Download or read book Dust and Polluted Aerosols Sources Transport and Radiative Effects written by Zhiyuan Hu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-04-10 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Global Sources of Local Pollution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.

Download or read book Urban Atmospheric Aerosols written by Regina M. B. O. Duarte and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-02-24 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The challenges faced by the atmospheric research community today are vast, complex, and multi-faceted. The book Urban Atmospheric Aerosols: Sources, Analysis, and Effects highlights important aspects concerning the chemical and optical properties, size distribution, sources, and potential health effects of fine urban air particles (PM2.5). The physical and chemical characterization of PM2.5, its source assignment, and the assessment of the magnitude and distribution of its emissions are crucial for establishing effective fine air particle regulations and assessing the associated risks to human health. This book brings together eight papers covering the main topics of the field and will be of interest to researchers who are interested in air quality in outdoor and indoor environments, air particle toxicity, and atmospheric chemistry, as well as global climate modelers.

Download or read book Aerosol Pollution Impact on Precipitation written by Zev Levin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-09-30 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life on Earth is critically dependent upon the continuous cycling of water between oceans, continents and the atmosphere. Precipitation (including rain, snow, and hail) is the primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere back to the Earth’s surface. It is also the key physical process that links aspects of climate, weather, and the global hydrological cycle. Changes in precipitation regimes and the frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, severe ice/snow storms, monsoon fluctuations and hurricanes are of great potential importance to life on the planet. One of the factors that could contribute to precipitation modification is aerosol pollution from various sources such as urban air pollution and biomass burning. Natural and anthropogenic changes in atmospheric aerosols might have important implications for precipitation by influencing the hydrological cycle, which in turn could feed back to climate changes. From an Earth Science perspective, a key question is how changes expected in climate will translate into changes in the hydrological cycle, and what trends may be expected in the future. We require a much better understanding and hence predictive capability of the moisture and energy storages and exchanges among the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, continents and biological systems. This book is a review of our knowledge of the relationship between aerosols and precipitation reaching the Earth's surface and it includes a list of recommendations that could help to advance our knowledge in this area.

Download or read book Radiative Effects of Dust Aerosols Natural Cirrus Clouds and Contrails Broadband Optical Properties and Sensitivity Studies written by Bingqi Yi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation aims to study the broadband optical properties and radiative effects of dust aerosols and ice clouds. It covers three main topics: the uncertainty of dust optical properties and radiative effects from the dust particle shape and refractive index, the influence of ice particle surface roughening on the global cloud radiative effect, and the simulations of the global contrail radiative forcing. In the first part of this dissertation, the effects of dust non-spherical shape on radiative transfer simulations are investigated. We utilize a spectral database of the single-scattering properties of tri-axial ellipsoidal dust-like aerosols and determined a suitable dust shape model. The radiance and flux differences between the spherical and ellipsoidal models are quantified, and the non-spherical effect on the net flux and heating rate is obtained over the solar spectrum. The results indicate the particle shape effect is related to the dust optical depth and surface albedo. Under certain conditions, the dust particle shape effect contributes to 30% of the net flux at the top of the atmosphere. The second part discusses how the ice surface roughening can exert influence on the global cloud radiative effect. A new broadband parameterization for ice cloud bulk scattering properties is developed using severely roughened ice particles. The effect of ice particle surface roughness is derived through simulations with the Fu-Liou and RRTMG radiative transfer codes and the Community Atmospheric Model. The global averaged net cloud radiative effect due to surface roughness is around 1.46 Wm-2. Non-negligible increase in longwave cloud radiative effect is also found. The third part is about the simulation of global contrail radiative forcing and its sensitivity studies using both offline and online modeling frameworks. Global contrail distributions from the literature and Contrail Cirrus Prediction Tool are used. The 2006 global annual averaged contrail net radiative forcing from the offline model is estimated to be 11.3 mW m^(-2), with the regional contrail radiative forcing being more than ten times stronger. Sensitivity tests show that contrail effective size, contrail layer height, the model cloud overlap assumption, and contrail optical properties are among the most important factors. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151136

