Download or read book Effect of Multi phase Flow on Recovery of Fracture Fluid and Gas in Marcellus Shale Reservoirs written by Alphonsus Igoche Abah and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multiphase Fluid Flow in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs written by Yu-Shu Wu and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2015-09-23 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiphase Fluid Flow in Porous and Fractured Reservoirs discusses the process of modeling fluid flow in petroleum and natural gas reservoirs, a practice that has become increasingly complex thanks to multiple fractures in horizontal drilling and the discovery of more unconventional reservoirs and resources. The book updates the reservoir engineer of today with the latest developments in reservoir simulation by combining a powerhouse of theory, analytical, and numerical methods to create stronger verification and validation modeling methods, ultimately improving recovery in stagnant and complex reservoirs. Going beyond the standard topics in past literature, coverage includes well treatment, Non-Newtonian fluids and rheological models, multiphase fluid coupled with geomechanics in reservoirs, and modeling applications for unconventional petroleum resources. The book equips today's reservoir engineer and modeler with the most relevant tools and knowledge to establish and solidify stronger oil and gas recovery. - Delivers updates on recent developments in reservoir simulation such as modeling approaches for multiphase flow simulation of fractured media and unconventional reservoirs - Explains analytical solutions and approaches as well as applications to modeling verification for today's reservoir problems, such as evaluating saturation and pressure profiles and recovery factors or displacement efficiency - Utilize practical codes and programs featured from online companion website

Download or read book Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs written by Hoss Belyadi and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs: Theories, Operations, and Economic Analysis introduces the basic characteristics and theories surrounding hydraulic fracturing and the main process of fracturing in shale, including the main workflow, the details in case analysis, and the fundamental differences between theory, study, and practical operation. The book takes the complex nature of the hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs and applies a practical approach that can be useds as a workflow for designing fracture treatments in various shale basins across the world. Providing the audience with theories, best practices, operation and execution, and economic analysis of hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs, this reference guides the engineer and manager through broad topics including an introduction to unconventional reservoirs, advanced shale reservoir characterization, and shale gas in place calculation as well as expanding to basic theories of hydraulic fracturing and advanced topics in shale reservoir stimulation. Rounding out with coverage on the environmental aspects and practice problems on design and economic analysis, the book delivers the critical link needed between academia and industry for all aspects of hydraulic fracturing operations. - Presents basic characteristics of unconventional reservoirs and introductory theories and practices on hydraulic fracturing, including post-fracturing analysis - Includes an explanation of company assets and financial responsibility, with coverage on economic evaluation and how to predict decline curves - Provides tactics on how to strengthen real-world skills with the inclusion of practice examples at the end of the book

Download or read book Analysis of Natural Gas Production and Fracture Fluids Flowback in Marcellus Shale Using Data Mining Approaches written by Qiumei Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marcellus has been development for more than a decade with the application of multi-staged hydraulically fractured horizontal well technology. The technology requires pumping large amount of fracture-fluids and proppant into the target formation at high pressure. The fracture-fluid will then be recovered as aqueous phase during the flowback periods after well shut-in, which can be treated and reused. Sweet spot identification and efficient fracture-fluid flowback management are keys requirement for sustainable and economic development of Marcellus Shale, which can be benefited greatly by optimizing drilling and completion practices, including accurate fracture-fluids flowback prediction. In this work, a systematic study of the geology and engineering factors that influence fracture-fluids flowback, water production, and gas recovery was developed. The complex correlations between gas production and fracture-fluids flowback and produced water provide more understanding about flow mechanism in shale gas. The results suggest that the numbers of hydraulic fracturing stages and well lateral length have significant influence on gas production. The shut-in time and injected proppant volume have the most influence on fracture-fluids flowback. The correlations between gas and fracture-fluid flowback and produced water were different under certain geological conditions and time periods. These knowledges from previous results were used to develop economic analysis regional scale.This work not only will provide the new insights about shale gas well production and fracture-fluid flowback, but also provide a new idea for how to effectively analyze limited field recorded data and to identify the true story behind data.

Download or read book Micro scale Experimental Investigations of Multi phase Flow Through Fractured Porous Media written by Maziar Arshadi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present the results of systematic micro-scale experimental investigations of multi-phase flow through fractured rock samples under a wide range of flow conditions. The results of the study have direct applications in fluid flow through fractures in conventional reservoirs and hydraulically-induced fractures in ultra-tight unconventional reservoirs. We generate high-resolution, three-dimensional maps of fluid distribution within a rough-walled fracture and its neighboring matrix using a miniature water-wet, fractured sandstone core sample. These maps along with steady-state pressure drop data are then used to shed light on the dominant flow mechanisms and preferential flow paths through the matrix and fracture domains as well as fluid transfer between them during numerous drainage and imbibition displacement cycles. Due to the topology of the fracture in the medium and the magnitude of the local capillary pressures that are established under varying flow conditions, different flow mechanisms govern the transport of the wetting phase through the fracture and matrix, i.e., fracture layer flow, fracture bulk flow, and advancement through matrix pores. The competition between these transport mechanisms is regulated by the medium as it identifies the flow path with minimum pressure drop from the inlet to the outlet of the hybrid matrix-fracture system. The resulting balance determines the magnitude of fluid transfer experienced by the neighboring matrix and ultimate recovery as a result. In the second category of the experiments, we probe two- and three-phase flow displacement processes in proppant-packed fractured shale samples under varying stress conditions. Three sets of experiments are performed to represent the fluid flow behavior through hydraulic fractures in shale oil, shale gas, and shale gas-condensate reservoirs, respectively. In each set of experiments, we study geomechanical deformation and consequent multi-phase flow factors that reduce effective hydrocarbon permeability that in turn results in early production loss in the above-mentioned unconventional reservoirs. We examine various types of proppants including regular sand, white sand, resin-coated sand, and ISP ceramic. Different packings of the proppants including multi-layer, uniform mono-layer, and non-uniform mono-layer, are also tested under severe closure stress conditions. For the first time, wettability alteration of proppant packs due to severe embedment and deposition of shale organic matter is reported at the pore scale. Significantly improved insight developed in this work can be used to design new proppants to effectively maintain hydraulic conductivity of the fractures for extended period of time.

Download or read book Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs written by Hoss Belyadi and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs: Theories, Operations, and Economic Analysis, Second Edition, presents the latest operations and applications in all facets of fracturing. Enhanced to include today's newest technologies, such as machine learning and the monitoring of field performance using pressure and rate transient analysis, this reference gives engineers the full spectrum of information needed to run unconventional field developments. Covering key aspects, including fracture clean-up, expanded material on refracturing, and a discussion on economic analysis in unconventional reservoirs, this book keeps today's petroleum engineers updated on the critical aspects of unconventional activity. - Helps readers understand drilling and production technology and operations in shale gas through real-field examples - Covers various topics on fractured wells and the exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbons in one complete reference - Presents the latest operations and applications in all facets of fracturing

Download or read book Laboratory Investigation of Multiphase Permeability Evolution Due to Fracturing Fluid Filtrate in Tight Gas Sandstones written by Kelvin Abaa and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Injection of large volumes of fluids during fracture treatment may result in leak-off, capillary imbibition and trapping of the fracturing fluid filtrate in the pores of the reservoir. The trapped fluid affects the mobility of hydrocarbons during clean-up and production. Additionally, the fracturing fluid filtrate near wellbore and fracture region is one of variable composition and can induce alterations in rock-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions. The concomitant changes in multiphase permeability during fluid invasion and clean-up is one that is not fully understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the role fracturing fluid filtrate composition has on the evolution of multiphase permeability during imbibition and drainage of the aqueous phase. In this work, multiphase flow of fracturing fluid filtrate in low permeability sandstones was investigated by means of laboratory experiments for three commonly employed fracturing fluids. The multiphase flow experiments were conducted using brine, helium and filtrate from various fracturing fluids in sandstones cores of different permeabilities. The alteration of rock-fluid properties and changes in interfacial tension in the presence of gas was determined by evaluation of the obtained relative permeability curves to both gas and liquid/filtrate phase. Experimental results indicate that there was a reduction in end-point and liquid phase relative permeability following imbibition of slickwater into the core sample. The liquid phase relative permeability decreases with increasing concentration of friction reducer (Polyacrylamide solution) present in the fluid system. Adsorption flow experiments with slickwater confirm the adsorption of polyacrylamide molecules to the pore walls of the rock sample and results in increased wettability of the rock sample. This process was found to increase liquid trapping potential of the rock surface. For linear and crosslinked gels, filtrate composition does not have a significant effect on liquid relative permeability during fluid invasion due to limited polymer invasion into the core. This study also investigated the effect of alcohol and surfactant used as remediation additives on multiphase permeability evolution with different fracturing fluid systems. Multiphase permeability flow tests were conducted to determine, understand and quantify the mechanisms that govern multiphase permeability evolution using alcohols and surfactants to remediate aqueous phase trapping. Methanol and two surfactant chemicals, Novec FC-4430 and Triton X-100 were used as remediation additives in this study. Results from multiphase permeability flow tests conducted with methanol indicated that the volume of liquid removed by displacement increases with methanol concentrations for all fracturing fluids. This is attributed to increased liquid mobility from addition of methanol during the displacement process. Interfacial tension does not contribute to multiphase permeability during the displacement phase. Additionally, friction reducer alters the flow properties of the trapped liquid as indicated by increased surface tension, lower volumes of liquid removed and lower gas endpoint permeability at the same methanol concentration for cores saturated with slickwater. Majority of the improvement in gas permeability from methanol addition is by evaporation of the trapped liquid phase and is caused by increased volatility of the fracturing fluid. Results from multiphase permeability flow tests conducted with surfactant indicated that multiphase permeability evolution is driven by wettability alteration of the rock surface. Pretreatment of core sample with Novec FC-4430 before flooding with fracturing fluid results in best gas permeability improvement and liquid recovery. Triton X-100 did not improve gas permeability or liquid recovery during cleanup. Findings from this study can be used to optimize fracturing fluid and additive selection for field applications. Multiphase permeability data obtained is also useful for model assisted analysis of post fractured production performance in low permeability reservoirs.

