Download or read book Education Labor Force Participation and Changing Fertility Patterns written by Maria Stanfors and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with women and socioeconomic change in twentieth century Sweden. The main focus is on how women's education and labor force participation have affected fertility over time. Although many perceive Sweden as a country where men and women hav

Download or read book Mother s Schooling and Fertility Under Low Female Labor Force Participation written by Victor Lavy and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the effect of mothers' education on fertility in a population with very low female labor force participation. The results we present are particularly relevant to many countries in the Muslim world where 70-80 percent of women are still out of the labor force. For identification we exploit the abrupt end of the military rule which greatly restricted the mobility of Arabs in Israel until the mid-1960's. This change improved access to schooling in communities that lacked schools and, as a consequence, significantly increased the education of affected cohorts, mainly of girls. The very large increase in schooling attainment triggered a sharp decline in completed fertility. We show that no other changes explain these findings and that the results are robust to checks against various threats to identification. We rule out convergence in fertility and schooling, changes in labor-force participation, age upon marriage, marriage and divorce rates, and spousal labor-force participation and earnings as mechanisms in this fertility decline. Spousal education increased however sharply through assortative matching and played a role in the fertility decline. We also show that the increase in mother's education was significantly and positively correlated with several potential mechanisms such as a reduction in the desired number of children, better knowledge and higher probability of using contraceptives, recognition that family size can compromise children quality, larger role for women in family decision making, less religiosity, and positive attitude towards modern health care and modernism in general.

Download or read book The Importance of Education for Differences in Female Labour Force Participation and Fertility Behaviour written by Rina F. de Vries and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Labor Force Participation and Fertility written by Mary Jo Bane and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Women s Participation in Economic Activity as a Strategic Factor of Change in Fertility written by Andras Uthoff B. and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Women s Employment and Childbearing in Post Industrialized Societies written by Daniel Dinale and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-02 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the relationship between women's labour force participation and fertility rates in developed nations. It shows a positive relationship between women's workforce participation and childbirth. It theorises a new approach to explaining this 'fertility paradox' that looks at institutional factors influencing gender equality in developed nations. The book analyses a range of institutional variables that impact the positive relationship between female employment and fertility rates, including labour market institutions, social policies and welfare state institutions (family policies, active labour market programs and public sector employment) as well as household gender dynamics. Written for both academics and policy-makers, this book has theoretical relevance for research on gender and work, and also for policies aimed at increasing women's employment and redressing low fertility, which are important issues in many developed nations.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.

Download or read book Final Report Generational Crowding written by Irving Leveson and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Promoting Gender Equality and Tackling Demographic Challenges written by Jiajia Gu and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2024-06-11 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two broad contrasting demographic trends present challenges for economies globally: countries with aging populations, often advanced economies and increasingly emerging markets, anticipate a significant shrinking of the labor force, with implications for growth, economic stability, and public finances. Economies with rapidly growing populations, as is the case in many low-income and developing countries, will face a burgeoning young population entering the labor market in the next decades—a large potential to reap the demographic dividend if the right skills and economic and social conditions are in place. This note highlights how gender equality, in both cases, can serve as a stabilizing factor to rebalance demographic trends. As decisions regarding fertility, human capital investment, and labor force participation are interlinked, policies should aim at relaxing households’ time and resource constraints that condition these choices. This means that, in general, in advanced economies and emerging markets, policies should facilitate women’s work–life choices and boost female participation in the labor market, whereas policies in low-income and developing countries should focus on reforms that narrow gender gaps in opportunities and support human capital accumulation.

Download or read book Fertility in the United States written by John B. Casterline and published by Irish Books & Media. This book was released on 1996 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 14 articles in this collection provide new perspectives on American fertility in two ways; they portray substantial (and unappreciated) changes in fertility behavior in the United States during the past two decades; and they identify and illustrate new frameworks and theoretical approaches for interpreting these changes. Despite the weakening of the traditional linkages between marriage, sexual activity, childbearing, and mothers staying at home to rear children, childbearing and childrearing retain their place as core family-related behaviors, both in social science theory and in widely shared perceptions of family life. They also remain vitally important for a range of domestic policy issues - social security, education, and poverty foremost among them.

Download or read book Convergence to Very Low Fertility in East Asia Processes Causes and Implications written by Noriko O. Tsuya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-23 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the trends, underlying factors, and policy implications of fertility declines in three East Asian countries: Japan, South Korea, and China. In contrast to Western countries that have also experienced fertility declines to below-replacement levels, fertility decline in these East Asian countries is most notable in its rapidity and sheer magnitude. After a rapid decline shortly after the war, in which fertility was halved in one decade from 4.5 children per woman in 1947 to 2.1 in 1957, Japan's fertility started to decline to below-replacement levels in the mid-1970s, reaching 1.3 per woman in the early 2000s. Korea experienced one of the most spectacular declines ever recorded, with fertility falling continuously from very high (6.0 per woman) to a below-replacement level (1.6 per woman) between the early 1960s and mid-1980s, reaching 1.1 per woman in 2005. Similarly, after a dramatic decline from very high to low levels in one decade from the early 1970s to early 1980s, China's fertility reached around 1.5 per woman by 2005. Despite differences in timing, tempo, and scale of fertility declines, dramatic fertility reductions have resulted in extremely rapid population aging and foreshadow a long-term population decline in all three countries. This monograph provides a systematic comparison of fertility transitions in these East Asian countries and discusses the economic, social, and cultural factors that may account for their similarities and differences. After an overview of cultural backgrounds, economic transformations, and the evolution of policies, the trends and age patterns of fertility are examined. The authors then investigate changes in women's marriage and childbearing within marriage, the two major direct determinants of fertility, followed by an analysis of the social and economic factors underlying fertility and nuptiality changes, such as education, women's employment, and gender relations at home.

Download or read book Nation and Family written by Alva Myrdal and published by . This book was released on 1945 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book The Demographic Dividend written by David Bloom and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2003-02-13 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is long-standing debate on how population growth affects national economies. A new report from Population Matters examines the history of this debate and synthesizes current research on the topic. The authors, led by Harvard economist David Bloom, conclude that population age structure, more than size or growth per se, affects economic development, and that reducing high fertility can create opportunities for economic growth if the right kinds of educational, health, and labor-market policies are in place. The report also examines specific regions of the world and how their differing policy environments have affected the relationship between population change and economic development.

Download or read book Recent Fertility Trends in Sub Saharan Africa written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-03-18 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fertility rates and population growth influence economic development. The marked declines in fertility seen in some developing nations have been accompanied by slowing population growth, which in turn provided a window of opportunity for rapid economic growth. For many sub-Saharan African nations, this window has not yet opened because fertility rates have not declined as rapidly there as elsewhere. Fertility rates in many sub-Saharan African countries are high: the total rate for the region is estimated to be 5.1 births per woman, and rates that had begun to decline in many countries in the region have stalled. High rates of fertility in these countries are likely to contribute to continued rapid population growth: the United Nations projects that the region's population will increase by 1.2 billion by 2050, the highest growth among the regions for which there are projections. In June 2015, the Committee on Population organized a workshop to explore fertility trends and the factors that have influenced them. The workshop committee was asked to explore history and trends related to fertility, proximate determinants and other influences, the status and impact of family planning programs, and prospects for further reducing fertility rates. This study will help donors, researchers, and policy makers better understand the factors that may explain the slow pace of fertility decline in this region, and develop methods to improve family planning in sub-Saharan Africa.

Download or read book Essays on the Fertility and Women in the Labor Market written by Selim Choi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis examineswomen's fertility choices and their experiences in the labor market. In particular, I provide insights on how fertility choices of important women's labor market behavior and outcomes in this thesis. In Chapter 2, I investigate the response of women's fertility choices to financial incentives. I estimate the impact of, a cash-transfer type of pro-natalist policy on the probability and timing of births by evaluating the case of South Korean 'baby bonus' policy called 'birth encouragement grants. I use the sample of married women taken from the Korea Labor and Income Panel Studies (KLIPS) and rely on the regional and over-time variation of the grant amounts for identification. There is the concern of endogeneity since the shared fertility patterns in the same county can affect the grant setting decision of county governments. I address thist by controlling for county fixed effects and the trend of pre-policy determinants of birth encouragement grants. Through this analysis, I find that the birth encouragement grants do not influence the fertility choices of women in Korea. Further, the results of the analysis imply that the work status and the earnings of women may be more significant factor of their fertility choices. In Chapter 3, I estimate the magnitude of the career cost of motherhood for working women in Korea, as the conclusion of Chapter 2 implies that the women's fertility choices may be more closely related with their labor market outcome than the direct financial cost of having children. Using the Korea Labor and Income Panel Studies (KLIPS) data, I estimate the family gap in pay and job change frequency of Korean women. Unlike previous studies that only address the sample selection problem from low labor force participation of mothers, I further acknowledge that the prospect of pay and job change after childbirth can affect the fertility choices and address it by using instrumental variables. I find that motherhood induces about one job change and a 37% wage discount in South Korea; these findings are significantly different from the estimates derived from the type of specification frequently used in other studies, the fixed effect model with the Heckman selection correction. The Heckman model indicates only a 7~9% wage discount. That is, the presence of children reduces the mothers pay from their earning potentials by 7~9%. I also find that the family gap in pay can be partially explained by the information on job retention during childbirth and childrearing period. In Chapter 4, I evaluate the presence of sex discrimination in the job placement in labor market. Theoretically, uncertainty about the career breaks for children associated with female workers may drive firms to set higher bars for women for employment. Using the Youth Panel 2007 of South Korea and its rich information about college students' educational backgrounds and future plans, I restrict the sample to the college seniors who indicated planning to seek large corporation jobs through their annual open recruitments, which are supposed to be fair and merit-based. Then, using a variation of the classical Oaxaca-Blinder method (Oaxaca, 1973; Blinder, 1973), I decompose the male-female difference in the probability of being placed in the large corporation jobs after college into the parts that can be explained by the average differences in the characteristics by sex and the part that cannot be explained by the characteristics. I focus on the labor market outcome of the first job of the college graduates to minimize the impact of unobservable factors of the gender gap in the labor market outcome other than the discrimination such as women sorting out for easier jobs once they form a family. The result supports the presence of sex discrimination in the large corporation open recruitments in Korea and confirms that female college students must make more human capital investments or 'pass higher bars' to have the same chance of employment by large corporations.

Download or read book Aging and the Macroeconomy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is in the midst of a major demographic shift. In the coming decades, people aged 65 and over will make up an increasingly large percentage of the population: The ratio of people aged 65+ to people aged 20-64 will rise by 80%. This shift is happening for two reasons: people are living longer, and many couples are choosing to have fewer children and to have those children somewhat later in life. The resulting demographic shift will present the nation with economic challenges, both to absorb the costs and to leverage the benefits of an aging population. Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long-Term Implications of an Older Population presents the fundamental factors driving the aging of the U.S. population, as well as its societal implications and likely long-term macroeconomic effects in a global context. The report finds that, while population aging does not pose an insurmountable challenge to the nation, it is imperative that sensible policies are implemented soon to allow companies and households to respond. It offers four practical approaches for preparing resources to support the future consumption of households and for adapting to the new economic landscape.

Download or read book Seminars in Population Dynamics and Economic Development written by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Population Dynamics Group and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: