Download or read book Effects of Camelina Meal Supplementation on Ruminal Forage Degradability Performance and Physiological Responses of Beef Cattle written by Bruno Ieda Cappellozza and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three experiments compared ruminal, physiological, and performance responses of beef steers consuming hay ad libitum and receiving grain-based supplements with (CAM) or without (CO) inclusion of camelina meal. In Exp. 1, 9 steers fitted with ruminal cannulas received CAM (2.04 kg of DM/d) or CO (2.20 kg of DM/d). Steers receiving CAM had reduced (P = 0.01) total DMI and tended to have reduced (P = 0.10) forage DMI compared to CO. No treatment effects were detected (P [greater than or equal to] 0.35) for ruminal hay degradability parameters. In Exp. 2, 14 steers receiving CAM (1.52 kg of DM/d) or CO (1.65 kg of DM/d) were assigned to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 0.1 [micro]g/kg of BW) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 0.33 [micro]g/kg of BW) challenges. Steers receiving CAM had greater (P

Download or read book In Vitro Digestibility in Animal Nutritional Studies written by Pier Giorgio Peiretti and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses various aspects of in vitro digestibility: • Application of meta-analyses and machine learning methods to predict methane production; • Methane production of sainfoin and alfalfa; • In vitro evaluation of different dietary methane mitigation strategies; • Rumen methanogenesis, rumen fermentation, and microbial community response; • The role of condensed tannins in the in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics; • Fermentation pattern of several carbohydrate sources; • Additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of plant extracts; • In vitro rumen degradation and fermentation characteristics of silage and hay; • In vitro digestibility, in situ degradability, and rumen fermentation of camelina co-products; • Ruminal fermentation parameters and microbial matters to odd- and branched-chain fatty acids; • Comparison of fecal versus rumen inocula for the estimation of NDF digestibility; • Rumen inoculum collected from cows at slaughter or from a continuous fermenter; • Seaweeds as ingredients of ruminant diets; • Rumen in vitro fermentation and in situ degradation kinetics of forage Brassica crops; • In vitro digestibility and rumen degradability of vetch varieties; • Intestinal digestibility in vitro of Vicia sativa varieties; • Ruminal in vitro protein degradation and apparent digestibility of Pisum sativum; • In vitro digestibility studies using equine fecal inoculum; • Effects of gas production recording system and pig fecal inoculum volume on kinetics; • In vitro methods of assessing protein quality for poultry; and • In vitro techniques using the DaisyII incubator.

Download or read book Global Agricultural Production Resilience to Climate Change written by Mukhtar Ahmed and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers all aspects related to climate change and agriculture. The book discusses Global Climate Models (GCMs), Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) and application of strategic management tool that includes RCP (Representative concentration Pathway), SSP (Shared Socio-economic Pathways) and SPA (Shared climate Policy Assumptions). The book provides information on how climate change, agricultural productivity and food security are interlinked. The impacts of climate change on food security are studied through different climatic drivers e.g., ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and SOI (Southern Oscillation Index). These drivers are responsible for the climatic extreme events hence early prediction of these drivers could help to design appropriate adaptive measures for the agriculture sector and could be considered as early warning tools for risk management. Similarly, climate change and process-based soil modeling as well as the role of soil microbes and climate smart agriculture are discussed in this book. Climate change impacts on legume crop production and adaptation strategies are presented, with details about cereal crop modeling, perspectives of Camelina sativa as well as low input biofuel and oilseed crop, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and mitigation strategies.

Download or read book Understanding Beef Cattle Efficiency written by Wimberley K. Krueger and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objectives of this study were 1) to characterize the relationship between beef cattle efficiency, namely residual feed intake (RFI), and digestive, microbial, and fermentation parameters in growing beef calves and 2) to examine the effects of added dietary hydrolysable or condensed tannin on animal performance and efficiency, fermentation and carcass and non-carcass traits. To accomplish the first objective, multiple RFI studies were conducted and in all studies RFI was calculated as the difference between actual and expected dry matter intake (DMI) based on average gaily gain (ADG) and body weight0.75(BW). A total of 187 head selected out of a population of 600 head of growing beef calves were evaluated for diet and nutrient digestibility, ruminal and fecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and methane producing activity (MPA). Low RFI calves consumed less DMI and had lower feed conversion ratios (FCR) as compared to high RFI calves. Low RFI calves also had higher diet and nutrient digestibilities compared to high RFI calves. Residual feed intake was negatively correlated with diet and nutrient digestibilities such that more efficient animals had higher digestibilities. Low RFI calves tended to have lower ruminal propionate and higher acetate:propionate ratios when fed a high-forage diet. Calves with divergent RFI did not have different gross microbial populations as evidenced by the Firmicute:Bacteriodetes ratio, but low RFI calves tended to have higher fecal Prevotella spp. and lower fecal Spirochaetes and ruminal Cyanobacteria. The importance of these subtle shifts in microbial ecology is not evident at this time and more research is needed to fully elucidate the interaction of host and microbes to fully grasp the importance of minor microbial deviations. No differences in 3 h MPA were detected in low vs. high RFI calves but low RFI calves had higher fecal MPA when sampled at 24 h; however, calculated methane emissions were lower for low RFI calves. Tannin supplementation had no effect on animal performance and efficiency, ruminal fermentation VFA concentrations, MPA, or ammonia concentrations in finishing beef steers. There was also no detrimental effect of tannins on carcass traits; however, hydrolysable tannin supplementation resulted in increased empty rumen mass. Results from these studies indicate that diet and nutrient digestibility are affected by RFI such that more efficient calves had higher DMD, microbial ecology is responsive to RFI such that minor microbial shifts were observed, and tannin supplementation, at the current inclusion rate, had no effect on animal and carcass performance.

Download or read book Effects of Fishmeal Supplementation on Metabolizable Protein of Beef Cows Grazing Winter Wheat Pasutre written by Jorge A. Rodela and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated, angus-crossbred cows (665 ± 20.6 kg) grazing winter wheat pasture (WWP) were used in a complete randomized design to evaluate the effects of fish meal (FM) supplementation on forage intake, characteristics of digestion and metabolizable protein of cattle grazing WWP. The experiment was conducted from March 7 through March 19, 2016. Treatments consisted of cows grazing in a single pasture and supplemented with FM to provide: control, no RUP supplement (CON), or FM supplemented at a level calculated to supply 10% of the forage CP intake as RUP (FM). Supplemental FM was placed directly into the rumen cannula once daily at 0700 h. Forage DM, NDF, CP, total OM intake, OM intake expressed as g/kg of BW were not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by FM supplementation. Also, supplemental FM had no effects on microbial protein efficiency (P = 0.34), microbial protein synthesis (P = 0.70), feed protein bypassing rumen fermentation (P = 0.72), or total CP flowing to duodenum (P = 0.07). Moreover, true ruminal, or total tract digestibility of OM, NDF, and CP were not affected (P ≥ 0.38) by FM supplementation. Ruminal pH (6.37, and 6.43 ± 0.09 for CON and FM, respectively), total VFA production (50.2, and 49.7 ± 0.1.74 mM for CON and FM, respectively), acetate (74.4, and 74.6 ± 0.77 mol/100 mol for CON and FM, respectively), propionate (16.7, and 16.1 ± 0.62 mol/100 mol for CON and FM, respectively) and acetate/propionate ratio (4.49 and 4.69 ± 0.22 for CON and FM, respectively) were not affected by FM supplementation (P ≥ 0.49). Although FM supplementation did not decrease forage intake, it failed to improve MP of cows grazing WWP. The results indicate that improvements in performance of cattle grazing WWP should not be expected with supplementing FM at the level supplemented in this experiment

Download or read book Effects of Protein Supplementation and Forage Quality on Intake and Digestion in Cattle written by Jamie Kunkel and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many pasture and rangeland scenarios, low-quality forages (6-8% CP) are the primary energy source for some portion of the year. At these times, energy is typically the first limiting nutrient to the ruminant. Low-quality forages are generally not limited in availability; however, the high cell wall content and reduced levels of CP prevent ruminants from being able to extract the harvested energy. Without provision of supplemental nutrients, the available energy may be inadequate to meet performance expectations. Protein supplementation during periods of inadequate forage quality has been observed to alleviate ruminal nitrogen deficiencies and increase forage utilization. Increased forage utilization translates into greater energy extraction allowing for increased animal performance. The first trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of utilizing non-protein nitrogen (a slow-release urea compared to urea) on intake and digestion of beef steers consuming low-quality bermudagrass hay. Steers were provided ad libitum access to a low-quality bermudagrass hay (7.3 % CP and were ruminally dosed once daily with either urea or slow-release urea (SRU) at levels to provide 0, 64, 128, or 192 mg of N/kg of initial BW per day. Additionally, steers were supplemented with glycerol at levels of 0 or 0.1% of initial BW per day. Total OMI and forage OMI (FOMI) increased quadratically (P