Download or read book Investigations Into the Impact of Transported Particles on Air Pollution and Climate Using Aerosol Time of flight Mass Spectrometry written by Andrew Phillip Ault and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric aerosols have a significant impact on human health and climate, yet the full scope of these influences are only beginning to be discovered and characterized. To understand these impacts, detailed in-situ measurements of the physical, chemical, and optical properties of aerosols are necessary. Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) provides the ability to measure chemical, physical, and optical properties of single particles in real-time. This dissertation uses ATOFMS to explore both the properties and evolution of particles as they are transported over local to global distances. The results of numerous field studies are utilized to explore the changes to these particles as they travel through the atmosphere from their source to eventual deposition. Local to regional scale transport of particles was observed from a number of perspectives in this dissertation. Particles regionally transported from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to San Diego were identified chemically as ship and truck emissions and shown to overwhelm local sources during peak transport conditions. Ship emissions were studied in detail at the Port of Los Angeles by characterizing individual ship plumes at a site adjacent to the main channel. Mobile laboratory measurements demonstrated the variation in particle concentrations and composition on a local-to-regional level. On the intercontinental-to-global scale, Asian dust was observed in precipitation samples collected in the Sierra Nevada Mountains during orographic precipitation. The incorporation of the long range-transported dust might enhance precipitation, which may alter California's precipitation patterns and water supply. The outflow of particles from Asia to North America were measured on a remote island off Korea, and the sources and aging of particles in Chinese urban, Chinese dust, and Korean air masses were compared to marine air masses. Lastly, ATOFMS studies from sites across North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa were compared to determine similarities and differences in size-resolved chemical mixing state of particles across numerous types of sampling sites, with the objective being to provide information for global climate models to more accurately represent particles. Taken together these results provide an increased understanding of particle chemistry and transport on the scale of meters-to-continents.

Download or read book Mineral Dust written by Peter Knippertz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-01 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents state-of-the-art research about mineral dust, including results from field campaigns, satellite observations, laboratory studies, computer modelling and theoretical studies. Dust research is a new, dynamic and fast-growing area of science and due to its multiple roles in the Earth system, dust has become a fascinating topic for many scientific disciplines. Aspects of dust research covered in this book reach from timescales of minutes (as with dust devils, cloud processes and radiation) to millennia (as with loess formation and oceanic sediments), making dust both a player and recorder of environmental change. The book is structured in four main parts that explore characteristics of dust, the global dust cycle, impacts of dust on the Earth system, and dust as a climate indicator. The chapters in these parts provide a comprehensive, detailed overview of this highly interdisciplinary subject. The contributions presented here cover dust from source to sink and describe all the processes dust particles undergo while travelling through the atmosphere. Chapters explore how dust is lifted and transported, how it affects radiation, clouds, regional circulations, precipitation and chemical processes in the atmosphere and how it deteriorates air quality. The book explores how dust is removed from the atmosphere by gravitational settling, turbulence or precipitation, how iron contained in dust fertilizes terrestrial and marine ecosystems, and about the role that dust plays in human health. We learn how dust is observed, simulated using computer models and forecast. The book also details the role of dust deposits for climate reconstructions. Scientific observations and results are presented, along with numerous illustrations. This work has an interdisciplinary appeal and will engage scholars in geology, geography, chemistry, meteorology and physics, amongst others with an interest in the Earth system and environmental change. body>

Download or read book The Impact of Convection on the Transport and Removal of Dust Aerosols written by Kathryn Sauter and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Claudio Tomasi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ein Blick auf die morphologischen, physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Aerosolen aus den unterschiedlichsten natürlichen und anthropogenen Quellen trägt zum besseren Verständnis der Rolle bei, die Aerosolpartikel bei der Streuung und Absorption kurz- und langwelliger Strahlung spielen. Dieses Fachbuch bietet Informationen, die sonst schwer zu finden sind, und vermittelt ausführlich die Kenntnisse, die erforderlich sind, um die mikrophysikalischen, chemischen und Strahlungsparameter zu charakterisieren, die bei der Wechselwirkung von Sonnen- und Erdstrahlen so überaus wichtig sind. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den indirekten Auswirkungen von Aerosolen auf das Klima im Rahmen des komplexen Systems aus Aerosolen, Wolken und der Atmosphäre. Auch geht es vorrangig um die Wirkungen natürlicher und anthropogener Aerosole auf die Luftqualität und die Umwelt, auf die menschliche Gesundheit und unser kulturelles Erbe. Mit einem durchgängig lösungsorientierten Ansatz werden nicht nur die Probleme und Gefahren dieser Aerosole behandelt, sondern auch praktikable Lösungswege aufgezeigt.

Download or read book Dust Aerosols and Heavy Haze over China written by Guoshun Zhuang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-11 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systematically investigates the characteristics, distribution, transformation, source and sink of aerosols over typical regions in China based on long-term observations, revealing that the secondary aerosol, dust, and biomass burning are the main causes of widespread smog. It proposes that organic aerosol, sulfate, nitrate and black carbon are the main extinction components in smog. In addition it quantitatively determines the influence of transport on local and regional air quality, and argues that traffic emissions are the triggering factor for the wide range of smog in China. It also demonstrates the mixing and interaction mechanism of dust with anthropogenic pollutants in long-distance transport and the air-sea exchange. The research findings and the large number of first-hand data provided make this a valuable reference resource for those involved in atmospheric science, especially basic atmospheric chemistry and aerosol science research.

Download or read book Dust in Atmospheric Aerosols Related to Radiative Transfer Algorithm written by Marzia Boccone and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-04 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is globally achieved that Dust is part of Natural Aerosols quantity in air, with dimension from 1 to 10 microns. Dust could affect both human health, for breath disease, and local and global climate system, acting as condensation nuclei in clouds microphysics, but also generating strong radiative forcing. Dust could reach Atlantic regions, Arabic Peninsula, Mediterranean and South European countries because of the local meteorology and winds. The source points are often in the Sahara desert. Using Satellites Spectroradiometry we could detect Dust over land and oceans. The Natural Sources of pollutants, such as Sahara desert dust outbreaks or ashes from vulcanoes, in many cases, could grow the bad air quality forecast and PM limits values measured could exeed the European Law recomendations, in that case the country has to pay to the Community a fee, but, if evidence of that is a Natural Pollutant it is not brought to the European Court. Here is presented a performed algorithm, XYZ_dust, that is a combination of MODIS spectral bands that enhance the presence of Dust also over continents.

Download or read book Radiative Forcing of Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-03-25 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations in greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. Although climate throughout Earth's history has varied from "snowball" conditions with global ice cover to "hothouse" conditions when glaciers all but disappeared, the climate over the past 10,000 years has been remarkably stable and favorable to human civilization. Increasing evidence points to a large human impact on global climate over the past century. The report reviews current knowledge of climate forcings and recommends critical research needed to improve understanding. Whereas emphasis to date has been on how these climate forcings affect global mean temperature, the report finds that regional variation and climate impacts other than temperature deserve increased attention.

Download or read book A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change written by Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-05-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book recommends the initiation of an "integrated" research program to study the role of aerosols in the predicted global climate change. Current understanding suggest that, even now, aerosols, primarily from anthropogenic sources, may be reducing the rate of warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to specific research recommendations, this book forcefully argues for two kinds of research program integration: integration of the individual laboratory, field, and theoretical research activities and an integrated management structure that involves all of the concerned federal agencies.

Download or read book The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean written by Stefano Guerzoni and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-11-30 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The atmosphere is an important pathway for the transport of continentally-derived material to the oceans. In this respect the Mediterranean Sea is of special importance because its atmosphere receives inputs of anthropogenic aerosols from the north and desert- derived Saharan dusts from the south. The dusts, much of which is transported in the form of seasonal `pulses', have important effects on climate, marine chemistry and sedimentation in the Mediterranean Sea. This volume brings together reviews and specific-topic papers on the following aspects of Saharan dust transport to the Mediterranean Sea: (i) the modelling of Saharan dust transport, (ii) the chemistry and mineralogy of the dusts and their effect on precipitation, (iii) the contribution of the dusts to marine sedimentation, (iv) the aerobiology of the dusts, and (v) climatic implications of Saharan dust transport. The volume is aimed at students and researchers with an interest in the climate, biogeochemistry and geology of the Mediterranean Sea.

Download or read book Quantifying and Minimizing Uncertainty of Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols written by J. E. Penner and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Deposition of Asian Dust in the Tahoe Basin and the Impact of Climate Patterns on Deposition written by Jason Snyder and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Routine monitoring of fine aerosols in the Lake Tahoe basin began with the Tahoe Regional Planning Association (TRPA) in 1988 (Molenar et. al., 1994). During this time two sites of aerosol impact analysis were chosen based on prior work done by the ARB (Cahill et. al., 1997). These sites included Bliss SP, which is located near Emerald Bay at 200 m Lake Tahoe. Aerosols deposited at the Bliss SP site during each spring from 1988 to 2004, were predominately from sources outside of the Lake Tahoe basin and contained signatures from an "unknown north Sacramento Valley source" (Cahill and Cliff, 2002). The aerosols amounted to about 1/2 of all fine soil seen at South Lake Tahoe. With a better knowledge regarding the efficiency of the transport of fine aerosol plumes across the Pacific Ocean to North American combined with the presence of Asian dust signatures at other sites including Crater Lake and the Yukon, it was now determined that the source of fine particles to the Lake Tahoe basin was possibly Asian in origin. For this study, aerosols were collected during spring 2006, which coincides with the annual peak of Asian dust transport toward North America. Aerosols were collected at the TERC Tahoe Fish Hatchery, a relatively pollution free site northeast of Tahoe City. Aerosol collections at this site were done on an offshore pier, which reduced the amount of contamination for shore sources of aerosols and pollution such as road dust. The result was the identification of Asian dust signatures in aerosol deposition data for the period of April 28 to May 15, 2006. Such dust plumes were identified using HYSPLIT trajectories. Chemical signatures were also used including the Fe/Ca ratio, which is unique in Asian dust plumes. The particulate matter in these dust plumes produce a regional haze across the Lake Tahoe basin, which could impact incoming solar radiation. Furthermore, deposition of particles from the aerosol plume into the lake not only contributed to suspended particle concentrations there, but the particles themselves carried along with them a suite of bioactive nutrients including phosphorus. Phosphorus is of particular importance because of Lake Tahoe being a phosphorus-limited lake and atmospheric deposition of particles accounting for 26% of the phosphorus loading into the Tahoe basin. Aerosol optical depth data from the GOCART model and UV aerosol index data from the Earth Probe satellite identified additional aerosol deposition peaks of Asian origin particularly from the Gobi and Taklimakan deserts along with the Yellow River Basin near Beijing. Based on the GOCART and satellite data, aerosol dust deposition into the Lake Tahoe basin from Asian soils can be 1.31 times greater than those recorded in 2006 by the DRUM data. Such events had occurred in April 2001 and April 2005. The impact of climate variation on Asian dust transport toward Lake Tahoe was also analyzed primarily focusing on the impact of the Madden Julian Oscillation and shifts in the Aleutian Low on Asian dust transport. Based on these analyses, Asian dust transport is at its maximum when propagating MJO related convection is in the central Pacific Ocean and the Aleutian Low is over the Western Alaska. Both of these scenarios are associated with increased westerly wind flows and weaker high pressure off the West Coast of North America. This is instrumental is an efficient transport of dust plumes across the Pacific Ocean and further south toward California.

Download or read book Constraining the Dust Direct Radiative Effect Over Source Regions Via Observations and Models written by Alexandra Meiko Kuwano and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mineral aerosols (i.e. dust) perturb the Earth's energy budget by scattering and absorbing shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation. Generally dust has a net (SW + LW) negative direct radiative effect (DRE) at the surface and top of the atmosphere (i.e. cooling of the Earth's climate system). A few studies found that the net top of the atmosphere (TOA) DRE of dust, the difference between the net radiative flux in clear-sky (cloud-free) and pristine-sky (aerosol and cloud free) conditions, can be near zero or positive over desert regions. It is important to constrain the net DRE of dust over source regions since biases in this parameter can lead to errors in estimates of the global average. In Chapter 2 an observation-based method to estimate the dust SW forcing efficiency (FE), the DRE normalized by the aerosol optical depth, is developed and validated. Associated uncertainties in this method are further investigated. By accounting for the relationship between dust and water vapor, biases in the TOA SW FE of dust are reduced and estimates of the TOA SW F E of dust over the Sahara Desert range from -26.4±17.6 to 2.35±139 W m[superscript]-2 per optical depth. In Chapter 3 this method is applied to observations and retrievals from a small dust source region in southeastern California to estimate the surface and TOA dust SW FE. These results are compared with the dust SW FE estimated with the output from a radiative transfer model. After validating the model, modeled and observed estimates of the instantaneous SW FE are statistically similar and therefore the model is used to estimate the instantaneous dust LW FE and the diurnally averaged net dust FE. Values of the net FE of dust are -29±10, -10±11, and 19±15 W m[superscript]-2 per optical depth at the surface, TOA, and atmosphere, respectively, over the small dust source region. The findings presented in this dissertation contribute towards the breadth of observational estimates of the SW dust FE over dust source regions which is critical to constrain model-based estimates of regional and global values of the dust SW FE.