Download or read book Ecological consequences of climate change in boreal marginal seas written by Agneta Andersson and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-04-29 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Abrupt Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-04-23 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The climate record for the past 100,000 years clearly indicates that the climate system has undergone periodic-and often extreme-shifts, sometimes in as little as a decade or less. The causes of abrupt climate changes have not been clearly established, but the triggering of events is likely to be the result of multiple natural processes. Abrupt climate changes of the magnitude seen in the past would have far-reaching implications for human society and ecosystems, including major impacts on energy consumption and water supply demands. Could such a change happen again? Are human activities exacerbating the likelihood of abrupt climate change? What are the potential societal consequences of such a change? Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises looks at the current scientific evidence and theoretical understanding to describe what is currently known about abrupt climate change, including patterns and magnitudes, mechanisms, and probability of occurrence. It identifies critical knowledge gaps concerning the potential for future abrupt changes, including those aspects of change most important to society and economies, and outlines a research strategy to close those gaps. Based on the best and most current research available, this book surveys the history of climate change and makes a series of specific recommendations for the future.
Download or read book Ecological Impacts of Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-12-07 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's climate is changing, and it will continue to change throughout the 21st century and beyond. Rising temperatures, new precipitation patterns, and other changes are already affecting many aspects of human society and the natural world. In this book, the National Research Council provides a broad overview of the ecological impacts of climate change, and a series of examples of impacts of different kinds. The book was written as a basis for a forthcoming illustrated booklet, designed to provide the public with accurate scientific information on this important subject.
Download or read book Environmental Impacts on Carbon Biogeochemistry in Marginal Seas written by Andrew Reynolds Margolin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marginal seas represent ~15% of the ocean surface, where extensive coral reefs, diverse benthic communities, productive fisheries, and sprawling mangroves and estuaries are abundant, and all of which are vulnerable to climate change. Furthermore, human activities locally compromise these ecosystems, for example, by releasing fertilizers into rivers that drain into marginal seas, causing eutrophication that in turn creates ‘dead zones,’ while the offshore oil industry has also caused extensive damage (e.g., the 2010 Deepwater Horizon catastrophe). Marginal seas may also offer insights on ocean-driven climate shifts, since they are restricted from the ocean, having unique deep water circulation pathways and chemistry, perhaps resembling the ocean during the geologic past (e.g., the anoxic Black Sea). Furthermore, marginal seas contain paleo proxies that extend further back into the geologic record, making the study of the ancient carbon cycle and climate shifts possible. Since climate and marine chemistry are strongly influenced by the distribution of carbon (e.g., changing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide), understanding its biogeochemical cycling in marginal seas will improve our understanding of climate change. In this dissertation, the contrasting environments of the Black Sea, Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and basins of the Caribbean were evaluated for biogeochemical properties and dynamics. The environmental impacts of anoxia and river input on carbon biogeochemistry in the Black Sea were investigated, utilizing data from a basin-wide transect conducted in 2013 as part of the GEOTRACES Program. The Black Sea has dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ~2.5 times higher than the open ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Previous studies have suggested that input of terrigenous DOC from rivers is responsible for the relatively high concentrations, however, anoxia may inhibit the mineralization of DOC, causing it to accumulate. The concentrations of DOC were predicted within the basin based on conservation with respect to salinity to trace riverine input; predicted values were then compared with observations to estimate net removal (i.e., deficits) and accumulation (i.e., surpluses). The cycling of DOC was also explored by examining the optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM), to provide insights on the composition and predominant origin of the DOM (i.e., terrigenous or marine). Net removal of DOC was identified in the subsurface waters of the Black Sea, and there was no evidence to suggest DOC accumulation under anoxia, instead suggesting that concentrations are due to input of terrigenous DOC from rivers, likely representing ~50% of the DOC in the deep basin—orders of magnitude higher than found in the deep ocean. In the anoxic water, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) correlated well with organic matter mineralization derived from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations, suggesting that the mineralization of sinking particles in the anoxic waters. Carbon mineralization was calculated in the anoxic water based on H2S accumulation and compared with CDOM; the anoxic correlations are similar to CDOM’s known relationship with oxygen-derived mineralization in the ocean, suggesting that CDOM dynamics are fairly consistent between oxic and anoxic environments. The environmental impacts of sill depths on carbon biogeochemistry in the GoM and Caribbean (collectively referred to as the Intra-Americas Seas or IAS) were investigated, utilizing various datasets. The five major basins that comprise the IAS have dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations similar to those found in the western North Atlantic. However, below the ~2000 m sill depths that separate the IAS basins, subtle differences in carbon concentrations exist, yet are not adequately mapped due to limited sampling coverage. Differences between the basins are apparent in oxygen concentrations from the 2013 World Ocean Atlas, showing signs of recent Upper North Atlantic DeepWater penetration, perhaps containing anthropogenic carbon. In order to investigate these differences with respect to carbon, relationships between observed DIC concentrations were established with temperature, salinity, oxygen and silicic acid measurements using multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The concentrations of DIC were calculated using MLR models and compared with available observations to determine the distribution of DIC between the deep IAS. The MLR-derived DIC concentrations represent the first coherent view of the carbon system spanning the deep IAS basins. While the IAS contain natural DIC, they may also act as reservoirs for storing anthropogenic carbon; more observations from the different basins are required to confirm their role as storage reservoirs.
Download or read book Climate Change and the Oceans written by Robin Warner and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change and the Oceans investigates the effects of climate change on the ocean environment and its implications for maritime activities, both globally and within the Asia Pacific region. This detailed work draws together informed opinion from a range of disciplines to examine the impacts of climate change on marine and coastal areas and review legal and policy responses to the rapidly changing ocean environment. Issues including the effects on fisheries and marine biodiversity in the Asia Pacific region, maritime security, global shipping, marine jurisdiction and marine geo-engineering are also explored. Examining the multiple impacts of climate change on the oceans and ocean based solutions to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, this thought-provoking book will prove invaluable to academics, researchers and students in the fields of law, environment, ecology and political science. Oceans and marine environmental policymakers will also find this to be an essential resource.
Download or read book Environmental Impacts on Carbon Biogeochemistry in Marginal Seas written by Andrew R. Margolin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marginal seas represent ~15% of the ocean surface, where extensive coral reefs, diverse benthic communities, productive fisheries, and sprawling mangroves and estuaries are abundant, and all of which are vulnerable to climate change. Furthermore, human activities locally compromise these ecosystems, for example, by releasing fertilizers into rivers that drain into marginal seas, causing eutrophication that in turn creates 'dead zones,' while the offshore oil industry has also caused extensive damage (e.g., the 2010 Deepwater Horizon catastrophe). Marginal seas may also offer insights on ocean-driven climate shifts, since they are restricted from the ocean, having unique deep water circulation pathways and chemistry, perhaps resembling the ocean during the geologic past (e.g., the anoxic Black Sea). Furthermore, marginal seas contain paleo proxies that extend further back into the geologic record, making the study of the ancient carbon cycle and climate shifts possible. Since climate and marine chemistry are strongly influenced by the distribution of carbon (e.g., changing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide), understanding its biogeochemical cycling in marginal seas will improve our understanding of climate change. In this dissertation, the contrasting environments of the Black Sea, Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and basins of the Caribbean were evaluated for biogeochemical properties and dynamics. The environmental impacts of anoxia and river input on carbon biogeochemistry in the Black Sea were investigated, utilizing data from a basin-wide transect conducted in 2013 as part of the GEOTRACES Program. The Black Sea has dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations ~2.5 times higher than the open ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Previous studies have suggested that input of terrigenous DOC from rivers is responsible for the relatively high concentrations, however, anoxia may inhibit the mineralization of DOC, causing it to accumulate. The concentrations of DOC were predicted within the basin based on conservation with respect to salinity to trace riverine input; predicted values were then compared with observations to estimate net removal (i.e., deficits) and accumulation (i.e., surpluses). The cycling of DOC was also explored by examining the optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM), to provide insights on the composition and predominant origin of the DOM (i.e., terrigenous or marine). Net removal of DOC was identified in the subsurface waters of the Black Sea, and there was no evidence to suggest DOC accumulation under anoxia, instead suggesting that concentrations are due to input of terrigenous DOC from rivers, likely representing ~50% of the DOC in the deep basin--orders of magnitude higher than found in the deep ocean. In the anoxic water, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) correlated well with organic matter mineralization derived from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations, suggesting that the mineralization of sinking particles in the anoxic waters. Carbon mineralization was calculated in the anoxic water based on H2S accumulation and compared with CDOM; the anoxic correlations are similar to CDOM's known relationship with oxygen-derived mineralization in the ocean, suggesting that CDOM dynamics are fairly consistent between oxic and anoxic environments. The environmental impacts of sill depths on carbon biogeochemistry in the GoM and Caribbean (collectively referred to as the Intra-Americas Seas or IAS) were investigated, utilizing various datasets. The five major basins that comprise the IAS have dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations similar to those found in the western North Atlantic. However, below the ~2000 m sill depths that separate the IAS basins, subtle differences in carbon concentrations exist, yet are not adequately mapped due to limited sampling coverage. Differences between the basins are apparent in oxygen concentrations from the 2013 World Ocean Atlas, showing signs of recent Upper North Atlantic DeepWater penetration, perhaps containing anthropogenic carbon. In order to investigate these differences with respect to carbon, relationships between observed DIC concentrations were established with temperature, salinity, oxygen and silicic acid measurements using multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The concentrations of DIC were calculated using MLR models and compared with available observations to determine the distribution of DIC between the deep IAS. The MLR-derived DIC concentrations represent the first coherent view of the carbon system spanning the deep IAS basins. While the IAS contain natural DIC, they may also act as reservoirs for storing anthropogenic carbon; more observations from the different basins are required to confirm their role as storage reservoirs.
Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Download or read book Research Handbook on Climate Change Oceans and Coasts written by Jan McDonald and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-25 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This topical Research Handbook examines the legal intersections of climate change, oceans and coasts across multiple scales and sectors, covering different geographies and regions. With expert contributions from Europe, Australasia, the Pacific, North America and Asia, it includes insightful chapters on issues ranging across the impacts of climate change on marine and coastal environments. It assesses institutional responses to climate change in ocean and marine governance regimes, adaptation to climate impacts on ocean and coastal systems and communities, and climate change mitigation in marine and coastal environments. Through a plurality of voices, disciplinary and geographical perspectives, this Research Handbook explores cross-cutting themes of institutional complexity, fragmentation, scale and design trade-offs.
Download or read book Effects of Climate Change Across Ocean Regions written by Ove Hoegh-Guldberg and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) highlighted that conditions within Earth’s ocean are changing more rapidly than any of the time during the past 65 million years, and as a consequence, major changes are occurring in natural and human systems. While this major report as enhanced our understanding of the complexity of ocean issues, we propose this research topic as an opportunity to expand discussion on past, present and future changes across oceans regions.
Download or read book Climate Change Ocean Acidification and Sponges written by José Luis Carballo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While sponges represent a very simple group of organisms, which are represented by over 8000 species, there is considerable interest in the increasing role they may play in future marine ecosystems. While we still have a comparatively limited understanding of how sponges will respond to ocean warming and acidification there is evidence that some species may have the ability to acclimate or even adapt to these stressors. This comprehensive collection of articles describes our current understanding of the impacts of ocean acidification and warming on sponges across multiple levels of biological organisation, and from the geological past to the present. With expert contributions from across the world this book represents the most up-to-date view on sponge responses to climate change. This book will be of interest to a wide audience of marine scientists and managers, who are grappling with how to manage, conserve and protect marine ecosystems.
Download or read book Climate ChangeImpact on Coastal Habitation written by Doeke Eisma and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Temperature and precipitation increase and decrease because of natural causes. However, anthropogenic changes, such as an enhanced greenhouse effect, may result in alterations in the regional climate and in relative sea level. Serious changes in climate and sea level-with adverse effects particularly along low-lying coasts-would affect millions of people. Climate Change takes an in-depth, worldwide look at coastal habitation with respect to these natural and anthropogenic changes. No universally applicable coastal model can be used to describe climatic changes. This unique book provides individual discussions of beaches and barrier islands, cliffs, deltas, tidal flats and wetlands, reefs, and atolls. The impact of climatic change on coastal ecology and agriculture is investigated, and human responses to the effects of climatic change along the world's coasts are included.
Download or read book The Regional Impacts of Climate Change written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II. and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Download or read book North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment written by Markus Quante and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-31 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an up-to-date review of our current understanding of climate change in the North Sea and adjacent areas, as well as its impact on ecosystems and socio-economic sectors. It provides a detailed assessment of climate change based on published scientific work compiled by independent international experts from climate-related disciplines such as oceanography, atmospheric sciences, marine and terrestrial ecology, using a regional evaluation and review process similar to that of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It provides a comprehensive overview of all aspects of our changing climate, discussing a wide range of topics including past, current and future climate change, and climate-related changes in marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. It also explores the impact of climate change on socio-economic sectors such as fisheries, agriculture, coastal zone management, coastal protection, urban climate, recreation/tourism, offshore activities/energy, and air pollution.
Download or read book The Nordic Seas written by Burton G. Hurdle and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " ... as soon as one has traversed the greater part of the wild sea, one comes upon such a huge quantity of ice that nowhere in the whole world has the like been known." "This ice is of a wonderful nature. It lies at times quite still, as one would expect, with openings or large fjords in it; but sometimes its movement is so strong and rapid as to equal that of a ship running before the wind, and it drifts against the wind as often as with it." Kongespeilet - 1250 A.D. ("The Mirror of Kings") Modern societies require increasing amounts influence on the water mass and on the resulting of scientific information about the environment total environment of the region; therefore, cer tain of its characteristics will necessarily be in whieh they live and work. For the seas this information must describe the air above the sea, included.
Download or read book Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Implications of Climate Change in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region written by Moustafa M. Fouda and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law written by Randall S. Abate and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-12-30 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean and coastal law has grown rapidly in the past three decades as a specialty area within natural resources law and environmental law. The protection of oceans has received increased attention in the past decade because of sea-level rise, ocean acidification, the global overfishing crisis, widespread depletion of marine biodiversity such as marine mammals and coral reefs, and marine pollution. Paralleling the growth of ocean and coastal law, climate change regulation has emerged as a focus of international environmental diplomacy, and has gained increased attention in the wake of disturbing and abrupt climate change related impacts throughout the world that have profound implications for ocean and coastal regulation and marine resources. Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law effectively unites these two worlds. It raises important questions about whether and how ocean and coastal law will respond to the regulatory challenges that climate change presents to resources in the oceans and coasts of the U.S. and the world. This comprehensive work assembles the insights of global experts from academia and major NGOs (e.g., Center for International Environmental Law, Ocean Conservancy, and Environmental Law Institute) to address regulatory challenges from the perspectives of U.S. law, foreign domestic law, and international law.
