Download or read book Effect of Atomization and Processing Gases on Microstructures in Additively Manufactured 17 4PH Stainless Steel written by Alexis T. Ernst and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques have the capability to produce complex near-net shaped components from a variety of different powders. For PBF of stainless steels it has been suggested that the atomization gas and/or the background gas in the build chamber could have an important influence on the phase composition and microstructure in the as-built material. Since nitrogen is known to stabilize austenite, the use of nitrogen as the atomization gas or in the build chamber could affect the balance of the BCC ferrite and FCC austenite phases. The objective of the work described in this dissertation was to address the unresolved question of what effect nitrogen has on the microstructures of gas-atomized powders and additively manufactured builds. In attempt to resolve this question, a systematic study has been performed in which: (1) 17-4PH stainless steel powder was produced from the same ingot/raw material using different atomization gases (Ar or N2), (2) PBF builds were produced from these powders varying only the build gases (again Ar or N2), and (3) advanced characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, electron back scattered diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, focused ion beam, and transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy, were used to characterize the microstructures of the powders and the PBF builds. Both types of powder exhibited predominantly ferritic microstructures (less than 1% of austenite by volume) with similar surface morphologies and oxide scale thicknesses. The formation of these ~ 6 nm thick oxide layers was associated with significant segregation of Mn and Cu to the powder particle surfaces. The austenite volume fractions in the PBF build microstructures were also less than 1% but exhibited significant differences with the atomizing/build gas combination. The Ar/N2 build had the most austenite (0.8 vol%) whereas the N2/N2 build had the least. This is not what one would expect on the basis of the nitrogen content in the samples; this effect was explained on the basis of nitrogen gettering by adventitious aluminum to form nitrides and oxynitrides rather than being retained as interstitials in the metallic phase(s). The consequences of these observations for the choice of processing parameters in PBF of stainless steels such as 17-4PH are discussed.

Download or read book Handbook of Metal Injection Molding written by Donald F Heaney and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metal injection molding combines the most useful characteristics of powder metallurgy and plastic injection molding to facilitate the production of small, complex-shaped metal components with outstanding mechanical properties. Handbook of Metal Injection Molding, Second Edition provides an authoritative guide to this important technology and its applications. Building upon the success of the first edition, this new edition includes the latest developments in the field and expands upon specific processing technologies. Part one discusses the fundamentals of the metal injection molding process with chapters on topics such as component design, important powder characteristics, compound manufacture, tooling design, molding optimization, debinding, and sintering. Part two provides a detailed review of quality issues, including feedstock characterisation, modeling and simulation, methods to qualify a MIM process, common defects and carbon content control. Special metal injection molding processes are the focus of part three, which provides comprehensive coverage of micro components, two material/two color structures, and porous metal techniques, as well as automation of the MIM process and metal injection molding of large components. Finally, part four explores metal injection molding of particular materials, and has been expanded to include super alloys, carbon steels, precious metals, and aluminum. With its distinguished editor and expert team of international contributors, the Handbook of Metal Injection Molding is an essential guide for all those involved in the high-volume manufacture of small precision parts, across a wide range of high-tech industries such as microelectronics, biomedical and aerospace engineering. Provides an authoritative guide to metal injection molding and its applications Discusses the fundamentals of the metal injection molding processes and covers topics such as component design, important powder characteristics, compound manufacture, tooling design, molding optimization, debinding, and sintering Comprehensively examines quality issues such as feedstock characterization, modeling and simulation, common defects and carbon content control

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing Second Edition written by Amit Bandyopadhyay and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-10-16 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of additive manufacturing is growing dynamically as the interest is persisting from manufacturing sector, including other sectors as well. Conceptually, additive manufacturing is a way to build parts without using any part-specific tooling or dies from the computer-aided design (CAD) file of the part. Second edition of Additive Manufacturing highlights the latest advancements in the field, taking an application oriented approach. It includes new material on traditional polymer based rapid prototyping technologies, additive manufacturing of metals and alloys including related design issues. Each chapter comes with suggested reading, questions for instructors and PowerPoint slides.

Download or read book Carburizing written by Geoffrey Parrish and published by ASM International. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Based on his training in metallurgy and experience in a large British gear manufacturing company, Parrish reviews the microstructural features of metal products that have been carbon case-hardened, and the influence of those features on the more important material properties. He is not concerned with the carbonizing process at all. He primarily addresses students of engineering and ferrous metallurgy, but also stress and design engineers who might want to understand more fully the specifications of the materials they are considering for their designs. He wrote the eight articles to summarize the field's literature of the early 1970s for his own convenience, but at invitation, published them as a series in the Heat Treatment of Metals during 1967-77, and collected them for a first edition of the volume in 1980. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

Download or read book Manufacturing and Application of Stainless Steels written by Andrea Di Schino and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals written by John O. Milewski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-28 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means. The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects. A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.

Download or read book Powder Injection Molding written by Randall M. German and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 written by Dunyong Deng and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-24 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has gained significant interest in aerospace, energy, automotive and medical industries due to its capabilities of manufacturing components that are either prohibitively costly or impossible to manufacture by conventional processes. Among the various additive manufacturing processes for metallic components, electron beam melting (EBM) and selective laser melting (SLM) are two of the most widely used powder bed based processes, and have shown great potential for manufacturing high-end critical components, such as turbine blades and customized medical implants. The futures of the EBM and SLM are doubtlessly promising, but to fully realize their potentials there are still many challenges to overcome. Inconel 718 (IN718) is a nickel-base superalloy and has impressive combination of good mechanical properties and low cost. Though IN718 is being mostly used as a turbine disk material now, the initial introduction of IN718 was to overcome the poor weldability of superalloys in 1960s, since sluggish precipitation of strengthening phases ?’/?’’ enables good resistance to strain-age cracking during welding or post weld heat treatment. Given the similarity between AM and welding processes, IN718 has been widely applied to the metallic AM field to facilitate the understandings of process-microstructure-property relationships. The work presented in this licentiate thesis aims to better understand microstructures and mechanical properties EBM and SLM IN718, which have not been systematically investigated. Microstructures of EBM and SLM IN718 have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with the process conditions. Monotonic mechanical properties (e.g., Vickers microhardness and tensile properties) have also been measured and rationalized with regards to the microstructure evolutions before and after heat treatments. For EBM IN718, the results show the microstructure is not homogeneous but dependant on the location in the components, and the anisotropic mechanical properties are probably attributed to alignment of porosities rather than texture. Post heat treatment can slightly increase the mechanical strength compared to the as-manufactured condition but does not alter the anisotropy. SLM IN718 shows significantly different microstructure and mechanical properties to EBM IN718. The as-manufactured SLM IN718 has very fine dendritic microstructure and Laves phases in the interdendrites, and is “work-hardened” by the residual strains and dislocations present in the material. Mechanical properties are different between horizontally and vertically built samples, and heat treatment can minimize this difference. Results from this licentiate thesis provide the basis for the further research on the cyclic mechanical properties of EBM and SLM IN718, which would be the focus of following phase of the Ph.D. research.

Download or read book Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels written by Erhard Klar and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Maraging Steels written by W Sha and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-10-26 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maraging steels are high-strength steels combined with good toughness. They are used particularly in aerospace and tooling applications. Maraging refers to the ageing of martensite, a hard microstructure commonly found in steels.Maraging steels: modelling of microstructure, properties and applications covers the following topics: Introduction to maraging steels; Microstructure of maraging steels; Mechanical properties of maraging steels; Thermodynamic calculations for quantifying the phase fraction and element partition in maraging systems and precipitation hardening steels; Quantification of phase transformation kinetics in maraging steels; Quantification of age hardening in maraging steels; Maraging steels and overageing; Precipitation hardening stainless steel; Applications of artificial neural network on modelling maraging steel properties.With its distinguished authors, Maraging steels: modelling of microstructure, properties and applications is a standard reference for industry and researchers concerned with maraging steels and modelling as well as users of maraging steels in the aerospace and tooling sectors. The book includes both conventional maraging steels and precipitation hardened (PH) stainless steels. - Provides an overview of maraging steels including microstructure and mechanical properties - Reviews thermodynamic calculations for quantifying the phase fraction and element partition in maraging steels - Includes chapters on the quantification of phase transformation kinetics and age hardening in maraging steels

Download or read book X Ray Diffraction Crystallography written by Yoshio Waseda and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-18 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray diffraction crystallography for powder samples is a well-established and widely used method. It is applied to materials characterization to reveal the atomic scale structure of various substances in a variety of states. The book deals with fundamental properties of X-rays, geometry analysis of crystals, X-ray scattering and diffraction in polycrystalline samples and its application to the determination of the crystal structure. The reciprocal lattice and integrated diffraction intensity from crystals and symmetry analysis of crystals are explained. To learn the method of X-ray diffraction crystallography well and to be able to cope with the given subject, a certain number of exercises is presented in the book to calculate specific values for typical examples. This is particularly important for beginners in X-ray diffraction crystallography. One aim of this book is to offer guidance to solving the problems of 90 typical substances. For further convenience, 100 supplementary exercises are also provided with solutions. Some essential points with basic equations are summarized in each chapter, together with some relevant physical constants and the atomic scattering factors of the elements.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Metals The Technology Materials Design and Production written by Li Yang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a unique guide to the three-dimensional (3D) printing of metals. It covers various aspects of additive, subtractive, and joining processes used to form three-dimensional parts with applications ranging from prototyping to production. Examining a variety of manufacturing technologies and their ability to produce both prototypes and functional production-quality parts, the individual chapters address metal components and discuss some of the important research challenges associated with the use of these technologies. As well as exploring the latest technologies currently under development, the book features unique sections on electron beam melting technology, material lifting, and the importance this science has in the engineering context. Presenting unique real-life case studies from industry, this book is also the first to offer the perspective of engineers who work in the field of aerospace and transportation systems, and who design components and manufacturing networks. Written by the leading experts in this field at universities and in industry, it provides a comprehensive textbook for students and an invaluable guide for practitioners

Download or read book Metal Additive Manufacturing written by Dyuti Sarker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-26 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: METAL ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING A comprehensive review of additive manufacturing processes for metallic structures Additive Manufacturing (AM)—also commonly referred to as 3D printing—builds three-dimensional objects by adding materials layer by layer. Recent years have seen unprecedented investment in additive manufacturing research and development by governments and corporations worldwide. This technology has the potential to replace many conventional manufacturing processes, enable the development of new industry practices, and transform the entire manufacturing enterprise. Metal Additive Manufacturing provides an up-to-date review of all essential physics of metal additive manufacturing techniques with emphasis on both laser-based and non-laser-based additive manufacturing processes. This comprehensive volume covers fundamental processes and equipment, governing physics and modelling, design and topology optimization, and more. The text adresses introductory, intermediate, and advanced topics ranging from basic additive manufacturing process classification to practical and material design aspects of additive manufacturability. Written by a panel of expert authors in the field, this authoritative resource: Provides a thorough analysis of AM processes and their theoretical foundations Explains the classification, advantages, and applications of AM processes Describes the equipment required for different AM processes for metallic structures, including laser technologies, positioning devices, feeder and spreader mechanisms, and CAD software Discusses the opportunities, challenges, and current and emerging trends within the field Covers practical considerations, including design for AM, safety, quality assurance, automation, and real-time control of AM processes Includes illustrative cases studies and numerous figures and tables Featuring material drawn from the lead author’s research and professional experience on laser additive manufacturing, Metal Additive Manufacturing is an important source for manufacturing professionals, research and development engineers in the additive industry, and students and researchers involved in mechanical, mechatronics, automatic control, and materials engineering and science.

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry written by Francis H. Froes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-02-15 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additive Manufacturing for the Aerospace Industry explores the design, processing, metallurgy and applications of additive manufacturing (AM) within the aerospace industry. The book's editors have assembled an international team of experts who discuss recent developments and the future prospects of additive manufacturing. The work includes a review of the advantages of AM over conventionally subtractive fabrication, including cost considerations. Microstructures and mechanical properties are also presented, along with examples of components fabricated by AM. Readers will find information on a broad range of materials and processes used in additive manufacturing. It is ideal reading for those in academia, government labs, component fabricators, and research institutes, but will also appeal to all sectors of the aerospace industry. - Provides information on a broad range of materials and processes used in additive manufacturing - Presents recent developments in the design and applications of additive manufacturing specific to the aerospace industry - Covers a wide array of materials for use in the additive manufacturing of aerospace parts - Discusses current standards in the area of aerospace AM parts

Download or read book An Introduction to Powder Metallurgy written by Fritz Thümmler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book Phase Transformations in Steels written by Elena Pereloma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-05-11 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The processing-microstructure-property relationships in steels continue to present challenges to researchers because of the complexity of phase transformation reactions and the wide spectrum of microstructures and properties achievable. This major two-volume work summarises the current state of research on phase transformations in steels and its implications for the emergence of new steels with enhanced engineering properties.Volume 1 reviews fundamentals and diffusion-controlled phase transformations. After a historical overview, chapters in part one discuss fundamental principles of thermodynamics, diffusion and kinetics as well as phase boundary interfaces. Chapters in part two go on to consider ferrite formation, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations, pearlite formation and massive austenite-ferrite phase transformations. Part three discusses the mechanisms of bainite transformations, including carbide-containing and carbide-free bainite. The final part of the book considers additional driving forces for transformation including nucleation and growth during austenite-to-ferrite phase transformations, dynamic strain-induced ferrite transformations (DIST) as well as the effects of magnetic fields and heating rates.With its distinguished editors and distinguished international team of contributors, the two volumes of Phase transformations in steels is a standard reference for all those researching the properties of steel and developing new steels in such areas as automotive engineering, oil and gas and energy production. - Discusses the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, diffusion and kinetics - Considers various transformations, including ferrite formation, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite transformations - Considers additional driving forces for transformation including nucleation and growth during austenite-to-ferrite phase transformations

Download or read book Modeling and Optimization in Manufacturing written by Catalin I. Pruncu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-07-19 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the state-of-the-art in multiscale modeling and optimization in manufacturing from two leading voices in the field Modeling and Optimization in Manufacturing delivers a comprehensive approach to various manufacturing processes and shows readers how multiscale modeling and optimization processes help improve upon them. The book elaborates on the foundations and applications of computational modeling and optimization processes, as well as recent developments in the field. It offers discussions of manufacturing processes, including forming, machining, casting, joining, coating, and additive manufacturing, and how computer simulations have influenced their development. Examples for each category of manufacturing are provided in the text, and industrial applications are described for the reader. The distinguished authors also provide an insightful perspective on likely future trends and developments in manufacturing modeling and optimization, including the use of large materials databases and machine learning. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the origins of manufacturing, the history of traditional and advanced manufacturing, and recent progress in manufacturing An exploration of advanced manufacturing and the environmental impact and significance of manufacturing Practical discussions of the economic importance of advanced manufacturing An examination of the sustainability of advanced manufacturing, and developing and future trends in manufacturing Perfect for materials scientists, mechanical engineers, and process engineers, Modeling and Optimization in Manufacturing will also earn a place in the libraries of engineering scientists in industries seeking a one-stop reference on multiscale modeling and optimization in manufacturing.