EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

Book ECOWAS Law

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jerry Ukaigwe
  • Publisher : Springer
  • Release : 2016-02-05
  • ISBN : 3319262335
  • Pages : 385 pages

Download or read book ECOWAS Law written by Jerry Ukaigwe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-05 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the emerging jurisprudence of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and seamlessly knits together all the disparate texts, policies and judicial decisions into a single, coherent resource. The work is deliberately crafted to address the lack of a comprehensive resource on the subject, and guide lawyers, policy-makers, Community citizens, researchers, students and civil society organisations through the labyrinth of the Community's laws and policies. From a socio-legal perspective, it unearths political, socio-economic and legal structures that impinge on the integration cause on the one hand, and dilute the efficacy of the Community legal regime on the other hand. Also, it exposes contemporary terrorism and conflict in West Africa and the legal interventions that the Community has adopted to respond to these challenges. In sequence, it traces and expounds the legal development of the Community norms with respect to sources of law, human rights, supra-nationalism and laws of the member states, reference procedure, action for damages, freedom of movement, discrimination and competition policy.The book particularly evaluates the extent of the human rights jurisdiction of the Community Court of Justice, as well as jurisdictional limitations to the protection of Community rights either at national or Community level. Also, it sheds light on the jurisdictional chasm existing between Community law and member states' national laws, and offers proven constitutional, legislative and judicial solutions to plug the gap. It explains vividly the common market, free movement of goods and the impact of Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on the entire ECOWAS free trade policy. In all these analyses, evaluation and examination of norms and policies, the work draws on the European Union's rich case law on similar points to explain recondite issues of law which may arise or have arisen from the application of any of the ECOWAS texts.

Book Intellectual Property Law in Africa

Download or read book Intellectual Property Law in Africa written by Caroline B. Ncube and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-06-29 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining the harmonisation of Intellectual Property policy, law and administration in Africa, this book evaluates the effectiveness of efforts to establish continental Intellectual Property institutions and frameworks. It also considers sub-regional initiatives led by the regional economic communities and the regional Intellectual Property organisations, focusing on relevant protocols and agreements that address Intellectual Property as well as the implementing institutions. The book assesses the progress of such initiatives with particular reference to the current socio-economic status of African states. It argues that that harmonisation initiatives need to be crafted in a way that is supportive of the developmental goals of African states and advocates for due consideration of individual states’ unique conditions and aspirations. This book will be of great relevance to scholars and policy makers with an interest in Intellectual Property law and its harmonisation in Africa.

Book International Development Law

    Book Details:
  • Author : Petra Minnerop
  • Publisher : Oxford University Press
  • Release : 2019-04-18
  • ISBN : 0192578278
  • Pages : 1008 pages

Download or read book International Development Law written by Petra Minnerop and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-04-18 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together articles on international development law from the Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, the definitive reference work on international law. It provides an invaluable resource for scholars, students, and practitioners of international development law, giving an accessible, thorough overview of all aspects of the field. Each article contains cross-references to related articles, and includes a carefully selected bibliography of the most important writings and primary materials as a guide to further reading. The Encyclopedia can be used by a wide range of readers. Experienced scholars and practitioners will find a wealth of information on areas that they do not already know well as well as in-depth treatments on every aspect of their specialist topics. Articles can also be set as readings for students on taught courses.

Book The Emergent African Union Law

Download or read book The Emergent African Union Law written by Olufemi Amao and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection explores the role of law in the regional integration effort in Africa, and assesses the extent to which African Union law is having in impact on domestic law across the continent. It analyses how the African Union is engendering new norms and standards, in areas such as economic regulation and democratic constitutionalism.--

Book The Institutional Transformation of the Economic Community of West African States

Download or read book The Institutional Transformation of the Economic Community of West African States written by Kofi Oteng Kufuor and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-03-02 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines regional economic integration in West Africa within the context of the institutional evolution of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). It uses the tools of the New Institutional Economics School (NIE) to explore the origins and development of the most recent ECOWAS Treaty. Particular attention is given to the interface between domestic legal arrangements and the success of open markets at the regional and international levels.

Book The African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement

Download or read book The African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement written by Kofi Oteng Kufuor and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-02-06 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2018, the members of the African Union adopted the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA). This book examines the AfCFTA, dissecting its key provisions. It stresses the importance of the AfCFTA in the context of increasing episodes of trade protection in Africa, and it theorizes on the role of the treaty organs. The book also examines the importance of citizen participation for the success of the AfCFTA, as well as exploring the role sub-state actors can play. Ultimately, the study adds to the understanding of the array of problems that are associated with regional trade in Africa and the role law plays in resolving these problems. It will be of importance to academics and students of international law, especially those with an interest in African trade law, as well as legal professionals and policymakers.

Book International Law

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jan Wouters
  • Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
  • Release : 2018-12-13
  • ISBN : 1509909044
  • Pages : 1135 pages

Download or read book International Law written by Jan Wouters and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-12-13 with total page 1135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook offers for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the classic doctrines and main areas of international law from a European perspective, meeting the needs of the many European law schools teaching public international law in English. Special attention is devoted to the practice of the European Union, the Council of Europe and European States – both civil law and common law countries – with regard to international law. In particular the book analyses the interplay between international law, EU law and national law in the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU, the European Court of Human Rights and national jurisdictions in Europe. It provides the reader with insights into how the international legal practice of the EU and its Member States impacts the development of international law, both in terms of doctrines such as treaty-making and customary law, the exercise of (extraterritorial) jurisdiction, state responsibility and the settlement of disputes, as well as particular sub-fields of international law, such as human rights law and international economic law. In addition the book covers other important areas such as the use of force and collective security, the law of armed conflict, and global and regional international organisations. It provides European perspectives on all these issues and will be of great value to students, scholars and practitioners.

Book Globalization and Politics in the Economic Community of West African States

Download or read book Globalization and Politics in the Economic Community of West African States written by Eric M. Edi and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization and Politics in the Economic Community of West African States offers an engaging perspective on the understanding of globalization in the ECOWAS countries of West Africa. This book discusses the political and structural changes that were enacted by the West African leadership and people to meet the challenges of globalization and examines the extent to which these changes furthered democracy and the respect of human rights.

Book International Institutional Law

Download or read book International Institutional Law written by Henry G. Schermers and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-11-15 with total page 1336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comparative analysis of the institutional law of public international organizations, covering issues such as membership, institutional structure, decisions and decision-making, legal status, privileges and immunities. It has been designed to appeal to both academics and practitioners.

Book Globalization and Environmental Challenges

Download or read book Globalization and Environmental Challenges written by Hans Günter Brauch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-23 with total page 1141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Put quite simply, the twin impacts of globalization and environmental degradation pose new security dangers and concerns. In this new work on global security thinking, 91 authors from five continents and many disciplines, from science and practice, assess the worldwide reassessment of the meaning of security triggered by the end of the Cold War and globalization, as well as the multifarious impacts of global environmental change in the early 21st century.

Book The Routledge Handbook of African Law

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of African Law written by Muna Ndulo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-23 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of African Law provides a comprehensive, critical overview of the contemporary legal terrain in Africa. The international team of expert contributors adopt an analytical and comparative approach so that readers can see the nexus between different jurisdictions and different legal traditions across the continent. The volume is divided into five parts covering: Legal Pluralism and African Legal Systems The State, Institutions, Constitutionalism, and Democratic Governance Economic Development, Technology, Trade, and Investment Human Rights, Gender-Based Violence, and Access to Justice International Law, Institutions, and International Criminal Law Providing important insights into both the specific contexts of African legal systems and the ways in which these legal traditions intersect with the wider world, this handbook will be an essential resource for academics, researchers, lawyers, and graduate and undergraduate students studying this ever-evolving field.

Book Research Handbook on European State Aid Law

Download or read book Research Handbook on European State Aid Law written by Leigh Hancher and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-29 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised and updated Research Handbook on European State Aid Law brings together established academics and practitioners to provide a wide-ranging coverage of the field. Incorporating political science, economics and the law in its analysis, it provides a strong overview of the salient issues in State aid law and policy.

Book Regional Maintenance of Peace and Security under International Law

Download or read book Regional Maintenance of Peace and Security under International Law written by Dace Winther and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-30 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the scope and limits of what is appropriate for regional action in the maintenance of peace and security. It offers a comparative study of legal regulation of the use of force in the maintenance of peace and security of different security regions in the context of the UN system and general international law. The book examines the post-Cold War legal documents and practice of the regional organizations of six security regions of the world (Africa, Asia, the Americas, the Middle East, the Russian sphere of influence and the Euro-Atlantic region), and in doing so offers a unique international and comparative perspective towards regional characteristics that may influence the possibility for coherent action in a UN context. Dace Winther explores the controversial topics of regional humanitarian intervention and robust regional peacekeeping without a UN mandate, what is regarded as appropriate for regional action in different security regions of the world, and if the approaches of the regions differ, what factors could have an influence. The book is highly relevant in a global climate where regional mechanisms take an ever more active part in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the use of force. The book will be of great interest to students and academics of International Law, International Relations and Security Studies.

Book European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2020

Download or read book European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2020 written by Marc Bungenberg and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-05 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 11 of the EYIEL focuses on rights and obligations of business entities under international economic law. It deals with the responsibilities of business entities as well as their special status in various subfields of international law, including human rights, corruption, competition law, international investment law, civil liability and international security law. The contributions to this volume thus highlight the significance of international law for the regulation of business entities. In addition, EYIEL 11 addresses recent challenges, developments as well as events in European and international economic law such as the 2019 elections to the European Parliament, Brexit and the EU-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement. A series of essays reviewing new books on international trade and investment law completes the volume.

Book Regional Integration  Human Rights and Democratic Participation in Africa

Download or read book Regional Integration Human Rights and Democratic Participation in Africa written by Karin Deichmann and published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen. This book was released on 2020 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The protection of human rights and popular participation on the first sight seem to contradict the often-existing image of the African continent. However, with the foundation of the African Union in 2000, both aspects gain greater importance on regional level. Besides that, many subregional courts within the sphere of sub-Sahara Africa partially started to develop human rights-related jurisdiction. In addition to that, most regional economic communities nowadays provide for their own parliamentary structures. The study aims to examine the several institutional structures and their competences on both, regional and subregional level. Besides that, it provides for a profound analysis of the jurisdiction of the respective courts as well as the communications of the African Commission of Human and Peoples’ Rights. Lastly, the study focuses on the correlation between the extension of the institutions’ competences and the political will of the involved governments.

Book African Human Rights Yearbook   Annuaire africain des droits de l   homme 3  2019

