Download or read book Effect of Hydrogen Supplementation on Performance Knock Behaviour and Emissions of an SI Engine Operating at Lean Air fuel Ratios written by Yu Chen and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is contradictory literature about whether hydrogen (H2) supplementation may increase or decrease the likelihood of knock in spark ignition (SI) engines. Such contradictory literature may correlate to the fast laminar flame speed property of H2, which increases the burning rate. Faster combustion allows less time for end-gas autoignition to occur, but also increases the end-gas pressure and temperature, which may reduce the time required for autoignition. Firstly, via experiments, this thesis demonstrates that "knocking cycles are the cycles with faster burning rate when they are compared with normal cycles". Then, via simulations, it is verified that faster combustion promotes knock. Secondly, the thesis shows that H2 supplementation practically promotes knock in an experimental manner. This implies that the knock promotion effects of the fast laminar flame speed and the lower heat capacity of H2 dominate the knock suppression effect of the high research octane number rating. Therefore, from the knock perspective, H2 is not an ideal supplement for gasoline SI engines. Thirdly, an alternative use of H2 supplementation has been studied, i.e. for idle condition. In this part, both performance and emissions are studied. In performance, it is demonstrated that H2 supplementation reduces the cycle-to-cycle variation by increasing the burning rate. Net indicated efficiency, as well as fuel economy, are significantly improved with H2 supplementation. In emissions, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbon are greatly reduced with H2 supplementation. On the other hand, due to the high adiabatic flame temperature of H2, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are increased. However, this is less important as the idle NOx emissions are very small relative to the normal operation condition.
Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment in Internal Combustion Engines written by Eddie Allan Jordan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was made to determine the effects of hydrogen enrichment of ethanol at ultra-lean operating regimes utilizing both experimental and computational methods. A 0.745 liter 2-cylinder SI engine was modified to operate on both hydrogen and ethanol fuels. The study looked at part throttle, fixed RPM operation of 0%, 15%, and 30% hydrogen fuel mixtures operating in ultra-lean operating regimes. Data were collected to calculate NO and HC emissions, power, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and Wiebe burn fraction curves. The data from the experiments were used to develop an empirically based computational engine model utilizing Ricardo's WAVE. Once calibrated, WAVE combustion software was shown to be capable of accurately predicting the results of power and emissions of the ultra-lean hydrogen and ethanol mixtures. It was shown that hydrogen enrichment of ethanol demonstrated an ability to reduce NOx and stabilize and accelerate the combustion process. Both the model and experiments showed that operating near the LOL at both 15% and 30% hydrogen by volume reduced engine out NOx emissions by more than 95% as compared to stoichiometric gasoline operation. This reduction is comparable to the efficiency of modern three-way catalyst and could offer an alternative to current NOx reduction technologies. Power, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency were not affected by the hydrogen mixture at a given equivalence ratio. However, hydrogen addition allowed an increase in the lean operating limit which helped further reduce NOx emissions, but at reduced power and thermal efficiency.
Download or read book Experimental Performance and Emission from an SI Engine Using Rich lean Combustion in Successive Cylinders written by Alok Goyle and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reduced Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Automobile Engines written by Fred Schäfer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last several years, there has been much discussion on the interrelation of CO2 emissions with the global warming phenomenon. This in turn has increased pressure to develop and produce more fuel efficient engines and vehicles. This is the central topic of this book. It covers the underlying processes which cause pollutant emissions and the possibilities of reducing them, as well as the fuel consumption of gasoline and diesel engines, including direct injection diesel engines. As well as the engine-related causes of pollution, which is found in the raw exhaust, there is also a description of systems and methods for exhaust post treatment. The significant influence of fuels and lubricants (both conventional and alternative fuels) on emission behavior is also covered. In addition to the conventional gasoline and diesel engines, lean-burn and direct injection gasoline engines and two-stroke gasoline and diesel engines are included. The potential for reducing fuel consumption and pollution is described as well as the related reduction of CO2 emissions. Finally, a detailed summary of the most important laws and regulations pertaining to pollutant emissions and consumption limits is presented. This book is intended for practising engineers involved in research and applied sciences as well as for interested engineering students.
Download or read book Investigating Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion in a Sustainability Context written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their invention, internal combustion engines have played a major role in the social and economic development of many countries by allowing people and goods to move from one place to another for longer distances and in shorter times. However, the negative environmental impacts of the widespread use of internal combustion engines in private and commercial vehicles have reached alarming values, with future prospects being much worse. In addition, fuel consumption and the dependency on oil imports of many countries have increased sharply in the past years as vehicle populations and use increased. The current trends are clearly unsustainable and thus new technologies are to be sought that can reduce both engine tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Hydrogen enhanced combustion has the potential of doing this. For this reason three engines - a carburetted petrol engine, a fuel injection petrol engine and a diesel engine - have been tested to investigate the effects of adding small amounts of hydrogen to the air intake of the engines on performance and HC, CO and CO2 emissions. The engines were tested at different engine speeds and loads to simulate normal on-the-road operating conditions. The hydrogen was produced from the electrolysis of a solution of distilled water and sodium hydroxide using two different electrolyser designs. Both the hydrogen and oxygen that were produced by electrolysis were added to the engine's intake during the tests. The results show that the addition of hydrogen-oxygen is most effective in stabilizing and enhancing the combustion of lean air-fuel mixtures inside the petrol injected engine, allowing for lower HC, CO and CO2 emissions. Thus hydrogen enhanced combustion could play a role in stabilizing lean burn petrol engines. However, it also transpired that a major drawback of the technology is the energy input required to produce the hydrogen, which in most cases was higher than the increase in output resulting from the more efficient combustion. Thus system optimization and alternative means of energy input would be required to ensure that a net positive effect is achieved.
Download or read book Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis Project written by Robert R. Adt and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Application of Clean Fuels in Combustion Engines written by Gabriele Di Blasio and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-04 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the impact of fuels characteristics and their effects on the combustion processes in internal combustion engines. It includes the analysis of a variety of biofuels (alcohol fuels and biodiesel) and biogases (natural gas, hydrogen, etc.), providing valuable information related to consequent effects on performance and emissions. The contents focus on recent results and current trends of fuel utilization in the transport sector. State-of-the-art of clean fuels application are also discussed. Thighs book will be of interest to those in academia and industry involved in fuels, IC engines, engine instrumentation, and environmental research.
Download or read book Hydrogen IC Engines written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2006 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance of the Supercharged Spark Ignition Hydrogen Engine written by B. Nagalingam and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of SI Engine Operation Supplemented by Hydrogen Rich Gas from a Compact Plasma Boosted Reformer written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that hydrogen addition to spark-ignited (SI) engines can reduce exhaust emissions and increase efficiency. Micro plasmatron fuel converters can be used for onboard generation of hydrogen-rich gas by partial oxidation of a wide range of fuels. These plasma-boosted microreformers are compact, rugged, and provide rapid response. With hydrogen supplement to the main fuel, SI engines can run very lean resulting in a large reduction in nitrogen oxides (NO x) emissions relative to stoichiometric combustion without a catalytic converter. This paper presents experimental results from a microplasmatron fuel converter operating under variable oxygen to carbon ratios. Tests have also been carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of a microplasmatron fuel converter generated gas in a 1995 2.3-L four-cylinder SI production engine. The tests were performed with and without hydrogen-rich gas produced by the plasma boosted fuel converter with gasoline. A one hundred fold reduction in NO x due to very lean operation was obtained under certain conditions. An advantage of onboard plasma-boosted generation of hydrogen-rich gas is that it is used only when required and can be readily turned on and off. Substantial NO x reduction should also be obtainable by heavy exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) facilitated by use of hydrogen-rich gas with stoichiometric operation.
Download or read book Effects of Hydrogen Enhancement on Efficiency and NOx Emissions of Lean and EGR diluted Mixtures in a SI Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lean burn Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a Plasmatron Fuel Reformer written by Edward Joseph Tully and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Numerical Analysis of Mixture Formation and Combustion in a Hydrogen Direct injection Internal Combustion Engine written by Udo Gerke and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2007 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Fuel Composition on Exhaust Emissions from a Spark ignition Engine written by Ralph David Fleming and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Characteristics of Knock in Hydrogen Oxygen Argon SI Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A promising approach for improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines is to employ a working fluid with a high specific heat ratio such as the noble gas argon. Moreover, all harmful emissions are eliminated when the intake charge is composed of oxygen, nonreactive argon, and hydrogen fuel. Previous research demonstrated indicated thermal efficiencies greater than 45% at 5.5 compression ratio in engines operating with hydrogen, oxygen, and argon. However, knock limits spark advance and increasing the efficiency further. Conditions under which knock occurs in such engines differs from typical gasoline fueled engines. In-cylinder temperatures using hydrogen-oxygen-argon are higher due to the high specific heat ratio and pressures are lower because of the low compression ratio. Better understanding of knock under these conditions can lead to operating strategies that inhibit knock and allow operation closer to the knock limit. In this work we compare knock with a hydrogen, oxygen, and argon mixture to that of air-gasoline mixtures in a variable compression ratio cooperative fuels research (CFR) engine. The focus is on stability of knocking phenomena, as well as, amplitude and frequency of the resulting pressure waves.
Download or read book Addition of Hydrogen to Gasoline fuelled 4 Stroke SI Engine Using 1 dimensional Analysis written by Mohd Aswad Abd Wahab and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis was about simulation analysis on 4 stroke single cylinder engine by 1-Dimensional software. Objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of NOx emission when hydrogen addition is added to the engine and relation between hydrogen addition and cylinder temperatures. Through these objectives, result of the project can obtain by using 1-Dimensional analysis software. GT-Power software is 1-Dimensional analysis software used in this project. GT-Power was used to develop a baseline design engine in order to do a simulation for 4 stroke single cylinder engine.Air-fuel ratios for hydrogen-gasoline mixture are calculated to get the stoichiometric for mixture. In this thesis, air-fuel ratio is used as parameters in GT-Power software. Default parameter in the GT-Power software was used as an engine parameter in this thesis. The ratio of hydrogen-gasoline fuel also must be change at SI-inject which is intake valve in GTPower software. With using default parameter from GT-Power software, a baseline design engine can be developed before run the simulations. After finish the simulation, the results are plotted by using Microsoft Excel. There are many result can be obtained by using GT-Power software but for this simulation, result of NOx emission and temperature are to be consider in this project. These 2 analyses were performed at 3 different engine speeds which are 1000 rpm, 3000 rpm and 5000 rpm, and at 10 until 20 air-fuel ratio. The result shown NOx emissions increased with the increase of hydrogen addition due to the raised cylinder temperature.
Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment for the Extension of the Lean Limit and Enhanced Combustion in an Alcohol fueled Spark ignition Engine written by Jason Brian Greenwood and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was made to determine the effects of hydrogen enrichment in the lean combustion regime for ethanol and to determine if it could extend the lean operating limit for both ethanol and methanol. In this study, a 0.745 liter 2-cylinder Kawasaki engine was modified to operate with both alcohol and hydrogen fuels. Hydrogen concentrations of 0%, 15%, and 30% by volume hydrogen in the primary fuel were fumigated into the intake before the throttle; the engine was operated at 2000 RPM and part throttle. Data were collected to calculate NO and HC emissions, power, exhaust gas temperature, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and flame development and rapid burning angles. It was shown that hydrogen enrichment demonstrated an ability to not only decrease NO emissions, but also stabilize and accelerate the combustion process in the lean combustion regime. At a given equivalence ratio, hydrogen addition decreased NO emissions; this decrease was attributed to a change in dominate NO production mechanism(s) under lean operating conditions. Hydrogen enabled a marginal extension of the lean operating limit (LOL) for both fuels, with the potential of further extending the LOL if the stability criteria are changed. Hydrogen enrichment at both 15% and 30% by volume reduced engine-out NO emissions near the lean operating limit by more than 95% relative to stoichiometric ethanol operation while both the COV and HC emissions were kept low, making it a potentially competitive alternative to NO reduction through traditional three-way catalytic after-treatment. Power, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency were not significantly affected by hydrogen addition at a given equivalence ratio; however, if hydrogen addition is used to decrease the lean operating limit, decreases in power and thermal efficiency were observed. Power in the lean combustion regime decreased by between 31 and 37% when compared to stoichiometric operation without hydrogen.
