Download or read book ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PREDATOR INFORMATION MEDIATED BY PREY BEHAVIOR written by Tyler C. Wood and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interactions between predators and their prey are complex and drive much of what we know about the dynamics of ecological communities. When prey animals are exposed to threatening stimuli from a predator, they respond by altering their morphology, physiology, or behavior to defend themselves or avoid encountering the predator. The non-consumptive effects of predators (NCEs) are costly for prey in terms of energy use and lost opportunities to access resources. Often, the antipredator behaviors of prey impact their foraging behavior which can influence other species in the community; a process known as a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade (BMTC). In this dissertation, predator odor cues were manipulated to explore how prey use predator information to assess threats in their environment and make decisions about resource use. The three studies were based on a tri-trophic interaction involving predatory fish, crayfish as prey, and aquatic plants as the prey's food. Predator odors were manipulated while the foraging behavior, shelter use, and activity of prey were monitored. The abundances of aquatic plants were also measured to quantify the influence of altered crayfish foraging behavior on plant communities. The first experiment tested the influence of predator odor presence or absence on crayfish behavior. Crayfish spent more time foraging and less time in shelter in the presence of predator odor cues compared to predator absent controls. The crayfish also consumed greater quantities of two macrophyte species in the presence of threatening odors. In the second experiment, crayfish were exposed to odors from predators that were fed four different diets and varied in their size relative to the size of the crayfish. The crayfish responded to the relative size ratios between themselves and their predators, but the direction of the response was determined by the predator's diet. The third experiment exposed individual crayfish to odors from individual predators which varied in gape size relative to the body size of the crayfish. The crayfish responded along a gradient of relative risk by foraging more and using shelter less in the face of greater threats. Crayfish that were not as threatened foraged less and spent more time in shelter. The results obtained across all three experiments were largely consistent and indicate that crayfish can extract detailed information from predator odor cues. Further, crayfish incorporate multiple types of predator information into threat assessments as they make resource use decisions. Subtle differences in predator odor cues alter crayfish behavior which mediates the influence of predatory fish in freshwater communities.
Download or read book Ecology of Predator Prey Interactions written by Pedro Barbosa and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-11 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the fundamental issues of predator-prey interactions, with an emphasis on predation among arthropods, which have been better studied, and for which the database is more extensive than for the large and rare vertebrate predators. The book should appeal to ecologists interested in the broad issue of predation effects on communities.
Download or read book Ecology of Predator Prey Interactions written by Pedro Barbosa and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-11 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the fundamental issues of predator-prey interactions, with an emphasis on predation among arthropods, which have been better studied, and for which the database is more extensive than for the large and rare vertebrate predators. The book should appeal to ecologists interested in the broad issue of predation effects on communities.
Download or read book Predators and prey in fishes written by David L.G. Noakes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The potential consequences of a predator-prey predators tend to do that increase or maximize prey interaction are probably more serious, especially capture and that prey tend to do to avoid being for the prey, than are the consequences of most captured? The second theme emphasized the eco competitive or parasite-host interactions. For this logical approach to predator-prey interactions. reason, the adaptations and tactics that prey show What are the environmental constraints that in to the foraging manoeuvers of their predators, and fluence the evolution of structures and behaviors the counteradaptations of their predators, are often involved in predation and its avoidance? How do pronounced and even spectacular. Predation may in these factors combine to produce particular ,fssem fact be a critical determinant of both the behavior blages of predators and prey with common adapta of individuals and of the functional and taxonomic tions? The 18 papers presented at the symposium, composition of fish assemblages. This possibility and the ones published in these proceedings, re was a major factor leading to the organization of present the varied approaches that researchers have the Behavioral Tactics symposium. The obvious taken in addressing these questions. necessity of feeding, the wealth of information Several topics were common to many presenta available on food and energy budgets of animals tions: four of these in particular deserve at least both in the laboratory and field, and the approach brief mention.
