Download or read book Ionic and Volume Changes in the Microenvironment of Nerve and Receptor Cells written by Eva Sykova and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stability of the internal environment in which neuronal elements are situated is unquestionably an important prerequisite for the effective transmission of information in the nervous system. During the past decade our knowledge on the microenvironment of nerve cells has expanded. The conception that the microenvironment of neurones comprises a fluid with a relatively simple and stable composition is no longer accepted; the microenvironment is now envisaged as a dynamic structure whose composition, shape, and volume changes, thereby significantly influencing neuronal function and the trans mission of information in the nervous system. The modern conception of the neuronal microenvironment is based on the results of research over the last 20 years. The extracellular space (ECS) is comprehended not only as a relatively stable microenvironment containing neurones and glial cells (Bernard 1878), but also as a channel for communica tion between them. The close proximity of the neuronal elements in the CNS and the narrowness of the intercellular spaces provides a basis not only for interaction between the elements themselves, but also between the elements and their microenvironment. Substances which can cross the cell membranes can easily find their way through the microenvironment to adjacent cellular elements. In this way the microenvironment can assure non-synaptic com munication between the relevant neurones. Signalization can be coded by modulation of the chemical composition of the ECS in the vicinity of the cell membrane and does not require classic connection by axones, dendrites, and synapses.

Download or read book Brain Slices written by Raymond Dingledine and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In little less than a decade brain slices have gained prominence among neurobiologists as appropriate tools to study cellular electrophysiolog ical aspects of mammalian brain function. The purpose of this volume is to present in some detail several inquiries in the brain sciences that have benefited greatly by the use of brain slices. The book is directed primarily toward advanced students and researchers wishing to evaluate the impact these in vitro preparations of the mammalian brain are having on neurobiology. The term brain slice has come to refer to thin (100-700 j. Lm) sections of a brain region prepared from adult mammals and maintained for many hours in vitro, for either electrophysiological or biochemical stud ies. In addition to good accessibility, slices feature relatively intact syn aptic connections that allow a variety of experiments not feasible with standard in vivo or tissue culture preparations. Certain electrophysiol ogical studies once practical only with invertebrate models are becoming routine with mammalian brain slices. The ability to perform both bio chemical and electro physiological experiments on the same piece of CNS tissue provides additional bright prospects for future research. Although most of the electrophysiological studies have dealt with hippocampal slices, it should be evident from this book that slice methodology is not limited to the hippocampus. The Appendix, "Brain Slice Methods," is a multiauthored treatment of the technical aspects of brain slice work, collected into one document.

Download or read book PH and Brain Function written by Kai Kaila and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1998-09-15 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "PH and Brain Function offers thorough coverage of this increasingly important area of research, beginning with the fundamental concepts, which include methodological and theoretical issues such as the measurement of pH and the concept of pH in neurobiology. It explores aspects of regulation and modulation of intracellular pH in brain cells, surveys the changes in pH that occur with neural activity and how these changes affect neural activity, and discusses the role of pH in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases." "pH and Brain Function is an important resource for researchers in all areas of neuroscience as well as cell biology and physiology." --Book Jacket.

Download or read book Progress in Sensory Physiology written by and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Retinal M ller Cell written by Vijay Sarthy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-08 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The human brain contains more than a billion neurons which interconnect to form networks that process, store, and recall sensory information. These neuronal activities are supported by a group of accessory brain cells coll- tively known as neuroglia. Surprisingly, glial cells are ten times more - merous than neurons, and occupy more than half the brain volume (Hydén, 1961). Although long considered a passive, albeit necessary, component of the nervous system, many interesting and unusual functional properties of glial cells are only now being brought to light. As a result, the status of these cellular elements is approaching parity with nerve cells as a subject for experimental study. The term glia (or glue) seems today to be a misnomer in view of the diverse functions attributed to glial cells. Experimental studies in the last three decades have clearly established that the behavior of glial cells is far from passive, and that they are at least as complex as neurons with regard to their membrane properties. In addition, glial cells are of importance in signal processing, cellular metabolism, nervous system development, and the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The Müller cell of the ver- brate retina provides a splendid example of an accessory cell that exhibits features illustrating every aspect of the complex behavior now associated with glial cells.

