Download or read book Dream Stele of Thutmose IV written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thutmose IV inherited the New Kingdom at its peak when his father Amenhotep II died. Amenhotep II had likewise inherited a strong empire from his father Thutmose III, and had organized a peace treaty with the Mitanni Empire to the north. Thutmose IV took the peace treaty one step further and married a Mitannian princess to secure a peaceful northern border. He is most famous for his activities at the great sphinx of Giza, and the Dream Stele he erected beneath its head. There is debate about why he erected the Dream Stele, and some Egyptologists have suggested it was intended as propaganda to validate his seizing the throne instead of it falling to his elder brother, as it states that the great god Haremakhet-Khepri-Ra-Atum spoke to him in a dream, in the form of the great sphinx, and promised he would be the king one day. It seems extremely unlikely that Amenhotep II would have allowed him to erect the stele while he was still alive, as Thutmose IV was not his chosen heir, and it is therefore assumed that he erected it after assuming the kingship. One of the things that Thutmose IV is most famous for, is digging the sphinx's body out of the sand that had filled the sphinx enclosure, which early Egyptologists interpreted as digging the enclosure itself and creating the sphinx's body. This is no longer the accepted reading of the Dream Stele, and it is now believed Thutmose IV merely restored the sphinx's body. Nevertheless, if the sphinx's enclosure was filled with sand, then the sphinx temple and the neighboring red granite temple must have also been filled with sand, and so Thutmose IV must have uncovered more than just the Great Sphinx. Unfortunately, the lower section of the Dream Stele is damaged, and so we do not know how it ended. Egyptologists generally assume it was a list of donations that Thutmose IV made to various temples, which would be consistent with other steles and biographies from the time.
Download or read book The Reign of Thutmose IV written by Betsy Morrell Bryan and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Great Name written by Ronald J. Leprohon and published by Society of Biblical Lit. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The titulary of the ancient Egyptian king was one of the symbols of authority he assumed at his coronation. At first consisting only of the Horus name, the titulary grew to include other phrases chosen to represent the king’s special relationship with the divine world. By the Middle Kingdom (late twenty-first century B.C.E.), the full fivefold titulary was clearly established, and kings henceforth used all five names regularly. This volume includes all rulers’ names from the so-called Dynasty 0 (ca. 3200 B.C.E.) to the last Ptolemaic ruler in the late first century B.C.E., offered in transliteration and English translation with an introduction and notes.
Download or read book UNLOCKING THE DREAM VISION written by R.J. von-Bruening and published by R.J. VON-BRUENING. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlocking the Dream Vision: The secret history of creation will take you on a profound journey into the mysterious mystical esoteric symbolism of the largely forgotten Dream Vision that is buried deep within the ancient Book of Enoch. It is a unique and captivating journey that reveals one of the most heretical, blasphemous, and controversial accounts of creation ever told, for both believer and skeptic. Within its pages you will learn of the ancient system of mystical symbolism and initiation that was born in the religious temples that ruled the city-states of the first civilizations. You will also be introduced to the radical 2,000-year-old theory from the legendary Library of Alexandria that the true story of our own mysterious origins lays within the system of allegories and mystical symbolism of the mythologies and sacred writings of the ancient world. A system that was first created by the professional class of writers known as the scribes, in order to conceal and protect the forbidden knowledge of the gods and the secret history of creation itself. By using this non-traditional approach, you will discover how the highly symbolic Dream Vision, written by the righteous scribe and mysterious lost prophet of the Bible, Enoch, is the key to unlocking this ancient system of mystical symbolism and the secret history of humanity. It is the same secret that is still hidden within the symbolism of the mysterious esoteric brotherhoods, secret societies, and hidden orders of the world. It is through this exceptional system of mystical symbolism created by the ancient scribes that the origin and true meaning to all the mystical symbols, like the pentagram, the all-seeing-eye, and the unfinished pyramid, are revealed. You will also learn the answers to some of the greatest mysteries concerning the biblical story. For you will find that the mystical symbolism of the Dream Vision contains the secrets of the Watchers, the Giants, the great Flood of Noah, and so many more mysteries, which are uncovered for the first time. Not only are the hidden secrets of the Bible uncovered through the mystical symbolism, but it will also reveal the greatest secrets of mythology and the ancient world. You will understand the secret meaning to the ever-famous symbol of the Bull, the Twin Brothers of legend, and even the monsters of myth like the terrible Hydra. You will even learn the real reason why the Great Pyramid was built, the real secret of the Pleiades cluster, the lost city of Atlantis, and the other mysterious lost civilizations of the Ice Age; moreover, with the conclusive evidence of the terrible cataclysm that befell them all. You will also be presented with an entirely new theory on the identity and true origins of the mysterious figures our ancient ancestors worshiped as the 'gods' without invoking ancient aliens or endless religious speculation.