Download or read book Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection written by Roger N. Hughes and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 887 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection examines animals belonging to diverse trophic groups, from carnivores, herbivores, micro-algal grazers, to filter-feeders and detritus-feeders. In the past Optimal Foraging Theory has been applied to all these groups, but in different ways and in disci plines that rarely overlap. Here concepts and developments hitherto scattered in the literature are drawn together. This uniquely broad synthesis captures the state of the art in the study of diet selection and prescribes new objectives in theoretical development and research.
Download or read book The Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity on Predators Prey and Their Interactions written by Corbin Cox Kuntze and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Habitat changes and prey depletion are among the most prominent drivers of near-global declines in predator populations. In particular, landscape homogenization - driven by climate change, anthropogenic land use, and management policies - can destabilize essential trophic interactions and represents a continuing threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function. Many predator and prey species occur, and likely evolved, in complex landscapes with heterogeneously distributed resources that shape many of their ecological interactions. A growing body of research has explored the role of spatial heterogeneity in predator-prey interactions, suggesting that heterogeneous landscapes containing prey refuges can decouple prey availability from abundance, with consequences when any one habitat type predominates. However, most of these studies are theoretical or lab-based, limited to controlled settings and by simplifying assumptions. Moreover, many studies of natural predator-prey systems are conducted at limited spatial scales, do not involve mobile predators, or fail to consider the role of alternative prey. As a result, our understanding of spatial heterogeneity - and the consequences of landscape simplification - remain limited by the available literature. This dissertation seeks to reduce key uncertainties and assess the emergent consequences of environmental change and landscape simplification on wildlife populations. Chapter 1 (Kuntze et al., 2024; Journal of Mammalogy) leveraged a 13-year monitoring dataset, stable isotope analysis, and high-resolution climate and habitat imagery to evaluate demographic responses of an isolated and endangered distinct population segment of fishers (Pekania pennanti) to rapid environmental change in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Fisher survival was sensitive to both biotic and abiotic factors, although the strength and direction of these effects were ultimately mediated by age and sex. These findings suggest that continued climate change will likely have consequences for Fishers through both incremental stressors and extreme weather events but increasing forest heterogeneity may help to buffer against the impacts of such change. Further, this study illustrates the importance of disentangling the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on survival, especially among species with distinct sexual or ontogenetic differences.Chapter 2 (Kuntze et al., 2023; Ecological Applications) is the first of three that focuses on predator-prey dynamics between the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) - an iconic old-forest species at the center of forest management planning in western North America - and one of its principal prey species, the dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) - a younger forest species. This chapter explores the hypothesis that heterogeneous landscapes can create sources or spatial refuges for prey that ultimately benefit predator and prey populations when each are associated with different habitats. Here, we combined mark-recapture and survival monitoring of woodrats with direct observations of prey deliveries by spotted owls, and found that (1) woodrat abundance was higher within spotted owl home ranges defined by a heterogeneous mix of mature forest, young forest, and open areas, (2) woodrat mortality rates were low across all forest types (although all observed owl predation occurred within mature forests) and did not differ between heterogeneous and homogeneous owl home ranges, (3) owl consumption of woodrats increased linearly with woodrat abundance, and (4) consumption of alternative prey could not reconcile the deficit of reduced woodrat captures in homogeneous home ranges, as owls in heterogeneous landscapes delivered 30% more total prey biomass - equivalent to the energetic needs of producing one additional young. These findings represent some of the first empirical evidence from natural systems that promoting landscape heterogeneity can provide co-benefits to both predator and prey populations and constitute an effective strategy for conserving endangered predator populations. Chapter 3 (in review at Journal of Animal Ecology) contrasts foraging strategies within the context of a primary and secondary prey species to experimentally evaluate whether the magnitude of perceived risk, and in turn, the nature and strength of anti-predator investment, is governed by both predation intensity and the setting in which an encounter takes place. We studied the effects of spotted owls on two species experiencing asymmetrical predation pressures: dusky-footed woodrats (primary prey) and deer mice (Peromyscus spp., alternative prey). Woodrats exhibited behavioral responses to both background and acute risk at each stage of the foraging process, while deer mice only responded to acute risk. This suggests that prey may conform to or depart from the risk allocation hypothesis (i.e., that background risk modulates responses to immediate cues of predation risk) depending on relative predation risk from a shared predator. Furthermore, woodrats and deer mice employed time allocation and apprehension in different manners and under opposing circumstances, highlighting that primary and secondary prey can exhibit profound differences in both how risk is perceived, as well as how it is managed. Finally, Chapter 4 (prepared for Forest Ecology and Management) characterizes patterns in woodrat site occupancy at site-, patch-, and landscape-scales within landscapes where forest heterogeneity was created by even-aged timber management. Woodrats were more likely to occupy sites with greater canopy cover, understory cover, and hardwoods - particularly tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) - and smaller patches of young forest. Woodrats were also more likely to occur in mature forests in close proximity to younger forest, suggesting that high-quality habitat patches can produce dense populations that recruit into adjacent, lower-quality patches. These findings highlight the benefit of multiscale studies and provide insight into management activities that may benefit species conservation without compromising resilience in forest ecosystems. These latter three chapters collectively demonstrate that heterogeneity in vegetation types including high-density young forests increased the abundance and availability of early-successional woodrats that, in turn, provided energetic and potentially reproductive benefits to mature forest-associated spotted owls. Overall, this dissertation provides empirical support for theoretical studies on the role of heterogeneity (and the mechanisms conferring co-benefits), as well as contingencies mediating anti-predator behaviors, fit to the appropriate spatial scales.
Download or read book From Individual Behaviour to Population Ecology written by William J. Sutherland and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1996 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Population dynamics and animal behaviour are two subjects which have developed almost independently, despite widespread acceptance of their interrelationship. This study aims to provide a framework for combining both fields of research. It also considers a range of conservation issues.
Download or read book Environmental Dependence of Non consumptive Effects in Predator prey Interactions written by Katrina A. Button and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Trait Mediated Indirect Interactions written by Takayuki Ohgushi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews state-of-the-art research into trait-based effects and their importance in community and ecosystem ecology.
Download or read book Predator Ecology written by John P. DeLong and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predator-prey interactions are ubiquitous, govern the flow of energy up trophic levels, and strongly influence the structure of ecological systems. They are typically quantified using the functional response - the relationship between a predator's foraging rate and the availability of food. As such, the functional response is central to how all ecological communities function - since all communities contain foragers - and a principal driver of the abundance, diversity, and dynamics of ecological communities. The functional response also reflects all the behaviors, traits, and strategies that predators use to hunt prey and that prey use to evade predation. It is thus both a clear reflection of past evolution, including predator-prey arms races, and a major force driving the future evolution of both predator and prey. Despite their importance, there have been remarkably few attempts to synthesize or even briefly review functional responses. This novel and accessible book fills this gap, clearly demonstrating their crucial role as the link between individuals, evolution, and community properties, representing a highly-integrated and measurable aspect of ecological function. It provides a clear entry point for students, a refresher for more advanced researchers, and a motivator for future research. Predator Ecology is an advanced textbook suitable for graduate students and researchers in ecology and evolutionary biology seeking a broad, up-to-date, and authoritative coverage of the field. It will also be of relevance and use to mathematical ecologists, wildlife biologists, and anyone interested in predator-prey interactions.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-01-21 with total page 3052 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Second Edition, Four Volume Set the latest update since the 2010 release, builds upon the solid foundation established in the first edition. Updated sections include Host-parasite interactions, Vertebrate social behavior, and the introduction of ‘overview essays’ that boost the book's comprehensive detail. The structure for the work is modified to accommodate a better grouping of subjects. Some chapters have been reshuffled, with section headings combined or modified. Represents a one-stop resource for scientifically reliable information on animal behavior Provides comparative approaches, including the perspective of evolutionary biologists, physiologists, endocrinologists, neuroscientists and psychologists Includes multimedia features in the online version that offer accessible tools to readers looking to deepen their understanding
Download or read book Trophic Ecology written by Torrance C. Hanley and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-05-07 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining the interaction of bottom-up and top-down forces, it presents a unique synthesis of trophic interactions within and across ecosystems.
Download or read book Evolutionary History and Developmental Plasticity Interact to Shape the Feeding Responses of Prey Under Predation Threat written by Rebecca Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many prey species display behavioral responses to environmental cues from predators. Organisms can inherit fixed behavioral responses to certain predators as a result of evolutionary history with a predator. Developmental plasticity allows individuals to associate predation risk with environmental cues experienced in their lifetimes and respond behaviorally. However, the interactive effects of evolution and plasticity on shaping immediate antipredator behavior is not well known. Here we show that evolution and developmental plasticity affect antipredator behavior of western mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis) through altered food intake in response to predation risk imposed by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Results show that the effects of evolutionary history and developmental plasticity are substitutive -- mosquitofish show a similar level of feeding if they originated from ponds with largemouth bass (evolutionary history) or if they originated from ponds lacking largemouth bass but have been exposed to bass cues during development (developmental plasticity). Mosquitofish lacking both evolutionary history and developmental cues from the predator did not show a behavioral response. For populations lacking an evolutionary history with bass, developmental exposure to the predator was required to induce a behavioral response. In contrast, populations with an evolutionary history with bass displayed antipredator behavior regardless of whether they had been exposed to bass cues during development. Our results suggest a progression of anti-predator feeding responses of prey from no behavioral response, to an inducible response, to a fixed response. This sequence may shift the cascading ecosystem effects of predators introduction from density-mediated to behaviorally-mediated via plasticity to behaviorally mediated via evolution over time.
Download or read book Carnivore Ecology and Conservation written by Luigi Boitani and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Animals that must hunt and kill for at least part of their living are inherently interesting to many people and the role that carnivores play in biological communities attract interest from ecologists and conservation biologists. Conflicts with human activities stimulate continual debates about the management of carnivore populations, and throughout the world people seek workable solutions for human/carnivore coexistence. This concise yet authoritative handbook describes research methods and techniques for the study and conservation of all terrestrial carnivore species. Particular attention is paid to techniques for managing the human/carnivore interface. Descriptions of the latest methodologies are supported by references to case studies, whilst dedicated boxes are used to illustrate how a technique is applied to a specific land cover type, species, or particular socio-economic context. The book describes the most recent advances in modelling the patterns of animal distributions, movements, and use of land cover types, as well as including the most efficient methods to trap, handle, and mark carnivores. Carnivores are biogeographically diverse and whilst extensive scientific research has investigated many aspects of carnivore biology, not all species have been equally covered. This book is unique in its intention to provide practical guidance for carrying out research and conservation of carnivores across all species and areas of the world.
Download or read book Chemical Ecology in Aquatic Systems written by Christer Brönmark and published by . This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: However, our knowledge of this "chemical network" is still negligible.
Download or read book Chemical Ecology written by Jorg D. Hardege and published by EOLSS Publications. This book was released on 2009-06-10 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical Ecology is a component of Encyclopedia of Chemical Sciences, Engineering and Technology Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty one Encyclopedias. The Theme on Chemical Ecology provides the essential aspects of the chemicals involved in the interactions of living organisms. It deals with studies involving defensive chemicals which are utilized to deter potential predators, which may attack a wide variety of species, animal interaction, aquatic ecosystems, chemical ecology and pest management, relation to medicine and pharmaceuticals. This volume is aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College students Educators, Professional practitioners, Research personnel and Policy analysts, managers, and decision makers.
Download or read book Trans Generational Plasticity written by Olivia Roth and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-13 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