Download or read book African Human Rights Yearbook Annuaire africain des droits de l homme 3 2019 written by and published by Pretoria University Law Press. This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About the publication The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children’s Rights Charter) is the continental instrument for protecting and promoting the rights and welfare of the Child. The Children’s Charter, adopted in 1990, forms part of the salient features of the African human rights system, complementing the parent human rights instrument, the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (African Charter). To give meaning and effect to its provisions, the African Children’s Rights Charter in article 34 establishes an organ namely the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children’s Rights Committee or Committee) to monitor implementation by member states, to advocate for children’s rights and to hold state parties accountable to their obligations as state parties. Working collaboratively on the continent’s human rights system, the organs comprising the African human rights, namely, the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Commission), the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (Court) and the African Children’s Rights Committee, have undertaken to publish the African Human Rights Yearbook. This is an instrumental platform to highlight the mandate of the organs, to foster collaboration and to illustrate Africa’s commitment to uphold human rights. It is an important initiative that highlights various aspects of the norms and institutions relevant for human rights on the continent. This is the third volume of the Yearbook. It includes a focus on the 2019 theme of the African Union Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons: Towards Durable Solutions to Forced Displacement in Africa. The African Children’s Committee has at the same time undertaken and published a study on Children on the Move (2019), focusing not only on refugees, detainees and internally displaced persons, but also drawing inspiration from the protective mandate of the African Children’s Rights Charter to draw the continent’s attention to the protection and promotion of the rights and welfare of children who are on the move. The focus on themes of the African Union enables a critical analysis of the extent of their implementation and relevance to the human rights discourse in the continent. Furthermore, the special focus of the Yearbook on various groups of people in vulnerable situation, such as children and women, signals the need to enhance their protection and prioritise their plight. The role of academic writing in advancement of human rights deserves due notice and appreciation by human rights implementing bodies. Peer reviewed academic research provides credible and independent knowledge about human rights in a specific country or region, as well as in various contexts and thematic areas. Academia plays a major role in the development of a human rights resource base that enables sustainable enhancement of human rights protection and promotion. The African Human Rights Yearbook is an excellent example of the important role played by academia in strengthening human rights protection and promotion in Africa. The breadth of knowledge enveloped in the Yearbook is evidenced by the long list of highly established scholars that informed it. By questioning and analysing the institutional architecture and the work of the three human rights bodies, the Yearbook has an invaluable role of ameliorating their functioning as a collective system. For this reason, it is critical that the Committee, Commission and Court take note of the various recommendations stemming from the research and apply them when relevant, for better protection and promotion of human rights in Africa. Mrs. Goitseone Nanikie Nkwe Chairperson of the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. La Charte africaine des droits et du bien-être de l’enfant (Charte des droits de l’enfant) est l’instrument central en matière de protection et de promotion des droits et du bien-être de l’enfant en Afrique. Adoptée en 1990, elle fait partie intégrante des instruments clés du système africain des droits de l’homme et complète, à cet effet, la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, le traité fondateur du système africain des droits de l’homme. Pour mieux protéger les droits des enfants, le Comité africain d’experts sur les droits et le bien-être de l’enfant (Comité) fut créé à travers l’article 34 de la Charte des droits de l’enfant. Cet organe a pour mission de surveiller et de contrôler l’application et la mise en oeuvre de la Charte. Il veille que les Etats respectent et rendent compte de la mise en oeuvre des obligations qui leur incombent en vertu de la Charte. Travaillant en étroite collaboration dans le cadre de la protection des droits de l’homme en Afrique, la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples et le Comité africain d’experts sur les droits et le bien-être de l’enfant ont mis en place l’Annuaire africain des droits de l’homme. Cette initiative sert d’opportunité pour promouvoir les missions dévolues auxdits organes, raffermir les liens de collaboration entre eux et rappeler l’engagement pris par l’Afrique afin de protéger les droits humains. L’Annuaire est une initiative importante car elle met en exergue les différents aspects normatifs et institutionnels des droits de l’homme en Afrique. Ce troisième volume de l’Annuaire est dédié au thème que l’Union africaine a retenu pour l’année 2019; Année des réfugiés, des rapatriés et des personnes déplacées: Vers des solutions durables aux déplacements forcés en Afrique. En parallèle, le Comité a entrepris et publié une cartographie des enfants en mouvement en Afrique (2019) axée sur les réfugiés, les détenus et les déplacés internes. Tirant ses fondements du mandat de protection que confère la Charte des droits de l’enfant, la cartographie attire l’attention du continent sur la protection et la promotion des droits et du bien-être des enfants en mouvement. L’emphase sur les thèmes de l’Union africaine dans l’Annuaire permet d’examiner le degré de leur mise en oeuvre et leur importance au débat sur la question des droits de l’homme en Afrique. Par ailleurs, l’accent mis sur les catégories et groupes en situations de vulnérabilité dont les enfants et les femmes, sert à réitérer la nécessité de renforcer leur protection et de prioriser leur infortune. Les organes de protection des droits de l’homme devraient reconnaitre, à sa juste valeur, le rôle que jouent les travaux scientifiques dans la promotion des droits de l’homme. Les travaux de