Download or read book Increasing Postruminal Amino Acid Supply to Cattle Consuming Forages written by Bret Hess and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provision of supplemental nutrients is often necessary to obtain a desirable level of beef cattle productivity. The productive potential has been shown to increase in response to strategic supplementation programs. It has been speculated that production from growing and lactating cattle is limited by inadequate supply of metabolizable amino acids. Deficiencies are heightened when cattle are exposed to cold environments. Increasing metabolizable amino acids is commonly accomplished by implementing one of two supplementation regimens: (1) protein sources which escape ruminal digestion (UIP) or (2) ruminally protected amino acids (RPAA). Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing postruminal amino acid supply to cattle. In experiment 1, 30 lightweight heifers were used to determine the influence of supplemental soybean hulls plus UIP on intake, growth performance, and serum metabolites. Intake was not influenced by supplementation during cold ambient conditions, but growth performance was greatest for heifers offered UIP. Serum glucose, urea N, and non-esterified fatty acids were increased in heifers receiving supplemental UIP compared to those fed the isocaloric equivalent amount of soybean hulls. Six multi-cannulated Holstein steers were used in experiment 2 to evaluate the effects of the same supplements on site and extent of digestion at thermoneutrality and exposure to cold conditions. Fluid and particulate passage from the rumen increased during cold exposure, which did not affect microbial flow to the duodenum. Digestibility of N shifted from the small intestine to the large intestine in response to the cold environment, which allowed greater OM and NDF digestibilities in the lower and total tract of steers supplemented with UIP. From the results of these two experiments, it is suggested that addition of UIP to soybean hulls increased growth performance by maintaining nutrient digestion and enhancing metabolic status in the cold. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine how primiparous beef cattle respond to increasing level of postruminal methionine and lysine. Total milk protein exhibited a quadratic response with increasing level of RPAA, while cow weight gain yielded an inverse response to RPAA. Growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-I were not affected by dietary treatment, but did respond to changes in physiological state. Therefore, shifts in production away from body weight gain to increased milk production did not appear to be associated with changes in metabolic regulators.

Download or read book Effects of Supplementing Beef Cows Grazing Forages with Wheat based Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles on Animal Performance Forage Intake Rumen Metabolism written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Various Frequencies of Supplementation and Urea Inclusion in Protein Supplements on Low quality Forage Use Ruminal Metabolism and Performance of Beef Cattle written by Chance Garrett Farmer and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ruminal Protein Degradation written by Ronald Ray Scott and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Including Rumen escape Lipid in a Supplement on Forage Utilization and Postpartum Reproductive Function in Beef Cattle written by R. Bruce Hightshoe and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Influence of Supplement Composition on Utilization of Low quality Cool season Forages by Beef Cattle written by Dustin L. McGuire and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplement composition on intake and digestibility of a low-quality (6% CP), cool-season forage, as well as cow performance. Treatments included a non-supplemented control (CON), corn (approximately 8% CP), corn and urea (LU = corn + 0.09 mg/kg BW urea, approximately 27% CP; HU = corn + 0.17 mg/kg BW urea, approximately 43% CP) and a positive control of SBM (approximately 51% CP). In Experiment 1, 5 ruminally cannulated Angus x Hereford steers (560 ± 79 kg of BW) were used in an incomplete 5 x 4 Latin square with four 28-d periods to compare the effects of urea addition to a corn-based supplement on forage intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics. Forage intake and digestibility were not influence by supplementation (P 0.10); however, intake was greater for SBM than HU (P = 0.01). Ruminal NH3-N increased with supplementation (P 0.01), increased linearly with urea inclusion (P 0.01) and was greater for HU than SBM (P 0.01), However, ruminal NH3-N for non-supplemented steers was 1.61 mM, within the range believed to support optimal growth of rumen microbes in vivo, suggesting that ruminally available-N was not limiting forage utilization. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was not influenced by supplement composition (P 0.10). In Experiment 2, 80 late gestation (approximately 190 d pregnant) Angus x Hereford cows (507 ± 10 kg) were stratified by age, BCS, and BW and randomly allotted to the treatments described in Experiment 1 (20 pens; 4 cows/pen; 4 pens/treatment). Cow BW and BCS change were improved with supplementation (P

Download or read book Effects of Rumen protected Capsicum Oleoresin on Feed Intake Growth Performance Health Status and Digestibility in Growing Beef Cattle Fed Grain based Diets written by Mariana Fontana Westphalen and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing concerns related to antimicrobial resistance derived from the use of antibiotics in the animal industry have raised the demand for alternative products. Capsaicinoids are substances found in fruits of Capsicum plants, commonly known as hot peppers. Capsaicinoids have been reported to have antimicrobial properties and were initially studied in ruminants as a potential modifier of ruminal fermentation. Further than antimicrobial properties, capsaicinoids have been reported to have direct effects on the host. For example, in poultry and swine the supplementation with capsaicin reduced susceptibility disease, prevented disease symptoms and improved intestine health. It has been reported to regulate appetite in and stimulate digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin) in rodents. And to have immunoregulatory effects, decrease inflammatory response and increase milk production in dairy cows when fed in a rumen-protected form. Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum supplementation and its potentially beneficial host-related responses have not been widely investigated in beef cattle. In two experiments, the present study investigated the effects of rumen-protected Capsicum (RPC) supplementation on feed intake, growth performance, health status, digestibility and ruminal pH in beef cattle. The first experiment investigated the effects of RPC supplementation on feed intake, performance, nutrient utilization, health status and immune response of beef calves fed grain-based diets for 100 days. Cattle were stratified by sex (steers = 24; heifers = 12) and body weight (BW; heavy or light) and assigned to treatments: Control (no additive), or 15RPC (15 mg of RPC/kg of diet dry matter (DM)). Cattle were transitioned over 21 days to a final diet of 80% grain mix and 20% corn silage (DM basis). Blood samples were collected on days 1, 22, and 98 for analysis of parameters related to immune function and nutrient utilization, and health status and medical treatments were recorded. Dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were not different (P >= 0.24) between treatments throughout the 100 days, but cattle fed 15RPC gained (P = 0.07) 23.3% more weight during the first 50 days of the trial. Blood parameters were not different (P >= 0.17) between treatments except for hemoglobin (P = 0.03). Analysis of the health records indicated that 90% of sickness occurrences happened within the two first weeks of the experimental period, and that a greater (P = 0.09) percentage of light weight animals fed Control had fever 2 or more times during the trial when compared the animals fed 15RPC (76.5 vs. 21.8%). In experiment two, effects of RPC supplementation were investigated on total tract digestibility and ruminal pH of cannulated steers fed a 90% grain mix and 10% grass hay. Treatments were Control (no additive) and RPC at 3 levels of dietary inclusion: 5 , 10 , or 15 mg of RPC/ kg of diet DM. In this experiment, ruminal pH and total tract apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP and NDF were not different (P >= 0.32) between treatments. The improvement in ADG during the first 50 days of calves fed 15RPC on the first experiment is not related to DMI and seem to be unrelated to nutrient metabolism and digestibility or ruminal fermentation parameters as indicated by results of the second experiment. Changes in health status could have influenced the observed changes in ADG but unaltered blood parameters related to immune response do not corroborate with this result. Lack of response in blood parameters likely happened due to limitations imposed by blood sampling time points. More frequent blood sampling during the critical phase of transition may contribute to detect earlier differences in immune status of cattle, and more data is necessary to confirm the validity of the results.

Download or read book Characterizing Factors that Impact the Performance of Beef Cattle Maintained on Low quality Forage Diets written by Cathryn Adele Sterns Bandyk and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Supplement Type and Forage Type on Ruminal Metabolism and Diet Digestibility of Cattle written by Madeline Rose Stierwalt and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Forage Quality and Type of Protein Supplement on Intake and Digestibility in Beef Steers and Performance of Postpartum Beef Cows written by Jenny J. White and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: