Download or read book Effect of an Exercise Consultation on Maintenance of Physical Activity After Completion of Phase III Exercise based Cardiac Rehabilitation written by Adrienne Rachel Hughes and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Exercise Leadership in Cardiac Rehabilitation written by Morag Thow and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-05-01 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides physiotherapists and exercise professionals with a comprehensive resource on the exercise components and skills of constructing and teaching CR exercise. It addresses the scope of knowledge and skills required by exercise specialists developing, delivering and teaching exercise based CR programmes. It has an evidence-based framework, and provides practical advice and suggestions based on the clinical experience of the contributing authors. Among the topics covered are assessment, exercise monitoring, the use of music, safety, teaching skills and maintaining physical activity. Thus the book provides a comprehensive and practical text that can be used to plan, develop and deliver all phases of exercise based CR. "...provides a virtual pharmacopoeia of exercise guidelines for patients with cardiovascular disease, with specific reference to exercise prescription, risk stratification, exercise physiology, monitoring techniques, and leadership and organizational skills. The authors represent a prestigious group of scientists, clinicians, researchers, and teachers, who are authorities in their respective fields. Clearly, the contributors have painstakingly worked to summarize, in a clear and concise manner, the latest research findings in each area, highlighting patient care and related applications. A "must-read" for clinicians in the field of cardiac rehabilitation. I highly recommend this extraordinary text !" —Barry A. Franklin, PhD, Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Laboratories, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan USA; Professor of Physiology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
Download or read book HCI International 2020 Late Breaking Papers Universal Access and Inclusive Design written by Constantine Stephanidis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-24 with total page 794 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes late breaking papers from the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2020, which was held in July 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Copenhagen, Denmark, but had to change to a virtual conference mode due to the COVID-19 pandemic. From a total of 6326 submissions, a total of 1439 papers and 238 posters have been accepted for publication in the HCII 2020 proceedings before the conference took place. In addition, a total of 333 papers and 144 posters are included in the volumes of the proceedings published after the conference as “Late Breaking Work” (papers and posters). These contributions address the latest research and development efforts in the field and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing systems. The 59 late breaking papers presented in this volume address the latest research and development efforts in the field and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing systems.
Download or read book Clinical Exercise Pathophysiology for Physical Therapy written by Debra Coglianese and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-06-01 with total page 1351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to effectively examine, test, and treat patients with exercise, physical therapists need to understand how physiology from the cellular to the systems level provides the basis for normal responses to exercise. But that is not enough. Knowledge about pathophysiology, the changes that lead to abnormal responses to exercise in different patient populations, is also essential. Clinical Exercise Pathophysiology for Physical Therapy: Examination, Testing, and Exercise Prescription for Movement-Related Disorders is a comprehensive reference created to answer the “why” and the “how” to treat patients with exercise by offering both comprehensive information from the research literature, as well as original patient cases. Dr. Debra Coglianese, along with her contributors, have arranged Clinical Exercise Pathophysiology for Physical Therapy into three parts: foundations of physiological responses, pathophysiology of deconditioning and physiology of training, and pathophysiology considerations and clinical practice. The chapters present the physiology and pathophysiology for defined patient populations consistent with the American Physical Therapy Association’s Guide to Physical Therapy Practice. Patient cases also supplement each chapter to illustrate how understanding the content of the chapter informs physical therapy examination, testing, and treatment. The patient/client management model from the Guide to Physical Therapy Practice defines the structure of the patient cases, and the International Classification of Function, Disability, and Health (ICF) model of disablement has been inserted into each patient case. Highlighted “Clinician Comments” appear throughout each patient case to point out the critical thinking considerations. Included with the text are online supplemental materials for faculty use in the classroom. Clinical Exercise Pathophysiology for Physical Therapy: Examination, Testing, and Exercise Prescription for Movement-Related Disorders is a groundbreaking reference for the physical therapy student or clinician looking to understand how physiology and pathophysiology relate to responses to exercise in different patient populations.
Download or read book Exercise Physiology in Special Populations written by John P. Buckley and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2008-08-14 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exercise Physiology in Special Populations covers the prevalent health conditions that are either linked to an inactive lifestyle or whose effects can be ameliorated by increasing physical activity and physical fitness. The book explores physiological aspects of obesity and diabetes before moving on to cardiac disease, lung disease, arthritis and back pain, ageing and older people, bone health, the female participant, neurological and neuromuscular disorders, and spinal chord injury. The author team includes many of the UK’s leading researchers and exercise science and rehabilitation practitioners that specialise in each of the topic areas. · Structured in an easy accessible way for students and lecturers· Well referenced, including a further reading list with each chapter..· Written by a group of highly experienced experts.
Download or read book Social Psychology in Sport and Exercise written by Ann-Marie Knowles and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-16 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How should athletes prepare for the pressures of a large crowd? How do you manage conflict and disunity in a team? How can you encourage individuals to do more exercise? Covering a broad range of areas from elite sport to public health programmes, The Social Psychology of Sport and Exercise examines human behaviour and how we can change it. The authors combine innovative research with practical examples and case studies, masterfully explaining the theory and applying it to real-life problems. From coaching world-class athletes to running exercise referral schemes, this book offers unrivalled advice and guidance. The Social Psychology of Sport and Exercise: - Analyses contemporary research from both sport and exercise psychology - Investigates the issues and challenges that practitioners face in settings ranging from the World Cup to the leisure centre - Suggests useful strategies to help you put the theory into practice This highly readable textbook is perfect for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying sport and exercise psychology, while its practical nature means that it will also be of interest to professionals working in the field.
Download or read book Writing in Social Spaces written by Rowena Murray and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writing in Social Spaces addresses the problem of making time and space for writing in academic life and work of the professionals and practitioners who do academic writing'. Even those who want to write, who know how to write well and who have quality publications, report that they cannot find enough time for writing. Many supervisors are unsure about how to help postgraduates improve their writing for thesis and publication. Whilst the problem does presents through concerns with ‘time’, it is also partly about writing practices, academic identities and lack of motivation. This book provides a research-based, theorised approach to the skill of writing whilst retaining a link to writing practices and giving immediate yet sustainable solutions to the writing problem. It supplies new theory and practice on: socializing writing-in-progress and writing with others exploring the alternation of conscious and unconscious, internal and external processes in academic writing whilst in a social grouping Applying social processes in the writing process Using case studies and vignettes of writing in social spaces to illustrate the theory in practice, This book is a valuable resource for academics, scholars, professionals and practitioners, as well as researchers at all stages of their career, and in all disciplines.
Download or read book Physical Activity Maintenance in a Post Cardiac Rehabilitation Population written by Novella Martinello and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this thesis was to better understand physical activity (PA) maintenance among patients who have completed cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Study 1: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing PA and exercise maintenance interventions for adults who have completed CR. Descriptive synthesis of the studies combined with meta-analysis results provided evidence of increased PA among intervention groups compared with control groups at follow-up. Results of the meta-analysis found a significant difference in PA in the intervention groups compared to the control groups, via multiple exercise outcomes including exercise sessions/week (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.04 - 0.35), kcal/week (SMD = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.19 - 0.98), and daily steps (SMD = 2.14; 95% CI, 0.90 - 3.38). There is evidence to support the effectiveness of interventions aimed at maintaining PA and exercise among adults who have completed CR. Study 2: This study was a synthesis of qualitative studies examining factors affecting PA maintenance among individuals who have completed CR. Eight studies met the criteria for inclusion. Multiple factors were identified among participants, including self-efficacy and motivation, social support, support with the transition from supervised hospital or centre-based exercise to exercise in the community or home, perceived safety of the exercise program, and availability and accessibility of PA resources and opportunities. Examining qualitative literature suggests factors at the intrapersonal-, interpersonal-, organizational- and neighbourhood-level are important in supporting exercise maintenance after completion of CR. Results from this synthesis identified key areas for tailored program design, grounded in a social ecological approach. Study 3: This study was a secondary analysis of trial data examining predictors of participants' moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) 26 weeks after enrollment in a RCT of a PA maintenance intervention. Participants completed baseline questionnaires assessing social ecological, demographic, clinical, fitness, and behavioural variables. MVPA was assessed by accelerometer at baseline and 26 weeks later. Univariate analyses revealed nine significant baseline predictors of MVPA at 26 weeks including beliefs about exercise benefits, beliefs about exercise barriers, baseline MVPA, peak oxygen consumption, diabetes, age, sex, marital status, and work status. Multivariate analysis indicated that baseline MVPA was the only independent predictor of MVPA at 26 weeks. Given the pre-eminence of baseline MVPA, the regression analyses were re-run without baseline MVPA in the model. In that case, peak oxygen consumption became the only independent predictor of MVPA at 26 weeks. Results have implications for targeting intervention for PA maintenance in the unsupervised phase. Conclusion: The findings of this thesis provided insights into the influences on long-term PA among cardiac patients post-CR and the strategies which can support long-term PA. While there have been positive developments in understanding PA maintenance, there are important knowledge gaps that remain unaddressed. These knowledge gaps include the measurement, monitoring, and surveillance of PA behaviour and ways in which intervention research could be improved. Further research will be required to address these knowledge gaps and to build on the growing knowledge of effective PA interventions to support people with heart disease.
Download or read book Index to Theses with Abstracts Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland and the Council for National Academic Awards written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sustaining physical activity following cardiac rehabilitation discharge written by Kelly R. Evenson and published by RTI Press. This book was released on 2021-01-31 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because many patients reduce exercise following outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR), we developed an intervention to assist with the transition and evaluated its feasibility and preliminary efficacy using a one-group pretest–posttest design. Five CR patients were enrolled ~1 month prior to CR discharge and provided an activity tracker. Each week during CR they received a summary of their physical activity and steps. Following CR discharge, participants received an individualized report that included their physical activity and step history, information on specific features of the activity tracker, and encouraging messages from former CR patients for each of the next 6 weeks. Mixed model trajectory analyses were used to test the intervention effect separately for active minutes and steps modeling three study phases: pre-intervention (day activity tracking began to CR discharge), intervention (day following CR discharge to day when final report sent), and maintenance (day following the final report to ~1 month later). Activity tracking was successfully deployed and, with weekly reports following CR, may offset the usual decline in physical activity. When weekly reports ceased, a decline in steps/day occurred. A scaled-up intervention with a more rigorous study design with sufficient sample size can evaluate this approach further.
Download or read book Psychology of Physical Activity written by Stuart J. H. Biddle and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2007-09-12 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As modern lifestyles offer ever more opportunities for a sedentary existence, physical activity has become, for many, a marginal aspect of life. Too little physical activity is linked to common, often serious, health problems, and although this link is now widely acknowledged, levels of sedentary behaviour continue to increase throughout western society. Psychology of Physical Activity, 2nd Edition addresses this concern, bringing together a wealth of up to date information about exercise behaviour including: motivation and psychological factors associated with activity or inactivity the psychological outcomes of exercising including the 'feel–good' factor understanding specific clinical populations interventions and applied practice in the psychology of physical activity current trends and future directions in research and practice. Updated to reflect new findings and research directions, this new edition includes full textbook features, and is accompanied by a dedicated website providing lecturers and students with extensive support materials, including powerpoint slides and student MCQ's. Visit the companion website at www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415366656.
Download or read book Exercise training and testing in patients with heart failure written by Charlotta Lans and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patients with heart failure (HF) suffer from symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue and reduced quality of life, which affect their physical function and often lead to immobilization and poor survival prognosis. Exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation should be offered to every patient with HF and can be performed both in a hospital-setting and with a home training programme. Exercise, in patients with HF, improves physical function and functional capacity as well as health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reduces the need for hospital care. There are several barriers against participating in exercise based cardiac rehabilitation despite information about its benefits. The patient may anticipate not being able to exercise, that the exercise would be too hard, lives far away or has not been referred. Aim: The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of exercise in heart failure patients, of a one-year training programme, with hospital-based training followed by a home-based setting or only home-based, with special emphasis on peripheral muscle training (PMT). Furthermore, to study frequently used methods for evaluation of the effects, i.e the 6-minute walk test and instruments for estimating health-related quality of life. Methods and findings: In study I, PMT was evaluated and the PMT programme in a hospital-setting (with equipment) and subsequent homebased training (with elastic bands) was compared with solely home-based training, over 1 year. At follow-up every third month, duplicated six minute walk test (6MWT) and two HRQoL questionnaires were used. The walking distance increased significantly after three months in both groups and was maintained thereafter. Also HRQoL increased but at different time points. In study II, PMT was compared with interval training on an ergometer bike/free walking. Both groups started under supervision of a physiotherapist in a hospital-setting, for three months and thereafter at home for nine months. The same measurements were used as in study I. Neither walking distance nor HRQoL changed over the study period. However, this may be regarded as a positive effect in the light of the known progressive nature of heart failure. In study III, the 6MWTs from study I and II were used to evaluate the necessity of performing duplicated 6MWTs in follow-ups clinically and for research purposes. We found that it is sufficient to perform one 6MWT. In study IV, both 6MWT and HRQoL forms from study I and II were used to investigate the relationship between walking distance and perceived HRQoL in HF patients. Patients with shorter walking distance, than the group median, experienced poorer general HRQoL but not HRQoL related to HF, than the higher performing half of the study group. There were no longitudinal trends in these relationships. Conclusion: PMT can be used as an exercise modality in patients with HF, both in hospital and at home, and may be evaluated with a single 6MWT. Shorter walking distance was related to a lower general HRQoL as judged by the patients but there was no significant relation between short walking distance and the HF-related HRQoL. Individualizing the training programme and methods, and offering the choice of exercise modality and the possibility of exercising at home, might be a way to increase adherence in cardiac rehabilitation. Patienter med hjärtsvikt besväras av andfåddhet och trötthet vilket påverkar deras fysiska funktion och ofta leder till immobilisering, nedsatt livskvalitet och dålig prognos. Träning inom hjärtrehabilitering bör erbjudas alla patienter med hjärtsvikt och kan utföras såväl på sjukhus som hemma med hemträningsprogram. Träning vid hjärtsvikt förbättrar fysisk funktion och funktionell kapacitet, hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, och minskar behovet av vård på sjukhus. Det finns många barriärer till att delta i hjärtrehabilitering trots information om vinster, t ex att patienten tror sig inte klara av att träna, bor långt ifrån, har inte fått remiss för att nämna några. Syfte: Syftet med avhandlingen var att utvärdera effekterna av ett träningsprogram för patienter med hjärtsvikt under 1 år, träning på sjukhus följt av hemträning eller enbart hemträning. Ett specifikt syfte var att utvärdera perifer muskelträning (PMT) som en möjlig, lämplig träningsmetod för hjärtsviktspatienter. Vidare var syftet att utvärdera effekten av sex minuters gångtest och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Metod och resultat: I studie I utvärderades PMT och jämförde träning på sjukhus (med redskap) med efterföljande hemträning (med elastiska band) med enbart hemträning under 1 år. Vid utvärdering var tredje månad användes dubbla sex minuters gångtest och frågeformulär om livskvalitet. Gångsträckan ökade signifikant efter träning och höll i sig hela träningsperioden i båda grupperna. Även livskvaliteten ökade men vid olika tidpunkter. I studie II, jämfördes PMT med intervallträning på ergometercykel/promenader. Båda grupperna tränade under ledning av fysioterapeut i tre månader och därefter hemma upp till 1 år. Samma utvärdering som i studie I. Gångsträcka och livskvaliteten ändrade sig inte under studietiden. Det kan dock ses som en positiv effekt eftersom hjärtsviktspatienter vanligen försämras över tid. I studie III, användes gångtesten från studie I och II för att utvärdera om det är nödvändighet att utföra dubbla sex minuters gångtest vid utvärdering. Ingen kliniskt betydelsefull skillnad sågs mellan gångtest ett och två. I studie IV, användes både gångtest och livskvalitetsformulär, från studie I och II, för att undersöka samband mellan gångsträcka och upplevd livskvalitet och om detta samband ändrades med tiden. Patienter med kortare gångsträcka upplevde sämre allmän hälsorelaterad livskvalitet men inte livskvalitet relaterad till hjärtsvikten, någon kliniskt signifikant förändring över tid kunde inte påvisas. Konklusion: Perifer muskelträning kan användas som en säker träningsform för patienter med hjärtsvikt, både på sjukhus och som hemträning och kan utvärderas med endast ett sex minuters gångtest. Patienter med kortare gångsträcka upplever sämre allmän livskvalitet vilket förefaller relativt oberoende av de olika testtidpunkterna.
Download or read book Exercise Prescription in Cardiac Rehabilitation written by Adam Staron and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2022-08-12 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is the fruit of a collaborative effort by a dedicated team of cardiologists, whose specialities span the entire field of cardiology, and offers a practical approach to exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation in line with American and European guidelines, and inspired by local experience. It details the technical aspects of different modalities of exercise for a broad spectrum of cardiovascular conditions and patient groups, and provides strategies to overcome existing barriers to physical activity in the local population. Book describes the basics of rehabilitation, functional assessment, early mobilization, supervised and long term exercise protocols, cardiac rehabilitation in specific groups, and finally, special considerations for the Middle Eastern and Saudi Arabian populations. Primary audience: Professionals working or planning to work in the cardiac rehabilitation field (i.e. cardiologists, rehabilitation specialists, nurses, physiotherapists, exercise physiologists, and psychologists). Secondary audience: - Internal medicine specialists - Cardiothoracic surgeons - Medical students - Physiotherapy students - Cardiac nurses - Stress test technicians - Dietitians - Health educators The book can serve as textbook and for dedicated courses (cardiac rehabilitation course, cardiac rehabilitation fellowship).
Download or read book Immediate and Long term Effects of Exercise Rehabilitation on Daily Physical Activity of Patients with Cardiopulmonary Disorders written by Ailar Ramadi and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that there is an inverse relationship between physical activity (PA) and mortality in patients with cardiopulmonary disorders. Consequently, PA is considered the core component of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation programs. Despite the health benefits, the adherence to regular PA following completion of the programs seems challenging. The rehabilitation delivery model has been proposed as a potential factor that might influence participants' long-term PA adherence. Thus, detailed investigation on the PA behavior of cardiopulmonary patients as they progress through different exercise rehabilitation programs from entry to completion and following-up seems warranted. The purpose of this thesis was to study the immediate and long-term impact of different exercise rehabilitation programs on daily PA and exercise capacity in patients with cardiopulmonary disorders. The first study used a multi-sensor device to examine the immediate impact of an exercise rehabilitation program on daily PA of cardiopulmonary patients. At the end of the program participants improved their exercise capacity and demonstrated a PA behavior change at the lower end of the PA continuum. Indeed they spent less time sedentary and increased the time spent in light PA. However, the observed improvements in PA and exercise capacity were not related. The second study used a multi-sensor device to compare the long-term impact of a fast-track versus traditional center-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on the PA of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients 6 months following CR entry. The key finding from this study was that participation in CR programs did not result in long-term PA behavior change irrespective of the delivery model. Although participants in both traditional and fast-track CR had higher exercise capacity at 6 months following CR entry, their overall daily PA was not significantly different from what was recorded at baseline. Our third study compared the long-term effectiveness of home versus center-based CR on sustainability of exercise capacity changes 1 year after completing the CR program. The key finding from this study was that participants were relatively successful in maintaining their achieved gains in exercise capacity for at least 1 year post-CR, independent of CR venue. Although exercise capacity decreased in center-based group from CR completion to 1 year follow-up, the observed decline was clinically insignificant. At the 1 year follow-up, exercise capacity was significantly higher than the baseline values in both groups. The major findings from the three studies in this thesis were that 1) participation in exercise rehabilitation program appears to improve habitual PA at the end of the program; 2) following removal from the program participants resume their baseline PA level despite maintaining the achieved gains in the exercise capacity regardless of the program delivery model. Combined these findings may imply that an increase in exercise capacity alone may not be sufficient to change the habitual sedentary lifestyle. Thus, in order to improve exercise capacity and PA behavior, they need to be targeted independently. CR participants may benefit from structured strategies which promote long-term PA adherence in addition to facilitating exercise capacity improvement. Considering the entire spectrum of PA from sedentary behavior to spontaneous light intensity PA in addition to moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) is imperative when promoting the PA behavior change. An extensive and accurate assessment of daily PA upon CR entry could provide clinicians with valuable information on the best aspect to target in the PA spectrum and to customize programs to participants' needs and abilities.
Download or read book Cardiology written by Kanu Chatterjee and published by JP Medical Ltd. This book was released on 2012-08-31 with total page 2205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two volume set presents recent advances in the knowledge and technology related to the field of cardiology. Beginning with a basic introduction, the text continues with a step by step approach through the subject, covering topics such as cardiovascular pharmacology, electrophysiology, coronary heart diseases, myocardial and pericardial disease and more. With contributions from leading international experts and over 1500 colour photographs, each chapter contains additional comments and guidelines from reputed international bodies. The book is accompanied by a DVD ROM containing high quality video footage of echocardiography.
Download or read book Sustaining Physical Activity Following Cardiac Rehabilitation Discharge written by Kelly R. Evenson and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Because many patients reduce exercise following outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR), we developed an intervention to assist with the transition and evaluated its feasibility and preliminary efficacy using a one-group pretest-posttest design. Five CR patients were enrolled ~1 month prior to CR discharge and provided an activity tracker. Each week during CR they received a summary of their physical activity and steps. Following CR discharge, participants received an individualized report that included their physical activity and step history, information on specific features of the activity tracker, and encouraging messages from former CR patients for each of the next 6 weeks. Mixed model trajectory analyses were used to test the intervention effect separately for active minutes and steps modeling three study phases: pre-intervention (day activity tracking began to CR discharge), intervention (day following CR discharge to day when final report sent), and maintenance (day following the final report to ~1 month later). Activity tracking was successfully deployed and, with weekly reports following CR, may offset the usual decline in physical activity. When weekly reports ceased, a decline in steps/day occurred. A scaled-up intervention with a more rigorous study design with sufficient sample size can evaluate this approach further.
Download or read book The Influence of Home based Cardiac Rehabilitation Upon the Maintenance of Physical Activity Patterns written by Lori Lee Davis and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