Download or read book Book Deluxe Then and Now Bible Maps 2 0 written by Rose Publishing, LLC. and published by Rose Publishing. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NEW and EXPANDED Edition of the best-sellingDeluxe Then and Now Bible Maps!With more than 30 new pages of highly detailed relief maps, full-color illustrations, and diagrams, this book lets you see where places of the Bible are today. The clear plastic overlays show modern cities and countries on top of beautifully rendered relief Bible maps.This new edition has the same great content as the original book, plus so much more. All updated modern geography and an attractive new look to the Bible maps. Key points and features: 8 clear plastic overlays show modern places on top of Bible maps Spiral binding allows pages to lie flat when open Uses a larger, easier-to-read type than most Bible atlases Reproducible for classroom use What's NEW in this edition?Old and New Testament Bible Maps: Greek and Roman Empires Routes into the Promised Land Where Jesus Walked in Galilee Seven Churches of Revelation Bible Charts and Time Lines: Exodus Judges of Israel Ark of the Covenant Twelve Tribes of Israel Twelve Disciples Maps for Bible Stories: David Samson Ruth Elijah and Elisha Jesus' Journey to the Cross Plus all the maps are updated with a fresh new look!Discover Fascinating Facts The book of Revelation begins with seven letters to seven churches. Those churches were located in cities near each other in modern-day Turkey. In the book of Ruth, Naomi and her family leave Bethlehem to escape a famine and they migrate to Moab. The land of Moab is located in modern-day Jordan. God sent Jonah to preach to Nineveh, which lies on the outskirts of modern-day Mosul, Iraq. When Moses fled Egypt he went to the land of Midian, which is in modern-day Saudi Arabia. An excellent way to make your Sunday School, homeschool, and Bible studies more interesting. This book uses larger, easier-to-read type than most Bible atlases. Get your copy today!
Download or read book NIV Archaeological Study Bible written by Zondervan, and published by Zondervan. This book was released on 2010-11-23 with total page 11608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bring the ancient biblical world to life Readers who desire a more intimate knowledge of the historical context of the Bible will appreciate the NIV Archaeological Study Bible. Full of informative articles and full-color photographs of places and objects from biblical times, this Bible examines the archaeological record surrounding God’s Word and brings the biblical world to life. Readers’ personal studies will be enriched as they become more informed about the empires, places, and peoples of the ancient world. Features: Complete text of the accurate, readable, and clear New International Version (NIV) Four-color interior throughout Bottom-of-page study notes exploring passages that speak on archaeological and cultural facts 520 articles covering five main categories: Archaeological Sites, Cultural and Historical Notes, Ancient Peoples and Lands, the Reliability of the Bible, and Ancient Texts and Artifacts Approximately 500 4-color photographs interspersed throughout Detailed book introductions that provide basic, at-a-glance information Detailed charts on pertinent topics In-text color maps that assist the reader in placing the action
Download or read book Syriac 7 Maccabees written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2024-08-18 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to these five books of the Maccabees found within the Peshitta, there is additional Syriac literature associated with the woman and her seven sons, who were tortured to death by King Antiochus. A lesser-known Syriac work is The Story of the Lady and her Seven Sons, which Western biblical scholars have dubbed 7ᵗʰ Maccabees. 7ᵗʰ Maccabees does not appear to have been significantly altered by Christians. There is a reference to the youths believing in the Messiah that is often assumed to be a reference to Jesus by Christians, however, the prophecy of the Messiah long predated the time of Jesus. Therefore, it does not indicate the work of a Christian editor, but simply that the youths believed a Messiah would come to save the Judeans. This story could also be interpreted as evidence that Judas the hammer was once considered the Messiah, as he drove the Greeks out of Judea. However, he is not viewed that way today. If the story was associated with Judas’ cause at one point, it could explain why 6ᵗʰ and 8ᵗʰ Maccabees refer to the youths as the Maccabean martyrs. The name of the lady is also rendered strangely in 7ᵗʰ Maccabees. In 6ᵗʰ Maccabees, she is called Lady Shamoni, however, in 7ᵗʰ Maccabees the term mrtả is sometimes spelled as mrỉm or mrtỉm. Mrtả was the Syriac word for ‘lady’ or ‘noble woman,’ which was adopted as the name Martha in Greek, and spread into most European languages. As a result, her name is sometimes translated as ‘Martha,’ with both mrỉm and mrtỉm dismissed as scribal errors. Nevertheless, mrtỉm was the Judeo-Aramaic word for ‘ladies,’ suggesting the word is not an error but a transliteration from an older source text. The Syriac form of Aramaic used simpler pluralization, and mrtả was both the singular and plural form of the word ‘lady/ladies.’ Therefore, the terms mrtỉm or mrtả are both translated as the title ‘lady’ in this translation. It is unclear why the term would have been pluralized in the original Judeo-Aramaic text unless there were originally more than one lady in the text. It suggests her original name was Mary Shamone, however, this name is not consistent with Judean or Aramaic naming conventions from the era. If Mary was a mistranslation of mrtỉm, then this likely originated as a reference to eight noble women, not one. If so, the original title of this work was The Story of the Ladies and Their Seven Sons.
Download or read book Septuagint 2 Paralipomenon written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-11-03 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term Paralipomena, which means 'things left out,' is a general translation of Divrei-hayyamim, which means 'things in the days.' The books are a collection of texts from various eras of Israelite history, spanning the era of the old Israelite Kingdoms, circa 1000 BC, through the Persian conquest, of circa 539 BC. Scholars have debated the origin of the books throughout their history, and there is no consensus within Rabbinical literature, Christian literature, or modern scholarship. The general Rabbinical view is that the two books of Paralipomena were written by one author, as Divrei-hayyamim, and then translated into Greek. The dominant early Christian view was that the books were written by Ezra the Scribe, circa 350 BC, however, this view was generally abandoned in Western Europe during the Protestant Reformation. Modern scholarly analysis has no consensus, however, the books do themselves indicate the eras they were compiled, nevertheless, the authors remain unknown. Based on the references within 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon to the Egyptian king Osorkon I as a Kushite, parts of the book must have been compiled sometime between 943 and 716 BC, when Egypt was part of the Kushite Empire, while later sections of 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon must have been compiled sometime after 539 BC, when Cyrus the Great conquered the Babylonian Empire. The surviving Hebrew text of Divrei-hayyamim does, however, contain a reference to the Temple in Jerusalem as the 'Temple of the Gods,' which means the original text of the book has to predate King Josiah's reforms of circa 625 BC, and likely predates King Hezekiah's similar reforms decades earlier. Both Hezekiah and Josiah are recorded as removing the idols of the gods from the temple, which had by all accounts been in the temple since it was built by King Solomon.
