame that rotates with the plasma. It is found that heavy particles in a rotating plasma can drift away from magnetic surfaces significantly faster with a higher bounce frequency, resulting in a diffusion coefficient much larger than that for a stationary plasma. Particle orbits near the surface of a rotating tokamak are also analyzed. Orbit effects indicate that more impurities can penetrate into a plasma rotating with counter-beam injection. Particle simulation is carried out with realistic experimental parameters and the results are in qualitative agreement with some experimental observations in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). 19 refs., 15 figs.

Book Turbulent Transport In Magnetized Plasmas Second Edition

Download or read book Turbulent Transport In Magnetized Plasmas Second Edition written by C Wendell Horton, Jr and published by #N/A. This book was released on 2017-07-21 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a few seconds with large machines, scientists and engineers have now created the fusion power of the stars in the laboratory and at the same time find the rich range of complex turbulent electromagnetic waves that transport the plasma confinement systems. The turbulent transport mechanisms created in the laboratory are explained in detail in the second edition of 'Turbulent Transport in Magnetized Plasmas' by Professor Horton.The principles and properties of the major plasma confinement machines are explored with basic physics to the extent currently understood. For the observational laws that are not understood — the empirical confinement laws — offering challenges to the next generation of plasma students and researchers — are explained in detail. An example, is the confinement regime — called the 'I-mode' — currently a hot topic — is explored.Numerous important problems and puzzles for the next generation of plasma scientists are explained. There is growing demand for new simulation codes utilizing the massively parallel computers with MPI and GPU methods. When the 20 billion dollar ITER machine is tested in the 2020ies, new theories and faster/smarter computer simulations running in near real-time control systems will be used to control the burning hydrogen plasmas.

Book Orbit Effects on Impurity Transport in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma

Download or read book Orbit Effects on Impurity Transport in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma written by K. L. Wong and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Test Particle Studies of Acceleration and Transport in Solar and Tokamak Plasmas

Download or read book Test Particle Studies of Acceleration and Transport in Solar and Tokamak Plasmas written by Robert McKay and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A test particle approach is used to study two distinct plasma physics situations. In the first case, the collisionless response of protons to cold plasma fast Alfven waves propagating in a non-uniform magnetic field configuration (specifically, a two-dimensional X-point field) is studied. The field perturbations associated with the waves, which are assumed to be azimuthally-symmetric and invariant in the direction orthogonal to the X-point plane, are exact solutions of the linearized ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. The protons are initially Maxwellian, at temperatures that are consistent with the cold plasma approximation. Two kinds of wave solution are invoked: global perturbations, with inward- and outward-propagating components; and purely inward-propagating waves, localised in distance from the X-point null, the wave electric field E having a preferred direction. In both cases the protons are effectively heated in the direction parallel to the magnetic field, although the parallel velocity distribution is generally non-Maxwellian and some protons are accelerated to highly suprathermal energies. This heating and acceleration can be attributed to the fact that protons undergoing E x B drifts due to the presence of the wave are subject to an effective force in the direction parallel to B. The localised wave solution produces more effective proton heating than the global solution, and successive wave pulses have a synergistic effect. This process, which could play a role in both solar coronal heating and late-phase heating in solar flares, is effective for all ion species, but has a negligible direct effect on electrons. However, both electrons and heavy ions would be expected to acquire a temperature similar to that of the protons on collisional timescales. In the second case the same approach is used to study the collisional transport of impurity ions (carbon, mainly, although tungsten ions are also simulated) in spherical tokamak (ST) plasmas with transonic and subsonic toroidal flows. The efficacy of this approach is demonstrated by reproduscing the results of classical transport theory in the large aspect ratio limit. The equilibrium parameters used in the ST modelling are similar to those of plasmas in the MAST experiment. The effects on impurity ion confinement of both counter-current and co-current rotation are determined. Various majority ion density and temperature profiles, approximating measured profiles in rotating and non-rotating MAST plasmas, are used in the modelling. It is shown that transonic rotation (both counter-current and co-current) has the effect of reducing substantially the confinement time of the impurity ions. This effect arises primarily because the impurity ions, displaced by the centrifugal force to the low-field region of the tokamak, are subject to a collisional diffusivity that is greater than the flux surface-averaged value of this quantity. for a given set of plasma profiles, the carbon ions are found to be significantly less well-confined in co-rotating plasmas than in counter-rotating plasmas, although the difference in confinement time between co- and counter-rotation lessens as the mass of the impurity increases. In the case of carbon ions the poloidal distribution of losses exhibits a pronounced up/down asymmetry that is consistent with the direction of the net vertical drift of the impurity ions. Increasing the mass of the impurity ion is also found to significantly decrease the confinement time in the rotating cases, though the confinement time for the case of a stationary plasma is increased. Such studies of impurity transport within tokamaks are important because it is desirable to expel impurity ions from the plasma to avoid both dilution of the fuel ions and unacceptable radiation losses from the plasma.