recherche scientifique relus et examinés par les pairs fournissent des connaissances crédibles et indépendantes sur les droits de l’homme dans un pays ou une région spécifique, ainsi que dans divers contextes et domaines thématiques. Les universités jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la mise en place des ressources adéquates en matière des droits de l’homme en vue de renforcer durablement leur protection et promotion. L’Annuaire africain des droits de l’homme est un parfait exemple de l’important rôle joué par les universités dans le renforcement de la protection et de la promotion des droits de l’homme en Afrique. La profondeur des connaissances que regorge l’Annuaire peut être illustrée de par la longue liste d’universitaires et des chercheurs qui le constituent. En interrogeant et en analysant l’architecture institutionnelle et le travail des trois organes de défense des droits de l’homme, l’Annuaire joue un rôle inestimable dans l’amélioration de leur fonctionnement en tant que système collectif. Pour cette raison, il est essentiel que le Comité, la Commission et la Cour prennent note des diverses recommandations découlant des recherches entreprises et les appliquent le cas échéant pour une meilleure protection et promotion des droits de l’homme en Afrique. Mme Goitseone Nanikie Nkwe Président du Comité africain d’experts sur les droits et le bien-être de l’enfant Table of Contents I. ARTICLES FOCUSED ON ASPECTS OF THE AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM AND AFRICAN UNION HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS ARTICLES PORTANT SUR LES ASPECTS DU SYSTÈME AFRICAIN DES DROITS DE L’HOMME ET LES NORMES DES DROITS DE L’HOMME DE L’UNION AFRICAINE Le système africain de protection des droits de l’homme et la question des enfants soldats Abelungu, Junior Mumbala L’émergence d’un juge électoral régional africain Adjolohoun,Sègnonna Horace & Youmbi, Eric M. Ngango O direito ao desenvolvimento como um direito fundamental: a sua proteção jurídica na União Africana e na ordem jurídica dos Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa Baldé, Aua Le temps du procès et la sécurité juridique des requérants dans la procédure devant la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples Dzesseu, SergesFrédéric Mboumegne Patterns of discrimination based on sexual orientation in Africa: is there a Lusophone exception? Garrido, Rui Children’s right to sustainable development under the African human rights framework Boshoff, Elsabé & Damtew, Samrawit Getaneh Journalism and human rights standards in Africa: reportage of violence against persons with albinism in Malawian newspapers Mlenga, Joe Droits de l’homme et justice climatique en Afrique Owona, Daniel Mental health and exploitation, violence and abuse: the domestication of articles 5 and 16 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights in Ghana and its implication for conventional and traditional mental healthcare Schuck, Natalie The privacy awakening: the urgent need to harmonise the right to privacy in Africa Singh, Avani & Power, Micheal The settlement option: friend or foe to human rights protection in Africa? Zarifis, Ismene Nicole II ARTICLES RELATED TO THE THEME OF THE YEAR 2019: ‘REFUGEES, RETURNEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS: TOWARDS DURABLE SOLUTIONS TO FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN AFRICA’ ARTICLES PORTANT SUR LE THÈME DE L’ANNÉE 2019: « ANNÉE DES RÉFUGIÉS, DES RAPATRIÉS ET DES PERSONNES DÉPLACÉES: VERS DES SOLUTIONS DURABLES AUX DÉPLACEMENTS FORCÉS EN AFRIQUE » The protection of climate refugees under the African human rights system: proposing a value-driven approach Addaney, Michael; Jegede, Ademola Oluborode and Matinda, Miriam The African Union Protocol on Free Movement of Persons in Africa: development, provisions and implementation challenges Adeola, Romola La prévention de l’apatridie dans le système africain des droits de l’homme Avlessi, Renaud Fiacre Legal protection of refugee children in Africa: positive aspects and shortcomings d’Orsi, Cristiano III CASE COMMENTARIES COMMENTAIRES DE DECISIONS Entre imperium illimité et decidendi timoré: la réparation devant la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples Adjolohoun, Sègnonna Horace & Oré, Sylvain Le droit à l’autodétermination en tant que droit fondamental de l’homme et des peuples à la lumière de l’avis de la Cour internationale de Justice sur l’archipel des Chagos Ben Achour, Rafaâ Commentaire de l’arrêt de la Cour africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples dans l’affaire Mariam Kouma et Ousmane Diabaté c. Mali Bizimana, Eric Interrogating the status of amnesty provisions in situations of transition under the Banjul Charter: review of the recent jurisprudence of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights Dersso, Solomon Silences that speak volumes: the significance of the African Court decision in APDF and IHRDA v Mali for women’s human rights on the continent Kombo, Brenda K The Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Chagos: a critical overview Mahadew, Roopanand State compliance with decisions of the African Court: the case of Alfred Agbesi Woyeme v Ghana Morhe, Renee Aku Stitsofe and Mensah, Richard Obeng A missed opportunity on the mandatory death penalty: a commentary on Dexter Eddie Johnson v Ghana at the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights Novak, Andrew Is the African Court’s decision in Dexter Eddie v Ghana a missed opportunity? A reply to Andrew Novak Nkhata, Mwiza Jo L’affaire Armand Guehi c.Tanzanie et la question du droit à l’assistance consulaire: l’intrusion d’une nouvelle préoccupation dans le corpus juridique des droits de l’homme en Afrique Oulepo, Nemlin Hie Arnaud

Book The Southern African Development Community and Law

Download or read book The Southern African Development Community and Law written by Mkhululi Nyathi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses whether the design of the institutions of Southern African Development Community (SADC) reflects the community’s treaty objectives and principles of democracy and the rule of law. The author provides a detailed analysis of the policy making and oversight institutions of SADC. Additionally, the project looks at institutional and legal frameworks of similar organisations (the East African Community, the Economic Community of West African States and the European Union) for comparative purposes. This work is written largely from a legal perspective, specifically international institutional law; however, it carries cross-disciplinary themes, including governance, and especially the subject of public policy making at the international level.