Download or read book Modern Approaches to Augmentation of Brain Function written by Ioan Opris and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 747 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers recent advances in neural technology that provide for enhancements for brain function. It addresses a broad range of neural phenomena occurring in the brain circuits involved in perception, cognition, emotion and action, that represent the building blocks of behavior and cognition. Augmentation of brain function can be achieved by using brain implants for recordings, stimulation, or drug delivery. Alternative methods include employing brain-machine interfaces, as well as noninvasive activation of certain brain areas. This volume evaluates existing methods of brain augmentation while discussing the brain circuitry and neuronal mechanisms that make augmentation possible. This volume offers novel insights into brain disorders, and explores new devices for brain repair while also addressing the philosophical and ethical implications of brain augmentation. The information in this book is relevant to researchers in the fields of neuroscience, engineering, and clinical practice. Advance Praise for Modern Approaches to Augmentation of Brain Function: “This impressive book by leading experts in neuroscience and neuroengineering lays out the future of brain augmentation, in which the human mind and machine merge, leading to a rapid exponential growth of the power of humanity.” Ray Kurzweil, best-selling author, inventor, entrepreneur and a recipient of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation (1999), and the Lemelson-MIT Prize (2001) "This book employs a holistic approach in covering the recent advances in the fields of neuroscience, neuroinformatics, neurotechnology and neuro-psycho-pharmacology. Each chapter of the book covers major aspects of modern brain research in connection with the human mind and behavior, and is authored by researchers with unique expertise in their field. " Ioan Dumitrache, Prof. Dr. Eng. Faculty of Computer Science, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania “This book presents compelling perspectives on what interactive neuroscience will look like in the future, delving into the innovatory ideas of a diverse set of neuroscientists, and speculating on the different ways computer chips implanted in the brains of humans can effect intelligence and communication.” György Buzsáki, MD, PhD is the Biggs Professor of Neuroscience, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY

Download or read book Central Nervous System Metastases written by Manmeet Ahluwalia and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of brain metastases, from the molecular biology aspects to therapeutic management and perspectives. Due to the increasing incidence of these tumors and the urgent need to effectively control brain metastatic diseases in these patients, new therapeutic strategies have emerged in recent years. The volume discusses all these innovative approaches combined with new surgical techniques (fluorescence, functional mapping, integrated navigation), novel radiation therapy techniques (stereotactic radiosurgery) and new systemic treatment approaches such as targeted- and immunotherapy. These combination strategies represent a new therapeutic model in brain metastatic patients in which each medical practitioner (neurosurgeon, neurologist, medical oncologist, radiation oncologist) plays a pivotal role in defining the optimal treatment in a multidisciplinary approach. Written by recognized experts in the field, this book is a valuable tool for neurosurgeons, neuro-oncologists, neuroradiologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, cognitive therapists, basic scientists and students working in the area of brain tumors.

Download or read book Intracranial and Intralabyrinthine Fluids written by Arne Ernst and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is no question that the topic of this meeting in Seeheim, Germany, on intracranial and intralabyrinthine fluids is pertinent. This was the first international meeting at which these two closely-related topics were addressed together. Combining the clinical and research aspects of fluid and pressure regulation in the intracranial and the intralabyrint hine compartments as well as discussions on the clinical implications of abnormal fluid pressure was an excellent idea. The presentations and discussions of both the clinicians and basic scientists who participated proved that the concept of having such a combined focused gathering was both original and relevant. The two topics of the meeting in Seeheim have much in common. Maintaining both the intracranial pressure (lCP) and the intralabyrinthine pressure within normal limits is important for the normal functions of both the central nervous system and the ear. The intracranial space and the intralabyrinthine space are closed compartments that communicate with each other in an intricate manner. Deviations from normal intracranial pressure result in specific symptoms and signs. Medical problems related to elevated intracranial pressure vary from subtle to severe. Accumulated knowledge indicates that there are adverse effects from even relatively small elevations in ICP. Elevations in ICP may cause injuries to the brain and the ear. Abnormal pressure in the ear may cause abnormal function and injury. Maintaining the intracranial pressure within normal limits depends on a normally functioning pressure regulation.

Download or read book The Dynamic Structure of Cell Membranes written by Donald F. Hölzl Wallach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HERBERT FISCHER Max-Planck-Institut fur Immunbiologie, Freiburg-Zahringen With 3 Figures Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the organizers of the 22nd Mosbach Colloquium, Msrs. HOLZL-WALLACH, STOFFEL, WIEGANDT and myself, I bid you all a hearty welcome. We thank you all for coming and naturally feel particular appreciation for the presence of the invited speakers. But, thanks to the tradition that the Mosbach Colloquia have enjoyed for 22 years we did not need to work very hard, since most of our invitations were accepted without hesitation. Perhaps some of you will wonder why Mosbach and its tradi tion means so much, especially to the older ones amongst us. In any event, at a time when we were much hungrier and thirstier than we are today, Mosbach became a unique place where we could satisfy our spiritual as well as our physical hunger. It was here where we could find the friendly and peaceful atmosphere which helped us to establish contacts with colleagues from foreign coun tries and from distant scientific fields, which often led to lasting communication and cooperation. The initiator of these Colloquia, my teacher Kurt Felix, im parted to these gatherings a pioneer spirit which is more needed today than in the past, particularly because we are now 500 rather than 50 to 100 participants. Indeed, we as organizers, have had to ask ourselves whether it is still possible to have an exciting lecture series combined with the leisure and opportunity for spontaneous questioning and stimulating individual discussion.

Download or read book Glial Cells written by Peter R. Laming and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-06-28 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 1998 book discusses how neurons and glial cells interact with each other to influence behaviour.

Download or read book Some Mathematical Questions in Biology Neurobiology written by Robert M. Miura and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 1982-12-31 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains lectures presented at the 15th annual meeting on mathematical biology, organized by a joint AMS-SIAM committee, as part of the mathematical activities at the annual AAAS meeting, held January 7, 1982, in Washington, D.C. The meeting was devoted to neurobiology, and was very ably organized by Robert M. Miura. Neurobiology is a very large field, and there are many applications of mathematics that could have been selected. Miura and the committee wisely chose to concentrate on one or two topics concerned mainly with the properties of individual neurons and their processes. In summary, this is an excellent collection of articles on some of the more interesting and timely problems of cellular neurobiology. The articles, especially those by Plant, Rinzel, and Nicholson and Phillips, are all excellent expositions of important problems. I recommend this volume to anyone interested in mathematical neurobiology.

Download or read book MEG written by Peter Hansen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-06-21 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an exciting brain imaging technology that allows real-time tracking of neural activity, making it an invaluable tool for advancing our understanding of brain function. In this comprehensive introduction to MEG, Peter Hansen, Morten Kringelbach, and Riitta Salmelin have brought together the leading researchers to provide the basic tools for planning and executing MEG experiments, as well as analyzing and interpreting the resulting data. Chapters on the basics describe the fundamentals of MEG and its instrumentation, and provide guidelines for designing experiments and performing successful measurements. Chapters on data analysis present it in detail, from general concepts and assumptions to analysis of evoked responses and oscillatory background activity. Chapters on solutions propose potential solutions to the inverse problem using techniques such as minimum norm estimates, spatial filters and beamformers. Chapters on combinations elucidate how MEG can be used to complement other neuroimaging techniques. Chapters on applications provide practical examples of how to use MEG to study sensory processing and cognitive tasks, and how MEG can be used in a clinical setting. These chapters form a complete basic reference source for those interested in exploring or already using MEG that will hopefully inspire them to try to develop new, exciting approaches to designing and analyzing their own studies. This book will be a valuable resource for researchers from diverse fields, including neuroimaging, cognitive neuroscience, medical imaging, computer modelling, as well as for clinical practitioners.

Download or read book Voltammetry in the Neurosciences written by Jr. Justice and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1987-02-24 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even before the time of organized scientific investigation, hu mans had begun pondering and attempting to explain the work ing of the brain and the mental and behavioral states it produces. In the last twenty years there has been an almost explosive in crease in brain research. Beginning perhaps with the pioneering efforts of Francis O. Schmitt to establish the Neuroscience Re search Program and the later development of the Society for Neuroscience, there has emerged a large and powerful multi disciplinary research force devoted to understanding even the ru dimentary aspects of brain functioning. Chemists, physicists, and engineers with their special expert ise in quantitative physical measurements have teamed up with the neurobiologists, who best know the texture and design of brains, to produce particularly effective new approaches. No where is this more evident than in the recently developed meth ods like positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging-techniques that allow one to observe on-going brain ac tivity in humans. This volume concerns a considerably more modest approach: the use of microelectrodes to electrochemically monitor certain aspects of chemical dynamics in functioning ani mal brain systems. The method provides signals that can be di rectly related to chemical neurotransmission. It is a relatively new technique, the first practical measurements having been made in the 1970s, and it is continuously undergoing refinement. The organizer of this book, Jay Justice, is eminently qualified for the task.

Download or read book Regulatory Mechanisms of Neuron to Vessel Communication in the Brain written by Fiorenzo Battaini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Regulatory Mechanisms of Neuron to Vessel Communication in the Brain held in Salo, Italy, September 3-8, 1988

Download or read book Advances in Cellular Neurobiology written by Sergey Fedoroff and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Cellular Neurobiology, Volume 3 discusses the anatomy and functional relation of the brain and spinal cord. This book is divided into three main sections—cell differentiation and interaction, aging and pathology, and methodologies. The topics discussed include Schwann cells, an in vitro perspective; molecular and cell biological aspects of learning toward a theory of memory; and aging of autonomic synapses. The axonal elongation in peripheral and central nervous system transplants; isolation and characterization of the cells of the cerebral microvessels; and PCI2 pheochromocytoma cultures in neurobiological research are also deliberated in this text. This publication is intended for neurologists, but is also beneficial to students researching on the central nervous system.

Download or read book Biology and Pathology of Astrocyte Neuron Interactions written by Sergey Fedoroff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is made up of papers presented at the Second International Altschul Symposium: Biology and Pathology of Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions. The symposium was held in Saskatoon, Canada at the University of Saskatchewn in May, 1992 in memory of Rudolf Altschul, a graduate of the University of Prague and a pioneer in the fields of the biology of the vascular and nervous systems. Dr. Altschul was Professor and Head of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Saskatchewan from 1955 to 1963. The Altschul Symposia were made possible by an endowment left by Anni Altschul and by other contributions. The symposia are held biennially. One of the greatest challenges for present day scientists is to uncover the mechanisms of brain function. Although cellular anatomy of the nervous system has already been well outlined and indeed was delineated by the beginning of the century, experimental analysis of the function of the brain is relatively recent. The framework of the brain is made up of stellate cells, the astrocytes, which are interconnected by means of their processes, thus presenting a meshwork through which the neurons send their axons, accompanied by oligodendrocytes. Microglia are distributed throughout the brain.

Download or read book Ion Selective Microelectrodes and Their Use in Excitable Tissues written by Eva Sykova and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Symposium on "Ion Selective Microelectrodes and Their Use in Excitable Tissues" was held in Prague from July 8-11, 1980. It was organized by the Institute of Physiology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences as a satellite symposium of the XXVIII Interna tional Congress of Physiological Sciences in Budapest. Sixty parti cipants met for three days in the historical setting of the Strahov Monastery. The informal and relaxed atmosphere of the scientific sessions, together with the social programme made the meeting a success and helped to cement old friendships and to form new ones. The organizers were happy to welcome as participants representatives from most of the laboratories working with ion-selective microelectrodes (ISMs) in the world. Neurophysiological research with liquid ion-exchanger ISMs in the Prague laboratory was started as early as 1971 due to the fact that one of us (P. H. ) had the opportunity of learning the technique directly from Dr. J. L. Walker in Salt Lake City. It was thanks to his patience and, later, his courtesy in providing us with the liquid ion-exchanger for potassium and silicone that we were able to get a start in what turned out to be, in a year or so, very strong international competition. This volume contains the papers presented at the Symposium. It is divided according to the actual sessions with names of the chair men, who helped the organizers to make the Symposium a real success.