Book Turbulent Transport in Rotating Tokamak Plasmas

Download or read book Turbulent Transport in Rotating Tokamak Plasmas written by Francis James Casson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Impurity Asymmetries in the Pedestal Region of the Alcator C Mod Tokamak

Download or read book Impurity Asymmetries in the Pedestal Region of the Alcator C Mod Tokamak written by Randy Michael Churchill and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an effort to illuminate the effects of the strong plasma gradients in the pedestal region on impurity transport, research was conducted to measure complete sets of impurity density, poloidal and parallel velocity, and temperature at two separate poloidal locations in the pedestal region of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. To this end, the diagnostic technique gas puff-CXRS was refined and expanded on, allowing for the first time in a tokamak complete measurements of impurities at the high-field side (HFS). Large in-out B5+ impurity density asymmetries were measured in H-mode plasmas with strong boundary electron density gradients, with a build-up of impurity density at the HFS. Impurity temperatures were also found to be asymmetric in the pedestal region, with larger temperatures at the low-field side (LFS). Such temperature asymmetries suggest a significant asymmetry in electron density near the separatrix. In contrast to these H-mode results, plasmas with low boundary electron density gradients, such as L-mode and I-mode, exhibit constant impurity density on a flux surface, even if strong electron temperature gradients are present. Mechanisms which could drive such poloidal asymmetries are explored. Experiments provide evidence against localized impurity sources and fluctuation-induced transport as primary causes. Particle transport timescales are compared, showing that the radial transport becomes comparable to or faster than the parallel transport in the pedestal region. Additionally, modelling of impurity transport using conventional, one-dimensional neoclassical physics fails to correctly reproduce the measured flux-surface averaged impurity density, suggesting along with the timescale estimates that a more complete two-dimensional treatment of impurity particle transport is required. The measured impurity velocities at the LFS and HFS are compared to the canonical form for particle flow velocity within the flux surface of a tokamak. Within the error bars of the measurement, agreement is found with the canonical form. The implications of exact matches to the canonical form are low radial transport, and the E x B drift dominating the perpendicular impurity flow. Further work is motivated into more precise velocity measurements to determine if the velocities exactly match this canonical form.

Book Poloidal Density Variation of Impurities in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma Flux Surface Coordinates and Effect on Transport Coefficients

Download or read book Poloidal Density Variation of Impurities in a Rotating Tokamak Plasma Flux Surface Coordinates and Effect on Transport Coefficients written by M. Romanelli and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Evolution of Poloidal Variation of Impurity Density and Ambipolar Potential in Rotating Tokamak Plasma

Download or read book Evolution of Poloidal Variation of Impurity Density and Ambipolar Potential in Rotating Tokamak Plasma written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present numerical results of a 1-D (poloidal), time dependent code for the description of ion impurity transport on a given tokamak magnetic surface, in the presence of momentum sources such that, as observed in neutral beam injection experiments, the toroidal rotation velocities be comparable to or larger than the impurity thermal speed. We show that the densities, the velocities and the ambipolar potential reach a quasi steady state characterized by significant poloidal gradients, on a time scale of the order of the collision time, i.e. faster than the radial diffusion scale. To obtain this steady state a phenomenological drag force needs be introduced; we find that a purely classical, gyroviscous force alone is apparently insufficient to obtain a steady state, within the framework of the present model which retains only the zero-th order, in the Larmor radius expansion, ion-impurity friction.

Book Impurity Transport in Tokamak Plasmas

Download or read book Impurity Transport in Tokamak Plasmas written by Peter Donnel and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Impurity transport is an issue of utmost importance for tokamaks. Indeed high-Z materials are only partially ionized in the plasma core, so that they can lead to prohibitive radiative losses even at low concentrations, and impact dramatically plasma performance and stability. On-axis accumulation of tungsten has been widely observed in tokamaks.While the very core impurity peaking is generally attributed to neoclassical effects, turbulent transport could well dominate in the gradient region at ITER relevant collisionality. Up to recently, first principles simulations of corresponding fluxes were performed with different dedicated codes, implicitly assuming that both transport channels are separable and therefore additive. The validity of this assumption is questionned. Simulations obtained with the gyrokinetic code GYSELA have shown clear evidences of a neoclassical-turbulence synergy for impurity transport and allowed the identification of a mechanism that underly this synergy.An analytical work allows to compute the level and the structure of the axisymmetric part of the electric potential knowing the turbulence intensity. Two mechanisms are found for the generation of poloidal asymmetries of the electric potential: flow compressibility and the ballooning of the turbulence. A new prediction for the neoclassical impurity flux in presence of large poloidal asymmetries and pressure anisotropies has been derived. A fair agreement has been found between the new theoretical prediction for neoclassical impurity flux and the results of a GYSELA simulation displaying large poloidal asymmetries and pressure anisotropies induced by the presence of turbulence.

Book Rotation and Impurity Transport in a Tokamak Plasma with Directed Neutral Beam Injection

Download or read book Rotation and Impurity Transport in a Tokamak Plasma with Directed Neutral Beam Injection written by W. M. Stacey (Jr) and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Poloidal Rotation Density Asymmetries and Momentum Confinement in Tokamak Experiments

Download or read book Poloidal Rotation Density Asymmetries and Momentum Confinement in Tokamak Experiments written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poloidal rotation speeds and density asymmetries are calculated for the deuterium and dominant carbon (oxygen) impurity ions in discharges in ASDEX, DIII, ISX-B, JET, and TFTR for which [upsilon][sub [phi]] [approximately] [upsilon][sub th] for the ions. These poloidal rotation speeds and density asymmetries are used to evaluate the neoclassical gyroviscous model for the momentum confinement time. The rather good agreement with experimental momentum confinement times obtained over this wide range of plasma parameters provides a measure of confidence in the calculated density asymmetries and poloidal rotation, as well as arguing for a neoclassical explanation for momentum confinement in tokamaks.