Download or read book Earth History of Oxygen and the iprOxy written by Zunli Lu and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How oxygen levels in Earth's atmosphere and oceans evolved has always been a central question in Earth System Science. Researchers have developed numerous tracers to tackle this question, utilizing geochemical characteristics of different elements. Iodine incorporated in calcium carbonate (including biogenic) minerals, reported as I/Ca, is a proxy for dissolved oxygen in seawater. Here we review the rationale behind this proxy, its recent applications and some potential future research directions.
Download or read book Oxygen written by Donald E. Canfield and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The remarkable scientific story of how Earth became an oxygenated planet The air we breathe is twenty-one percent oxygen, an amount higher than on any other known world. While we may take our air for granted, Earth was not always an oxygenated planet. How did it become this way? Donald Canfield—one of the world's leading authorities on geochemistry, earth history, and the early oceans—covers this vast history, emphasizing its relationship to the evolution of life and the evolving chemistry of the Earth. Canfield guides readers through the various lines of scientific evidence, considers some of the wrong turns and dead ends along the way, and highlights the scientists and researchers who have made key discoveries in the field. Showing how Earth’s atmosphere developed over time, Oxygen takes readers on a remarkable journey through the history of the oxygenation of our planet.
Download or read book A Theory of Atmospheric Oxygen written by Thomas Laakso and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis we use a model of biogeochemical cycling and laboratory experiments to explore the processes that stabilize pO2 at different levels over Earth history. We find that a suite of negative feedbacks, including the oxygen-sensitivity of organic carbon burial, allow the stability of oxygen at modern levels. These feedbacks leave pO2 very insensitive to most aspects of the biogeochemical system, such that stable, Proterozoic levels of pO2 can only be explained by a smaller supply of phosphorus to the biosphere at that time. Experimental results show that inorganic scavenging processes, which compete with biology for phosphorus, may be more effective in low-oxygen environments due to differences in iron-redox cycling. We explore redox dynamics in the Archean by coupling our biogeochemical model to a hydrogen escape calculation that incorporates the effects of changing oxygen levels on thermosphere composition and temperature. We find that the Archean was characterized by several different steady states of oxygen, each corresponding to a different stage in the evolution of life. Furthermore, interactions between the cycles of carbon, oxygen, iron and calcium give rise to a previously unrecognized positive feedback. Our model results show that this feedback allows Archean pO2 to increase rapidly to a new steady state at Proterozoic levels, given a large enough perturbation. The high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide following a Snowball Earth glacial event do act as such a trigger in our simulations, providing a hypothesis for the apparent synchronicity between the GOE and the Paleoproterozoic Snowball glacials.
Download or read book Reading the Archive of Earth s Oxygenation written by Victor Melezhik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-26 with total page 521 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth’s present-day environments are the outcome of a 4.5 billion year period of evolution reflecting the interaction of global-scale geological and biological processes. Punctuating that evolution were several extraordinary events and episodes that perturbed the entire Earth system and led to the creation of new environmental conditions, sometimes even to fundamental changes in how planet Earth operated. Volume 3: Global Events and the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Earth Project represents another kind of illustrated journey through the early Palaeoproterozoic, provided by syntheses, reviews and summaries of the current state of our understanding of a series of global events that resulted in a fundamental change of the Earth System from an anoxic to an oxic state. The book discusses traces of life, possible causes for the Huronian-age glaciations, addresses radical changes in carbon, sulphur and phosphorus cycles during the Palaeoproterozoic, and provides a comprehensive description and a rich photo-documentation of the early Palaeoproterozoic supergiant, petrified oil-field. Terrestrial environments are characterised through a critical review of available data on weathered and calichified surfaces and travertine deposits. Potential implementation of Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mo, U and Re-Os isotope systems for deciphering Palaeoproterozoic seawater chemistry and a change in the redox-state of water and sedimentary columns are discussed. The volume considers in detail the definition of the oxic atmosphere, possible causes for the oxygen rise, and considers the oxidation of terrestrial environment not as a single event, but a slow-motion process lasting over hundreds of millions of years. Finally, the book provides a roadmap as to how the FAR-DEEP cores may facilitate future interesting science and provide a new foundation for education in earth-science community. Welcome to the illustrative journey through one of the most exciting periods of planet Earth!
Download or read book Oxygen written by and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2025-03-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Revolutions that Made the Earth written by Tim Lenton and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-04-11 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Earth that sustains us today was born out of a few remarkable, near-catastrophic revolutions, started by biological innovations and marked by global environmental consequences. The revolutions have certain features in common, such as an increase in complexity, energy utilization, and information processing by life. This book describes these revolutions, showing the fundamental interdependence of the evolution of life and its non-living environment. We would not exist unless these upheavals had led eventually to 'successful' outcomes - meaning that after each one, at length, a new stable world emerged. The current planet-reshaping activities of our species may be the start of another great Earth system revolution, but there is no guarantee that this one will be successful. The book explains what a successful transition through it might look like, if we are wise enough to steer such a course. This book places humanity in context as part of the Earth system, using a new scientific synthesis to illustrate our debt to the deep past and our potential for the future.
Download or read book Earth s Early Atmosphere and Oceans and The Origin of Life written by George H. Shaw and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-07 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the chemical nature of the Earth’s early surface environment and how that led to the origin of life. This includes a detailed discussion of the likely process by which life emerged using as much quantitative information as possible. The emergence of life and the prior surface conditions of the Earth have implications for the evolution of Earth’s surface environment over the following 2-2.5 billion years. The last part of the book discusses how these changes took place and the evidence from the geologic record that supports this particular version of early and evolving conditions.
Download or read book Oxygen written by Donald Canfield and published by . This book was released on 1900 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book THE EVOLUTION OF OXYGEN AND OZONE IN THE EARTH S ATMOSPHERE written by JAMES FRASER KASTING and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reading the Archive of Earth s Oxygenation written by Victor Melezhik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-11 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth’s present-day environments are the outcome of a 4.5 billion year period of evolution reflecting the interaction of global-scale geological and biological processes punctuated by several extraordinary events and episodes that perturbed the entire Earth system. One of the earliest and arguably greatest of these events was a substantial increase (orders of magnitude) in the atmospheric oxygen abundance, sometimes referred to as the Great Oxidation Event. Volume 2: The Core Archive of the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Early Earth Project provides a description of the newly generated archive hosting ICDP's FAR-DEEP drill cores through key geological formations in Russian Fennoscandia. The book contains several hundred high-quality, representative photographs illustrating 3650 m of fresh, uncontaminated core documenting a series of global palaeoenvironmental upheavals linked to the Great Oxidation Event. The core exhibits sedimentary and volcanic formations that record a transition from anoxic to oxic Earth surface environments, the first global glaciation (the Huronian glaciation), an unprecedented perturbation of the global carbon cycle (the Lomagundi-Jatulian Event), a radical increase in the size of the seawater sulphate reservoir, an apparent upper mantle oxidising event, the Earth's earliest documented sedimentary phosphates, one of the greatest accumulations of organic matter (the Shunga Event) and generation of the Earth's earliest supergiant petroleum deposit. The volume highlights the potential of the FAR-DEEP core archive for future research of the Great Oxidation Event and the biogeochemical cycles operating during that time. Welcome to the illustrative journey through one of the most exciting periods of planet Earth! Earth’s present-day environments are the outcome of a 4.5 billion year period of evolution reflecting the interaction of global-scale geological and biological processes punctuated by several extraordinary events and episodes that perturbed the entire Earth system. One of the earliest and arguably greatest of these events was a substantial increase (orders of magnitude) in the atmospheric oxygen abundance, sometimes referred to as the Great Oxidation Event. Volume 2: The Core Archive of the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Early Earth Project provides a description of the newly generated archive hosting ICDP's FAR-DEEP drill cores through key geological formations in Russian Fennoscandia. The book contains several hundred high-quality, representative photographs illustrating 3650 m of fresh, uncontaminated core documenting a series of global palaeoenvironmental upheavals linked to the Great Oxidation Event. The core exhibits sedimentary and volcanic formations that record a transition from anoxic to oxic Earth surface environments, the first global glaciation (the Huronian glaciation), an unprecedented perturbation of the global carbon cycle (the Lomagundi-Jatulian Event), a radical increase in the size of the seawater sulphate reservoir, an apparent upper mantle oxidising event, the Earth's earliest documented sedimentary phosphates, one of the greatest accumulations of organic matter (the Shunga Event) and generation of the Earth's earliest supergiant petroleum deposit. The volume highlights the potential of the FAR-DEEP core archive for future research of the Great Oxidation Event and the biogeochemical cycles operating during that time. Welcome to the illustrative journey through one of the most exciting periods of planet Earth! Earth’s present-day environments are the outcome of a 4.5 billion year period of evolution reflecting the interaction of global-scale geological and biological processes punctuated by several extraordinary events and episodes that perturbed the entire Earth system. One of the earliest and arguably greatest of these events was a substantial increase (orders of magnitude) in the atmospheric oxygen abundance, sometimes referred to as the Great Oxidation Event. Volume 2: The Core Archive of the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Early Earth Project provides a description of the newly generated archive hosting ICDP's FAR-DEEP drill cores through key geological formations in Russian Fennoscandia. The book contains several hundred high-quality, representative photographs illustrating 3650 m of fresh, uncontaminated core documenting a series of global palaeoenvironmental upheavals linked to the Great Oxidation Event. The core exhibits sedimentary and volcanic formations that record a transition from anoxic to oxic Earth surface environments, the first global glaciation (the Huronian glaciation), an unprecedented perturbation of the global carbon cycle (the Lomagundi-Jatulian Event), a radical increase in the size of the seawater sulphate reservoir, an apparent upper mantle oxidising event, the Earth's earliest documented sedimentary phosphates, one of the greatest accumulations of organic matter (the Shunga Event) and generation of the Earth's earliest supergiant petroleum deposit. The volume highlights the potential of the FAR-DEEP core archive for future research of the Great Oxidation Event and the biogeochemical cycles operating during that time. Welcome to the illustrative journey through one of the most exciting periods of planet Earth!
Download or read book Reading the Archive of Earth s Oxygenation written by Victor Melezhik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-08 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth’s present-day environments are the outcome of a 4.5 billion year period of evolution reflecting the interaction of global-scale geological and biological processes punctuated by several extraordinary events and episodes that perturbed the entire Earth system. One of the earliest and arguably greatest of these events was a substantial increase (orders of magnitude) in the atmospheric oxygen abundance, sometimes referred to as the Great Oxidation Event. Volume 1: The Palaeoproterozoic of Fennoscandia as Context for the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Earth Project describes the implementation of the FAR-DEEP drilling project in Arctic Russia. It summarises the knowledge of more than 50 years of largely Russian-led fieldwork, information hitherto virtually unavailable in the west, and provides geological description of drilling areas with an overwhelming illustration of rocks by high-quality, representative photographs. The volume offers a comprehensive review and rich photo-illustration of palaeotectonic, palaeogeographic and magmatic evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield in the early Palaeoproterozoic, and link the evolution of the shield to the emergence of an aerobic Earth system. The volume unfolds the event-based Fennoscandian chronostratigraphy and discusses the chronology of the Palaeoproterozoic global events as the base for a new subdivision of Palaeoproterozoic time. Welcome to the illustrative journey through one of the most exciting periods of planet Earth!
Download or read book Vanadium Isotopes written by Sune G. Nielsen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-28 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vanadium isotope ratios (51V/50V) have potential to provide information about changes in past ocean oxygen contents. In particular, V isotopes may find utility in tracing variations at non-zero oxygen concentrations because the redox couple that controls V elemental and isotopic abundances in seawater (vanadate-vanadyl) appears to operate around 10M O2. This characteristic sets V isotopes apart from many other metal isotope redox proxies that require more reducing conditions to register significant changes in their isotope budgets. The oxygen abundance sensitivity range of V isotopes suggests that this paleoproxy could be particularly useful in tracing marine oxygenation changes throughout the Phanerozoic and potentially beyond.
Download or read book Reconstructing Precambrian pCO2 and pO2 Using Paleosols written by Nathan D. Sheldon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paleosols formed in direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, so they can record the composition of the atmosphere through weathering processes and products. Herein we critically review a variety of different approaches for reconstructing atmospheric O2 and CO2 over the past three billion years. Paleosols indicate relatively low CO2 over that time, requiring additional greenhouse forcing to overcome the 'faint young Sun' paradox in the Archean and Mesoproterozoic, as well as low O2 levels until the Neoproterozoic. Emerging techniques will revise the history of Earth's atmosphere further and may provide a window into atmospheric evolution on other planets.
Download or read book Co evolution of Life and Environment Across Earth History written by Michael Kipp and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: That life and its environment have co-evolved through Earth's history, and in doing so have maintained the conditions required for planetary habitability, is one of the great discoveries in the natural sciences during 20th century. This dissertation joins a large body of work that has arisen since this discovery permeated the Earth sciences; the goal of the work now is not only to better understand the processes that enabled Earth to reach its present state, but also to use the Earth through time as an analog for better understanding the diversity of exoplanets that are rapidly being discovered around nearby stars. Specifcally, the work described here aims to place novel constraints on various aspects of Earth0́9s evolution as a habitable planet. In Part I, the oxygenation history of Earth's surface is probed using a relatively new proxy - selenium geochemistry. These data reveal substantial atmospheric and marine oxygen accumulation during the Great Oxidation Event, and also implicate a close relationship between oxygenation and the cycling of major nutrients. Building off these findings, Part II aims to elucidate the response of the major nutrient cycles (nitrogen and phosphorus) to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment. These chapters demonstrate that major shifts occurred in both the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles across the Great Oxidation Event, with implications for the early evolution of eukaryotes. In Part III, various new tools and approaches for studying ancient life and environments are explored. This includes a review of C/N ratios in marine sediments and their possible relationship to oxygen availability, as well as a novel application of nitrogen isotope ratios to deduce nitrogen fixation in fossil plants. In total, the projects contained in this dissertation provide various pieces of information that deepen our understanding of Earth's evolution as a habitable planet. Ultimately these findings may serve to guide our interpretation of exoplanetary atmospheric compositions (and their biospheric implications), or even to help us grasp the magnitude of forthcoming environmental change as humans continue to act as a forceful environment- modifying agent.
Download or read book Reading the Archive of Earth s Oxygenation written by Victor Melezhik and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-09-28 with total page 1552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth’s present-day environments are the outcome of a 4.5 billion year period of evolution reflecting the interaction of global-scale geological and biological processes. Punctuating that evolution were several extraordinary events and episodes that perturbed the entire Earth system and led to the creation of new environmental conditions, sometimes even to fundamental changes in how planet Earth operated. Volume 3: Global Events and the Fennoscandian Arctic Russia - Drilling Earth Project represents another kind of illustrated journey through the early Palaeoproterozoic, provided by syntheses, reviews and summaries of the current state of our understanding of a series of global events that resulted in a fundamental change of the Earth System from an anoxic to an oxic state. The book discusses traces of life, possible causes for the Huronian-age glaciations, addresses radical changes in carbon, sulphur and phosphorus cycles during the Palaeoproterozoic, and provides a comprehensive description and a rich photo-documentation of the early Palaeoproterozoic supergiant, petrified oil-field. Terrestrial environments are characterised through a critical review of available data on weathered and calichified surfaces and travertine deposits. Potential implementation of Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mo, U and Re-Os isotope systems for deciphering Palaeoproterozoic seawater chemistry and a change in the redox-state of water and sedimentary columns are discussed. The volume considers in detail the definition of the oxic atmosphere, possible causes for the oxygen rise, and considers the oxidation of terrestrial environment not as a single event, but a slow-motion process lasting over hundreds of millions of years. Finally, the book provides a roadmap as to how the FAR-DEEP cores may facilitate future interesting science and provide a new foundation for education in earth-science community. Welcome to the illustrative journey through one of the most exciting periods of planet Earth!
Download or read book Cerium Anomalies and Paleoredox written by Rosalie Tostevin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-25 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ce anomalies track changes in oxygen availability due to the anomalous redox-sensitivity of Ce compared with the other rare earth elements. The proxy systematics have been calibrated experimentally as well as in modern anoxic water bodies. Ce anomalies are unique because they track intermediate manganous conditions, rather than fully anoxic conditions. In addition, they are sensitive to local–regional redox conditions, and can be analysed in chemical sediments such as carbonate rocks. This makes them especially useful as a tool to track local oxygen distribution in shallow shelf environments, where biodiversity is highest. This review focusses on the systematics of the Ce anomaly proxy, the preservation and extraction of the signal in sedimentary rocks, and the potential applications of the proxy.
Download or read book The Marine Iodine Cycle Past Present and Future written by Rosie Chance and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-05-17 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The marine iodine cycle has remained enigmatic despite decades of research. As a redox active element that is accumulated by many marine organisms, it exists in multiple oxidation states and phases in the oceans. Abiotic, photochemical and biological processes occurring at the ocean surface, at depth, and at the sediment-water interface all drive transformations between iodine species. A recent resurgence in interest in marine iodine speciation has been driven by its importance in a diverse range of fields, from atmospheric chemistry to paleoceanography.