Download or read book Transport in Shale Reservoirs written by Kun Sang Lee and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2019-02-20 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transport in Shale Reservoirs fills the need for a necessary, integrative approach on shale reservoirs. It delivers both the fundamental theories of transport in shale reservoirs and the most recent advancements in the recovery of shale oil and gas in one convenient reference. Shale reservoirs have distinctive features dissimilar to those of conventional reservoirs, thus an accurate evaluation on the behavior of shale gas reservoirs requires an integrated understanding on their characteristics and the transport of reservoir and fluids. - Updates on the various transport mechanisms in shale, such as molecular diffusion and phase behavior in nano-pores - Applies theory to practice through simulation in both shale oil and gas - Presents an up-to-date reference on remaining challenges, such as organic material in the shale simulation and multicomponent transport in CO2 injection processes

Download or read book Analysis of Fracture Fluid Cleanup and Long term Recovery in Shale Gas Reservoirs written by Maxian Seales and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Horizontal wells combined with successful multi-stage hydraulic fracture treatments are currently the most widely applied technology for effectively stimulating and enabling economic development of gas bearing, organic-rich shale formations. Fracture fluid cleanup in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) is critical to stimulation effectiveness and long-term well performance. However, if the created hydraulic fractures and reinitiated natural fractures are not cleaned up, post-fracture well performance will fall below expectations. Flowback water typically has 10 to 20 times more total dissolved solids (TDS) than the injected fluid. The total dissolved solids in flowback water can be as much 197,000 mg/L; chloride levels alone can be as high as 151,000 mg/L. Effective management of waste water produced from shale gas wells requires a clear understanding of how the volume and composition of this water change over the long term, not only during the flowback period. A systematic study of the factors that hinder fracture cleanup, those that influence the ionic composition of flowback and produced water, and those that enhance gas recovery can help optimize fracture treatments, better quantify long term volumes of produced water and gas, and aid with the management of waste water. To this end, a fully implicit, 3-dimensional, 2-phase, dual-porosity numerical simulator was developed and coupled with a ionic composition model. The research findings have shed light on the factors that substantially affect efficient fracture fluid cleanup and gas recovery in gas shales, and have provided guidelines for improved fracture treatment designs and water management.

Download or read book Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources written by José A. Torres and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-05-23 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This multidisciplinary book covers a wide range of topics addressing critical challenges for advancing the understanding and management of shale oil and shale gas resources. Both fundamental and practical issues are considered. By covering a variety of technical topics, we aim to contribute to building a more integrated perspective to meet major challenges faced by shale resources. Combining complementary techniques and examining multiple sources of data serve to advance our current knowledge about these unconventional reservoirs. The book is a result of interdisciplinary and collaborative work. The content includes contributions authored by active scientists with ample expertise in their fields. Each article was carefully peer-reviewed by researchers, and the editorial process was performed by an experienced team of Senior Editors, Guest Editors, Topic Editors, and Editorial Board Members. The first part is devoted to fundamental topics, mostly investigated on the laboratory scale. The second part elaborates on larger scales (at near-wellbore and field scales). Finally, two related technologies, which could be relevant for shale plays applications, are presented. With this Special Issue, we provide a channel for sharing information and lessons learned collected from different plays and from different disciplines.

Download or read book Development of Hydraulic Fracture Network Propagation Model in Shale Gas Reservoirs written by Chong Ahn and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most effective method for stimulating shale gas reservoirs is a massive hydraulic fracture treatment. Recent analysis using microseismic technology have shown that complex fracture networks are commonly created in the field as a result of the stimulation of shale wells. The interaction between pre-existing natural fractures and the propagating hydraulic fracture is a critical factor affecting the created complex fracture network; however, many existing numerical models simulate only planar hydraulic fractures without considering the pre-existing fractures in the formation. The shale formations already contain a large number of natural fractures, so an accurate fracture propagation model needs to be developed to optimize the fracturing process.In this research, we first characterized the mechanics of hydraulic fracturing and fluid flow in the shale gas reservoir. Then, a 2D, single-phase numerical model and a 3D, 2-phase coupled model were developed, which integrate dynamic fracture propagation, interactions between hydraulic fractures and pre-existing natural fractures, fracture fluid leakoff, and fluid flow in a petroleum reservoir. By using the developed model, we conducted parametric studies to quantify the effects of treatment rate, treatment size, fracture fluid viscosity, differential horizontal stress, natural fracture spacing, fracture toughness, matrix permeability, and proppant size on the geometry of the hydraulic fracture network. The findings elucidate important trends in hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoirs that are useful in improving the design of treatments for specific reservoir settings.

Download or read book Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics written by Mark D. Zoback and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers.

Download or read book Displacement of Water by Gas in Propped Fractures written by Jaskaran Singh Parmar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inefficient recovery of fracturing water used in multi-stage hydraulic fracturing operations is a growing industrial concern. Non-recovered water can be trapped in the tight rock matrix and/or in the complex fracture network. Trapped water can block the gas flow and damage the reservoir. This study reports results of various drainage experiments conducted to identify the factors controlling water displacement in propped hydraulic fractures. We conduct two sets of drainage experiments. First set of experiments are conducted by using a proppant packed column which is saturated with frac-fluid. These experiments are used to investigate the role of proppant and fluid characteristics on fluid recovery. Second set of drainage experiments are conducted in a physical fracture model. These experiments are designed to investigate the role of gravity, drawdown, surface tension and proppant wettability on fluid recovery. The results of this study suggest that gravity plays a dominant role in fracture cleanup and that water cleanup in fractures below well may be inefficient. Increasing the drawdown does not improve water recovery. Reducing surface tension and using treated hydrophobic proppant improves the sweep efficiency and in turn the load recovery.

Download or read book A Comprehensive Numerical Model for Simulating Two phase Flow in Shale Gas Reservoirs with Complex Hydraulic and Natural Fractures written by Mohammad Hamad AlTwaijri and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increase in energy demand has played a significant role in the persistent exploitation and exploration of unconventional oil and gas resources. Shale gas reservoirs are one of the major unconventional resources. Advancements in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques have been the key to achieve economic rates of production from these shale gas reservoirs. In addition to their ultra-low permeability, shale gas reservoirs are characterized by their complex gas transport mechanisms and complex natural and induced (hydraulic) fracture geometries. Production from shale gas reservoirs is predominantly composed of two-phase flow of gas and water. However, proper modeling of the two-phase behavior as well as incorporating the complex fracture geometries have been a challenge within the industry. Due to the limitation of the local grid refinement (LGR) approach, hydraulic fractures are assumed to be planar (orthogonal), which is an unrealistic assumption. Although more flexible approaches are available, such as the use of unstructured grids, they require significantly high computational powers. In this research, an efficient embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) is introduced to explicitly model complex fracture geometries. The EDFM approach is capable of explicitly modeling complex fracture geometries without increasing the computational demand. Utilizing EDFM alongside a commercial simulator, a 3D reservoir model is constructed to investigate the effect of complex fracture geometries on the two-phase flow of a shale gas well. In this investigation, varying degrees of hydraulic fracture complexity with 1-set and 2-set natural fractures were tested. The simulation results confirm the importance of properly modeling fracture complexity, highlighting that it plays an integral part in the estimation of gas and water recoveries. In addition, the simulation results hint to the pronounced effect of fracture interference as fracture complexity increases. Finally, variable fracture conductivities and initial water saturation values were analyzed to further assess their effect on the two-phase production behavior of the shale gas well. This study examines the effect of non-orthogonal complex fracture geometry on the two-phase flow of shale gas wells. The work can provide a significant insight toward understanding the extent to which fracture complexity can affect the performance of shale gas wells.

Download or read book Coupled Flow and Geomechanics Modeling for Fractured Poroelastic Reservoirs written by Gurpreet Singh and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tight gas and shale oil play an important role in energy security and in meeting an increasing energy demand. Hydraulic fracturing is a widely used technology for recovering these resources. The design and evaluation of hydraulic fracture operation is critical for efficient production from tight gas and shale plays. The efficiency of fracturing jobs depends on the interaction between hydraulic (induced) and naturally occurring discrete fractures. In this work, a coupled reservoir-fracture flow model is described which accounts for varying reservoir geometries and complexities including non-planar fractures. Different flow models such as Darcy flow and Reynold's lubrication equation for fractures and reservoir, respectively are utilized to capture flow physics accurately. Furthermore, the geomechanics effects have been included by considering a multiphase Biot's model. An accurate modeling of solid deformations necessitates a better estimation of fluid pressure inside the fracture. The fractures and reservoir are modeled explicitly allowing accurate representation of contrasting physical descriptions associated with each of the two. The approach presented here is in contrast with existing averaging approaches such as dual and discrete-dual porosity models where the effects of fractures are averaged out. A fracture connected to an injection well shows significant width variations as compared to natural fractures where these changes are negligible. The capillary pressure contrast between the fracture and the reservoir is accounted for by utilizing different capillary pressure curves for the two features. Additionally, a quantitative assessment of hydraulic fracturing jobs relies upon accurate predictions of fracture growth during slick water injection for single and multistage fracturing scenarios. It is also important to consistently model the underlying physical processes from hydraulic fracturing to long-term production. A recently introduced thermodynamically consistent phase-field approach for pressurized fractures in porous medium is utilized which captures several characteristic features of crack propagation such as joining, branching and non-planar propagation in heterogeneous porous media. The phase-field approach captures both the fracture-width evolution and the fracture-length propagation. In this work, the phase-field fracture propagation model is briefly discussed followed by a technique for coupling this to a fractured poroelastic reservoir simulator. We also present a general compositional formulation using multipoint flux mixed finite element (MFMFE) method on general hexahedral grids with a future prospect of treating energized fractures. The mixed finite element framework allows for local mass conservation, accurate flux approximation and a more general treatment of boundary conditions. The multipoint flux inherent in MFMFE scheme allows the usage of a full permeability tensor. An accurate treatment of diffusive/dispersive fluxes owing to additional velocity degrees of freedom is also presented. The applications areas of interest include gas flooding, CO2 sequestration, contaminant removal and groundwater remediation.

Download or read book Multi frac Treatments in Tight Oil and Shale Gas Reservoirs written by Abdul Muqtadir Khan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vast shale gas and tight oil reservoirs in North America cannot be economically developed without multi-stage hydraulic fracture treatments. Owing to the disparity in the density of natural fractures in addition to the disparate in-situ stress conditions in these kinds of formations, microseismic fracture mapping has shown that hydraulic fracture treatments develop a range of large-scale fracture networks in the shale plays. In this thesis, an approach is presented, where the fracture networks approximated with microseismic mapping are integrated with a commercial numerical production simulator that discretely models the network structure in both vertical and horizontal wells. A novel approach for reservoir simulation is used, where porosity (instead of permeability) is used as a scaling parameter for the fracture width. Two different fracture geometries have been broadly proposed for a multi stage horizontal well, orthogonal and transverse. The orthogonal pattern represents a complex network with cross cutting fractures orthogonal to each other; whereas transverse pattern maps uninterrupted fractures achieving maximum depth of penetration into the reservoir. The response for a single-stage fracture is further investigated by comparing the propagation of the stage to be dendritic versus planar. A dendritic propagation is bifurcation of the hydraulic fracture due to intersection with the natural fracture (failure along the plane of weakness). The impact of fracture spacing to optimize these fracture geometries is studied. A systematic optimization for designing the fracture length and width is also presented. The simulation is motivated by the oil window of Eagle Ford shale formation and the results of this work illustrate how different fracture network geometries impact well performance, which is critical for improving future horizontal well completions and fracturing strategies in low permeability shale and tight oil reservoirs. A rate transient analysis (RTA) technique employing a rate normalized pressure (RNP) vs. superposition time function (STF) plot is used for the linear flow analysis. The parameters that influence linear flow are analytically derived. It is found that picking a straight line on this curve can lead to erroneous results because multiple solutions exist. A new technique for linear flow analysis is used. The ratio of derivative of inverse production and derivative of square root time is plotted against square root time and the constant derivative region is seen to be indicative of linear flow. The analysis is found to be robust because different simulation cases are modeled and permeability and fracture half-length are estimated.

Download or read book Interaction of Fracture Fluid with Formation Rock and Proppant on Fracture Fluid Cleanup and Long Term Gas Recovery in Marcellus Shale Reserviors written by Wenting Yue and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: