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Book Effect of Cattle Grazing Seeded Grass and an Herbicide on Ponderosa Pine Seedling Survival and Growth

Download or read book Effect of Cattle Grazing Seeded Grass and an Herbicide on Ponderosa Pine Seedling Survival and Growth written by Philip M. McDonald (Research forester) and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Effect of Cattle Grazing Seeded Grass and an Herbicide on Ponderosa Pine Seedling Survival and Growth

Download or read book Effect of Cattle Grazing Seeded Grass and an Herbicide on Ponderosa Pine Seedling Survival and Growth written by Philip M. McDonald (Research forester) and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Competing Vegetation in Ponderosa Pine Plantations

Download or read book Competing Vegetation in Ponderosa Pine Plantations written by Philip M. McDonald and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Planted ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa) seedlings in young plantations in California are at a disadvantage compared with competing shrubs, forbs, and grasses. In many instances, roots of competing plants begin expanding and exploiting the soil earlier and in greater numbers, thereby capturing the majority of available resources and lowering pine survival and growth. Competition thresholds or "how much is too much?" are: for treatments where a cleared radius is prescribed, no weeds are acceptable within the space needed for maximum growth of pine seedlings during the establishment period; for treatments involving the entire area, crown cover values of 10 to 30 percent seem to be the level beyond which shrub competition significantly affects pine growth. Methods for preparing the site, which include mechanical and chemical methods, use of fire, and combinations of treatments, show the interaction of site and ensuing vegetation. Techniques for controlling competing vegetation from seed include preventing such plants from getting started by use of preemergent herbicides or mats (collars). To prevent sprouting, hardwood trees and large shrubs can be pushed over, thereby getting the root crown out of the ground, or if still in the soil, grinding it out with a machine. Once present, the effect of weeds from seed can be minimized by grubbing or spraying when young, by grazing plants with cattle or sheep, or by introducing plants of low competitive ability. Once sprouting weeds are present, their effect can be minimized by spraying with chemicals, or if palatable, by grazing with cattle or sheep. Costs range from as low as $10 per acre ($25/ha) for aerially applying herbicides to $711 per acre ($1757/ha) for grinding out tanoak stumps.

Book Ponderosa Pine Seedlings and Competing Vegetation

Download or read book Ponderosa Pine Seedlings and Competing Vegetation written by Philip M. McDonald and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foresters often need information on the cost effectiveness of manual and chemical release treatments for individual and combined species in young mixed-shrub communities. A study in northern Califomia evaluated five manual and chemical treatments and their effect on several shrubs and grasses. Treatments were grubbing at age 1 to 2- and 4 ft (0.6- and 1.2-m) radii, regrubbing and expanding the 2-ft radii to 4 ft, regrubbing and expanding the 4-ft radii to 6 A (1.8 m) at age 4, and applying Velpar herbicide to the entire plot at age 2. Five years after initial manual release and 4 years after chemical release, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. ponderosa) stem caliper at 12 in. (30 cm) above mean ground line differed significantly between Velpar and the untreated control, 2-ft radius, 4-ft radius, and 2-ft radius expanded to 4 ft. Expanding the radius from 4 to 6 feet provided a pine stem caliper that differed significantly from that in the control, and the 2-ft and 4-ft radii treatments. Additional analyses with ponderosa pine seedling height also indicated significant differences among treatmenu that were generally similar to those above. Differences among the six treatments, which are presented in 15 comparisons of stem caliper and treatment production rates, provide forest managers with growth and cost comparisons, and should aid them in selecting the release treatment best suited to their particular situation.

Book Effect of Ponderosa Pine Needle Litter on Grass Seedling Survival

Download or read book Effect of Ponderosa Pine Needle Litter on Grass Seedling Survival written by Burt R. McConnell and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Effects of Prescribed Cattle Grazing on Reforestation in Oregon s Southern Cascades

Download or read book Effects of Prescribed Cattle Grazing on Reforestation in Oregon s Southern Cascades written by Michael G. Karl and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reforesting harvested lands in southwestern Oregon has been difficult because of low rainfall, high evaporative demand, and competitive understory vegetation. Herbicides have been a preferred method to control competing vegetation but herbicide use on federal lands was curtailed in 1984. As a result, interest in livestock grazing as a vegetation control method has increased. I used prescribed cattle grazing from 1986-1990 to assess effects on reforestation. Treatments were established on a low-elevation (670 m) site to evaluate seedling survival and growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.). Treatments were: a) seeding of palatable forage species (SU); b) seeding with grazing (SG); c) no seeding with grazing (NG); and d) no seeding or grazing, with paper mulch applied on Douglas-fir only (PM/C). Year 5 mortality among treatments ranged from 57 to 87% for Douglas-fir and 11 to 25% for ponderosa pine. Porcupine girdling and late-spring frost were major causal factors in ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir mortality, respectively. Competition from understory vegetation, browsing, and trampling were only minor causal factors in seedling mortality. Cumulative growth of both species was best in NG. Severe browsing by cattle in year 2 on SG resulted in reduced year 3 relative growth for ponderosa pine. However, year 2 browsing did not reduce long-term relative growth. By year 5, relative growth for ponderosa pine was greatest in SG and lowest in SU. During years 1-3, soil moisture availability was not enhanced on the grazed vs. ungrazed treatments. However, by year 4, xylem potentials and soil moisture indicated seedlings in SG were less water-stressed than those in SU. Reduced water stress probably resulted from reductions in roots of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerate L.) because of defoliation. Sampling with a root periscope indicated roots were reduced for defoliated (SG) plants compared with undefoliated (SU) plants. Leaf area and root growth reductions were apparent mechanisms permitting increased soil moisture availability. These results suggested that prescribed cattle grazing can facilitate reforestation.

Book Bibliography of Agriculture

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Research Note

Download or read book Research Note written by Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Grazing on Regeneration Sites Encourages Pine Seedling Growth

Download or read book Grazing on Regeneration Sites Encourages Pine Seedling Growth written by Raymond D. Ratliff and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Herbaceous Vegetation in Forests of the Western United States

Download or read book Herbaceous Vegetation in Forests of the Western United States written by Donna M. Loucks and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Bibliography of Agriculture

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1992-08 with total page 790 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: