Download or read book Effect of Amine based Water Treatment Polymers on the Formation of N nitrosodimethylamine ndma Disinfection By product written by Sang Hyuck Park and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, a compound N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable human carcinogen, has been identified as an emerging disinfection by-product (DBP) since its formation and detection were linked to chlorine-based disinfection processes in several water utilities in the U.S. and Canada. Numerous organic nitrogen compounds present in water may impact the formation of NDMA during disinfection. Amine-based water treatment polymers used as coagulants and flocculants have been suggested as potential NDMA precursors due to the presence of amine functional groups in their structures, as well as the possible presence of dimethylamine (DMA) residues in polymer products. To minimize the potential risk of NDMA associated with water treatment polymers, the mechanisms of how the polymers behave as NDMA precursors and their contribution to the overall NDMA formation under actual water treatment conditions need to be elucidated. This research involved a systematic investigation to determine whether amine-based water treatment polymers contribute to NDMA formation under drinking water and wastewater treatment conditions, to probe the involved reaction mechanisms, and to develop strategies to minimize the polymers NDMA formation potential. The investigation included five research tasks: (1) General screening of NDMA formation potential of commonly used amine-based water treatment polymers, (2) NDMA formation from amine-based water treatment polymers under relevant water treatment conditions, (3) Probing the mechanisms of NDMA formation from polyamine and PolyDADMAC, (4) Effect of water treatment processes on NDMA formation from amine-based water treatment polymers, and (5) Developing strategies to reduce polymers NDMA formation potential. Direct chloramination or chlorination of high doses of polymers in deionized water at longer than typical contact time was used in the general screening of the NDMA formation potential of water treatment polymers and in the studies to identify reaction mechanisms. On the other hand, realistic dosages of chloramines and polymers and contact time were used in simulating representative water treatment conditions to evaluate the contribution of polymers to the overall NDMA formation in real systems. On the basis of the study results, strategies were developed to reduce the NDMA formation potential of amine-based water treatment polymers, which include modification of polymer structures and treatment parameters.
Download or read book Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes AOPs in Drinking Water Treatment written by Antonio Gil and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-03 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reviews the drinking water treatments in which AOPs display a high application potential. Firstly it reveals the typical supply sources and limitations of conventional technologies and critically reviews natural organic matter characterization and removal techniques, focusing mainly on AOP treatments. It then explores using AOPs for simultaneous inactivation/disinfection of several types of microorganisms, including highly resistant Cryptosporidium protozoa. Lastly, it discusses relevant miscellaneous topics, like the most promising AOP solid catalysts, the regime change of Fenton-like processes toward continuous reactors, the application of chemometrics for process optimization, the impact on disinfection byproducts and the tracing of toxicity during AOP treatments. This work is a useful reference for researchers and students involved in water technologies, including analytical and environmental chemistry, chemical and environmental engineering, toxicology, biotechnology, and related fields. It is intended to encourage industrial and public-health scientists and decision-makers to accelerate the application of AOPs as technological alternatives for the improvement of drinking water treatment plants.
Download or read book A Study of the Effect of Polymers on Potential N Nitrosodimethylamine NDMA Formation at Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Formation and Decay of Disinfection By products in the Distribution System written by and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2006 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this project was to understand the formation and decay of selected DBPs in full-scale distribution systems focusing on the four THMs and the nine HAAs, as well as individual THM and HAA species. Because of its critical nature, NDMA was also included. The project objectives were: evaluate the critical factors that affect THM and HAA behavior in distribution systems; determine the fate and behavior of NDMA in distribution systems; evaluate the effect of pipe material and diameter on the fate of DBPs in distribution systems; examine the effect of storage reservoirs / tanks and booster chlorination stations on THM, HAA and NDMA concentrations; evaluate the changes in DBP concentrations and speciation when a system seasonally switches from chloramines to free chlorine to limit potential nitrification episodes....
Download or read book Potential of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products PPCPs as Nitrosamine Precursors During Drinking Water Disinfection written by Ruqiao Shen and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 906 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for N nitrosodimethylamine written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Roles of Polydadmacs Dithiocarbamates and Activated Carbons in Formation of N nitrosamine Contaminants in Water written by Lokesh Pradeep Padhye and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: N-Nitrosamines are an emerging group of disinfection byproducts characterized by high carcinogenic risks at ng/L levels and by their frequent detection in water and wastewater treatment systems in the U.S. and other parts of the world. The overall goal of this research is to achieve a better understanding of the roles of common nitrosamine precursors in leading to N-nitrosamine formation in water and wastewater treatment systems. The specific objectives of this research are: (a) To probe the mechanisms of nitrosamine formation from commonly employed water treatment polymers, particularly polyDADMACs, during ozonation, (b) To evaluate the role of dithiocarbamate compounds as nitrosamine precursors in reaction with common water disinfection oxidants, and (c) To investigate the potential enhancement effect of activated carbons (AC) to promote transformation of amines to nitrosamines and identify the involved reaction mechanism. Results of this research show that, upon ozonation, polyDADMACs may yield N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at levels up to two orders of magnitude higher than current advisory guidelines for NDMA. Radical pathways may be responsible for the degradation of the quaternary ammonium ring groups in polyDADMACs to release of dimethylamine (DMA). Detection of significant amounts of nitrite after ozonation of polyDADMACs and DMA suggests the potential role of nitrosation pathway in NDMA formation. Study results also reveal dithiocarbamates as potent nitrosamine precursors with significant nitrosamine yields upon ozonation and monochloramination. Identification and quantification of reaction products suggest nitrosation and chlorinated-UDMH oxidation as primary reaction mechanisms in nitrosamine formation from ozonation and monochloramination of dithiocarbamates compounds, respectively. This research also demonstrates that many commercial AC materials may catalyze transformation of secondary amines to yield trace levels of N-nitrosamines under ambient aerobic conditions. This is a novel discovery with far-reaching implications because of the widespread usage of AC materials in numerous analytical and environmental applications. The study results show that the properties of AC materials and reaction conditions play a crucial role in the catalyzed nitrosamine formation and should be carefully selected to minimize analytical errors and undesirable nitrosamine formation in water samples. Overall, the mechanistic information obtained in this research will be useful for the water industry and research communities to develop more effective strategies to control undesirable nitrosamine formation in water and wastewater treatment systems and thus better protect the public health.
Download or read book Nitrogenous Disinfection Byproducts written by Daniel Logan McCurry and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disinfection of potable water is one of the great public health victories of the twentieth century, responsible for the avoidance of millions of deaths due to waterborne illness. However, application of disinfectants, typically chemical oxidants, leads to formation of hundreds of trace contaminants, often carcinogens, and consumption of chlorinated water has been epidemiologically linked to bladder cancer and certain birth defects. Eleven of these compounds are federally regulated in drinking water, but certain non-regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are orders of magnitude more toxic than currently regulated compounds. Two specific DBPs, chloropicrin and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are especially genotoxic, and are associated with nitrogen input into drinking water supplies. Wastewater-impacted drinking water and recycled wastewater are enriched in the precursors of these compounds, and their formation during potable water treatment is likely to grow, as wastewater increasingly contributes to the water supply. This thesis focuses on applying the tools of environmental organic chemistry to identify the chemical precursors and formation mechanisms of these compounds, leading to strategies for their control during water treatment. In particular, ozonation of primary and secondary amine compounds, leading to formation of nitro compound intermediates, was found be responsible for chloropicrin formation during water treatment. Secondary N-methylamines and primary amines geminal to facile leaving groups were particularly potent precursors, forming chloropicrin at up to 50% yield when exposed to ozone followed by chlorine. Based on this predominant formation pathway, chloropicrin precursors may be oxidized upstream of ozone addition to prevent chloropicrin formation. Strategies for controlling NDMA formation, a major concern during wastewater recycling, were developed based on an understanding of the chemical composition of NDMA precursors, and chloramines, the primary disinfectant applied during wastewater reuse. Minor modifications to wastewater recycling operations, in particular switching from low-pressure to medium-pressure mercury lamps for ultraviolet light treatment, and minor adjustments in the application of chloramines, were shown to dramatically reduce NDMA concentrations in final effluent. Finally, the effluent from a new, all-anaerobic wastewater treatment system was demonstrated to more efficiently remove trace contaminants and DBP precursors than conventional aerobic treatment, suggesting that this energy-saving technology may also be more suitable for water reuse than conventional treatment. These findings facilitate reducing the chronic health risk associated with consumption of (intentionally or unintentionally) recycled wastewater.
Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment written by Mihaela I. Stefan and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-15 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) rely on the efficient generation of reactive radical species and are increasingly attractive options for water remediation from a wide variety of organic micropollutants of human health and/or environmental concern. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment covers the key advanced oxidation processes developed for chemical contaminant destruction in polluted water sources, some of which have been implemented successfully at water treatment plants around the world. The book is structured in two sections; the first part is dedicated to the most relevant AOPs, whereas the topics covered in the second section include the photochemistry of chemical contaminants in the aquatic environment, advanced water treatment for water reuse, implementation of advanced treatment processes for drinking water production at a state-of-the art water treatment plant in Europe, advanced treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, and green technologies for water remediation. The advanced oxidation processes discussed in the book cover the following aspects: - Process principles including the most recent scientific findings and interpretation. - Classes of compounds suitable to AOP treatment and examples of reaction mechanisms. - Chemical and photochemical degradation kinetics and modelling. - Water quality impact on process performance and practical considerations on process parameter selection criteria. - Process limitations and byproduct formation and strategies to mitigate any potential adverse effects on the treated water quality. - AOP equipment design and economics considerations. - Research studies and outcomes. - Case studies relevant to process implementation to water treatment. - Commercial applications. - Future research needs. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment presents the most recent scientific and technological achievements in process understanding and implementation, and addresses to anyone interested in water remediation, including water industry professionals, consulting engineers, regulators, academics, students. Editor: Mihaela I. Stefan - Trojan Technologies - Canada
Download or read book Nitrification Prevention and Control in Drinking Water written by and published by AWWA Manuals. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual offers current and practical approaches to nitrification prevention and response to a nitrification episode in chloraminated drinking water distribution systems.
Download or read book Isotope Effects In Chemistry and Biology written by Amnon Kohen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-11-01 with total page 1092 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of isotope effects has expanded exponentially in the last decade, and researchers are finding isotopes increasingly useful in their studies. Bringing literature on the subject up to date, Isotope Effects in Chemistry and Biology covers current principles, methods, and a broad range of applications of isotope effects in the physical, biolo
Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Simon Parsons and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suitability of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for pollutant degradation was recognised in the early 1970s and much research and development work has been undertaken to commercialise some of these processes. AOPs have shown great potential in treating pollutants at both low and high concentrations and have found applications as diverse as ground water treatment, municipal wastewater sludge destruction and VOCs control. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment is an overview of the advanced oxidation processes currently used or proposed for the remediation of water, wastewater, odours and sludge. The book contains two opening chapters which present introductions to advanced oxidation processes and a background to UV photolysis, seven chapters focusing on individual advanced oxidation processes and, finally, three chapters concentrating on selected applications of advanced oxidation processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment will be invaluable to readers interested in water and wastewater treatment processes, including professionals and suppliers, as well as students and academics studying in this area. Dr Simon Parsons is a Senior Lecturer in Water Sciences at Cranfield University with ten years' experience of industrial and academic research and development.
Download or read book Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants MOP 8 Fifth Edition written by Water Environment Federation and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2012-09-01 with total page 2990 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Methods Fully revised and updated, this three-volume set from the Water Environment Federation and the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers presents the current plant planning, configuration, and design practices of wastewater engineering professionals, augmented by performance information from operating facilities. Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants, Fifth Edition, includes design approaches that reflect the experience of more than 300 authors and reviewers from around the world. Coverage includes: Integrated facility design Sustainability and energy management Plant hydraulics and pumping Odor control and air emissions Thoroughly updated information on biofilm reactors Biological, physical, and chemical liquid treatment Membrane bioreactors, IFAS, and other integrated biological processes Nutrient removal Sidestream treatment Wastewater disinfection Solids minimization, treatment, and stabilization, including thermal processing Biosolids use and disposal
Download or read book Nitrosamines and Related N nitroso Compounds written by Richard N. Loeppky and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigates the compound formation, bioactivation, and detoxification of the N-nitroso group of compounds, which increasingly appears to be implicated in human carcinogenesis. The topics include exposure, formation, and blocking; nitric oxide; nitrosamine; toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects; and reactive intermediates. The 45 papers largely report on research rather than review the literature. The symposium that occasioned them was in Washington, DC, in August 1992. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Download or read book Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies written by Xuan-Thanh Bui and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-07 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses major technological advances in the treatment and re-use of wastewater. Its focus is on both novel treatment strategies and the modifications and adaptions of conventional processes to optimize the treatment of a complex variety of pollutants, including organic matter, chemicals and micropollutants in different water resources, as well as the integration of water treatment with bioelectricity production. Written by leading researchers in the field, it will be of interest to a wide range of researchers in both industry and academia.
Download or read book Active Oxygen in Chemistry written by Christopher S. Foote and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book and its counterpart, Active Oxygen in Biochemistry, explore the active research area of the chemistry and biochemistry of oxygen. Complementary but independent, the two volumes integrate subject areas including medicine, biology, chemistry, engineering, and environmental studies.