Download or read book Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1900 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor is the earliest known surviving story of a shipwrecked sailor, and as such is the forerunner of many stories of nautical adventure encountering strange magical creatures, from Homer's Odyssey to Sinbad the Sailor. In a broader sense, it is generally considered the oldest piece of Egyptian fiction to survive to the present. Only one copy has been found to date, a single papyrus manuscript that resides at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia, and is designated pHermitage 1115. The exact origin of the papyrus was not properly documented at the time, which was common for early Egyptologists, however, it was most likely recovered in Vladimir Golenishchev's 1884-85 expedition to the Wadi Hammamat, which was the major trade route between the Nile in southern Egypt and the port of El Qoseir on the Red Sea. The papyrus does appear to be complete, however, the story is not. It begins abruptly and ends abruptly, and suggests that it was excised from an older text. The story begins as a ship's captain is returning home from Nubia, on a failed mission of some kind, and then segues to the narrator telling the disinterested captain of a time when was shipwrecked on an island near Punt. It ends as abruptly as it begins, but the scribe confirms that this is the end of the story. Based on the content, it appears that the point of the papyrus was to copy the section of text dealing with the island and the 'Lord of Punt,' which was copied from a longer text in which the captain returned from his failed mission in Nubia, and told the king a story his crewman had told him to make up for the fact that he had nothing to report, but also downplayed the fantastic story by making it clear that it was his boring crewman's story, and not his. The reason for the extraction of the story, was probably because at the time, in the early Middle Kingdom era, the Egyptians were re-exploring their world, and trying to find the lands their ancestors had been trading with. This short work of probable fiction was, nevertheless, about the fabled land of Punt, which the Middle Kingdom reopened trade with during the 11ᵗʰ dynasty. Under the 11ᵗʰ dynasty's Mentuhotep III, an officer named Hannu reopened trade with Punt, however, it is unknown if he personally sailed there or simply organized the expedition. The most probable time for Imenyas pen-Imeny to have excised the story was before that first mission of Hannu, when the Egyptians were scouring their records for information on Punt. The fact that it was abandoned in the Wadi Hammamat, the route taken from the capital at Thebes to the Red Sea port of El Qoseir, seems to be a pretty strong indicator that the navigator did not see any value in the text, and did not even bother carrying it all the way to the harbor.
Download or read book Latin Apocalypse of Ezra written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early centuries of the Christian era, several texts called the Apocalypse of Ezra were in circulation among Jews and Christians. The original is believed to have been written in Hebrew, Aramaic, or Syriac, and is commonly known as the Judahite Apocalypse of Ezra. This version was translated into Greek sometime before 200 AD and circulated widely within the early Christian churches. This book claimed that the prophet ‘Shealtiel, who was called Ezra’ wrote 904 books, and its popularity seems to have inspired several Christian era Apocalypses of Ezra, presumably beginning with the short Latin Apocalypse of Ezra which claimed to be the ‘second book of the prophet Ezra.’ The prophet Shealtiel was not Ezra the scribe, who the books of Ezra are named after in the Septuagint and Masoretic text, but the son of former King Jehoiachin of Judah, who had been taken captive by the Babylonians in 597 BC. The shorter Latin Apocalypse of Ezra has become fused with the Judahite Apocalypse of Ezra in most Catholic and Protestant translations, however, scholars divide the Catholic versions of 4ᵗʰ Esdras (Protestant 2ⁿᵈ Esdras) into three sections, with only the core twelve chapters that correspond to the Orthodox and Ethiopian versions of the book labeled as 4ᵗʰ Ezra. The opening two chapters, which are only found in the Catholic version, are labeled as 5ᵗʰ Ezra, while the last 2 chapters found in Catholic version, as well as fragments surviving in an ancient Greek translation, are labeled 6ᵗʰ Ezra. 5ᵗʰ Ezra and 6ᵗʰ Ezra appear to have originally been one document, which is commonly called the Latin Apocalypse of Ezra, although it was almost certainly not written in Latin. In chapter 1 and 2 of the apocalypse, which is 5ᵗʰ Ezra, the author claimed to be Ezra the scribe, and gave his genealogy, which is found in the books of Ezra found in the Masoretic text and Septuagint, however, then claims he had been held captive in Media during the time of Artaxerxes. Chapter 3 and the beginning of chapter 4 of the apocalypse, the bulk of 6ᵗʰ Ezra, appears to be much older, and describe a world that the author of the longer apocalypse did not seem to understand. The prophecy itself was focused on fall of the Assyrian Empire, which did fall in 609 BC. The Assyrian Empire fell to a large alliance of its enemies, including the Medes, Scythians, and the rebelling Babylonians. The prophet, whoever it was, did not know this would happen, and did not mention the Medes or Scythians, and prophesied that after defeating the Assyrians, the conquerors would besiege Babylon, demonstrating the prophesy was made before Babylon revolted in 626 BC.
Download or read book Peshitta 5 Maccabees written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2024-05-30 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Peshitta includes Syriac translations of the four books of the Maccabees found in the Septuagint, along with a 5ᵗʰ book of Maccabees, which is also labeled as The History Of The Destruction Of Jerusalem. This book is a Syriac translation of the 6ᵗʰ book of Josephus’ The Judean War. General Josephus had started on the Judean side of the rebellion, however, was captured by the Romans, and survived the war. During the fall of Jerusalem, he was part of Caesar Titus’ entourage who tried to negotiate with the Judean rebels in Jerusalem. After the destruction of Jerusalem, Josephus was given some of the surviving archives and wrote Antiquities of the Judeans, as well as The Judean War. These books survive in Greek, however, it is generally agreed that Josephus wrote these books in Aramaic, and then translated them into Greek. The Syrian churches have traditionally claimed that the Peshitta’s 5ᵗʰ Maccabees is a Syriac transliteration of Josephus’ original Aramaic text. The Peshitta’s 5ᵗʰ Maccabees is often confused with the Arabic book of Maccabees in English literature due to a misidentification by the Anglican historian Henry Cotton in 1832. Josphus’ writing is also part of the Ge‘ez language extended canon of the Ethiopian bible, however, the Ge‘ez translations are longer, and it is debated if they were made from the old Aramaic versions or an Arabic translation. 5ᵗʰ Maccabees seems to have been added to the Peshitta in order to create a conclusion to the history of the kingdom of Judea, as it is just the section of The Judean War which covers the conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple. Josephus’ intent was to accurately record the fall of Judea and is generally considered a reliable source. Not all of the 1ˢᵗ century historians agreed with Josephus’ view of what happened.
Download or read book Septuagint Isaiah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the Book of Isaiah, he lived during the reigns of several Judahite Kings including Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, spanning the late 700s and early 600s BC, working as a prophet for possibly more than 80 years. The Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds both report that he was killed by King Manasseh, who ruled between 687 and 643 BC, however, the stories differ somewhat. In the older Jerusalem Talmud Gemara, complied between 350 and 400 AD, reports that Isaiah was killed when a tree he was hiding in was cut down on the orders of King Manasseh, while the later Babylonian Talmud Gemara, complied between 400 and 500 AD, reports that King Manasseh had Isaiah sawed in half, not the tree he was hiding in. In both cases, King Manasseh ordered the execution of Isaiah as a heretic because he had claimed to have seen God, while in the Torah Moses claimed no one could see God and live. This seems inconsistent with the reports in 4th Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings), in which Manasseh was a polytheist, as polytheists could see at least some of their gods, such as the sun, moon, and earth. Therefore, it is more likely that if Manasseh did have Isaiah executed, it was because Isaiah denounced his rule of Judah, as Isaiah’s final chapters are clearly a denouncement of Judah, and could not have taken place before Manasseh’s time. The stories of how Isaiah died in the Torahs were likely copied from the earlier Lives of the Prophets, generally dated to the 1st-century AD, which also was later used by Muslim scholars who recognize Isaiah (أشعياء) as a prophet even though he was not mentioned in the Quran or Hadith. As Manasseh could not have executed Isaiah until after the death of Hezekiah, who Isaiah was closely allied with, Isiah could not have been killed until after 687 BC and must have been killed before 643 BC. It is reported in Rabbinical literature that Isaiah was the maternal grandfather of Manasseh, which, if true, would mean Isaiah was the father of Manasseh’s mother Hephzibah, and thereby father-in-law of King Hezekiah, which would support Isaiah’s claim to have been a major prophet in the time of Hezekiah’s father Ahaz’s reign, between 732 and 716 BC. Therefore his rise to prominence as a prophet must have taken place during the reign of King Jotham, circa 742 and 735 BC, and likely his predecessor king Uzziah between 783 and 742 BC. This indicates that Isaiah was in his 90s or older when Manasseh had him executed, which makes his climbing a tree unlikely and supports the alternate report, that Manasseh had him sawed in half, and not a tree he was hiding in. The book of 4th Kingdoms reports that Manasseh killed supporters of his father Hezekiah’s religious reforms, which would have undoubtedly included Isaiah, and therefore, while the execution of Isaiah is not itself found in the Septuagint or Masoretic Tanakh, it is implied. Archaeological evidence has shown that at the beginning of the era of Isaiah, the Kingdoms of Samaria and Judah went through considerable changes. When Uzziah reigned in Jerusalem, the larger Kingdom of Samaria to the north was the wealthiest and most populous nation in Canaan and had occupied the kingdoms of Aram and Hama to the north, giving the Samarians a dominant position in the region, occupying most of modern northern Israel, the northern Palestinian West Bank, eastern Lebanon, and western Syria. At the time, the coastal cities of Sidon and Tyre continued to be independent, as well as Judah to the south, and Moab, Ammon, and Edom to the southeast. This era of wealth and prosperity was suddenly and dramatically ended by a magnitude 8 earthquake circa 760 BC, which would have caused aftershocks for up to a year. Entire cities were leveled, and the Dead Sea fault Zone was radically altered, causing a drop in the water levels and a general drying of the Arabah region to the south of the Dead Sea.
Download or read book Vetus Latina Esther written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2021 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Vetus Latina is a collection of Latin language translations of the ancient Israelite texts, mainly based on the Greek language Septuagint translation. Not all of the Vetus Latina books were translated from the Septuagint though, as some were translated from versions of the ancient texts that do not otherwise survive to the present. The Vetus Latina’s version of Esther is one of the books not translated from either the Septuagint or proto-Masoretic versions of Esther, and therefore, is the fourth primary source for the Book of Esther. The Vetus Latina, which translates as ‘Old Latin,’ were the texts in use in the Latin-speaking regions of the Roman Empire, prior to the Orthodox Church ordering an official translation into Latin, which was created by Jerome, between 382 and 405 AD. The settling of the book is also an issue that has been debated over the centuries. The king in the story is called Artaxerxes in the Vaticanus and Vetus Latina versions, but Ahasuerus in the Masoretic and Alpha versions of the book. The name Ahasuerus is not the proper translation of Artaxerxes, but of Xerxes, and most modern scholars believe the classical translation of Artaxerxes was an error. There are many indicators in the story, that point to it being set in the era of Xerxes I, the first of which is the reference to him calling all the satraps (governors) of Persia to the capital of Susa in his third year. Both the Vaticanus and Masoretic versions of Esther agree that it was the third year, while the Vetus Latina reports it was in the twelfth year. As the years in the Vetus Latina are out of order, as the events in the seventh year follow the events of the twelfth, the chronology of the Vetus Latina is suspect, and therefore most scholars accept that the original year referenced by the author was regal year 3 of the king’s reign. In the case of Xerxes I, this was 483 BC, when Xerxes did call his satraps to Susa to plan the invasion of Greece.
Download or read book Septuagint Prayer of Manasseh written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-02-02 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Prayer of Manasseh was found in some copies of the Septuagint, but not all. It is believed to have been added in the 2nd-century BC, which is why it is not found in all copies. The 5th-century Codex Alexandrinus includes the Prayer of Manasseh as one of the 14 Odes, appearing directly after Psalms, however, it often appears at different positions within Bibles, and is treated as a separate work by many Christian denominations. The Prayer of Manasseh is unusual in that it is written by one of the 'evil' kings of Judea, who restored Baalism, and restored the statue of Ba'al to King Solomon's Temple. It is a prayer dedicated to 'the Lord' which is a direct translation of the title Ba'al, and may, therefore, be seen as a Baalist prayer. This is something that has concerned Jews and Christians throughout history, which is why it is not universally considered canon by either Jews or Christians. The author of the Septuagint's 2nd Paralipomenon (Masoretic Diḇrê Hayyāmîm) attempted to resolve the question of Manasseh's prayer by adding a story of his repentance and return to worshiping the Lord (Masoretic Yahweh) after being imprisoned by the King of Assyria, however, that story is not viewed as possible by many, as it would have meant that Judea was conquered by the Assyrians, who then incarcerated the Judean King in Nineveh. There are no records of this, however, Manasseh is mentioned as the King of Judea in the Assyrian records, and the two nations appear to have had cordial relations. The fact that the author of 2nd Paralipomenon felt he needed to explain the existence of the Prayer of Manasseh, proves it was in use by Jews at the time, although, it may not be the Prayer that ended up in the Septuagint. Fragments of a Hebrew Prayer of Manasseh have been found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, however, not enough of them survives to determine how much the two Prayers originally deviated.
Download or read book Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra and the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra, sometimes called the Revelation of Ezra appears to have been reworked in the High Middle Ages. Another version of the apocalypse has survived in Arabic, but attributed to Daniel not Ezra, commonly known as the Arabic Apocalypse of Daniel. The Arabic version is shorter and appears to be older, likely dating to earlier than the time of Muhammad, while the Syriac version has been reworked into an anti-Islamic apocalypse, likely between 1229 and 1244. The apocalypse includes a reference from the High Middle Ages to Muslims as Ishmaelites, and Mongols as Gog and Magog, forming an alliance and conquering Jerusalem. This idea would not have been conceivable until the Mongols defeated the Khwarazmian Empire, an Islamic Turko-Persian empire in Iran and Central Asia. Before that, the idea that the Mongols could reach Jerusalem was not a consideration. The Apocalypse indicates that the city of Jerusalem was occupied by Christians at the time, which would place the anti-Islamic redaction to sometime between 1229 and 1244. The Latin crusaders had been driven out of Jerusalem in 1187, however, the kingdom of Jerusalem continued to exist, first from its capital in Tyre, and later Acre, however, in 1229 Jerusalem was recaptured, and held until 1244. As the Principality of Antioch was another crusader state to the north, and the name ‘Antioch’ appears to have been added earlier in the Apocalypse, the redactor may have meant it as a piece of propaganda intended to garner support from Byzantine Christians, who had not generally participated in the crusades and had better relations with the Muslims than the Catholics. The older Arabic version of the apocalypse likewise appears to have been used for propaganda, however, was anti-Jewish instead of anti-Islamic, and appears to have been written in Aramaic before the time of Muhammad. Based on the dialect of Arabic, it most likely originated in Palestine, among medieval Christians. The Arabic version is much shorter and is mostly paraphrased from the Gospels and other early Christian works, however, the content of the apocalypse is clearly something that was incorporated into the longer Syriac Apocalypse. While the content of the Arabic apocalypse is repeated in the Syriac apocalypse, it is a direct translation, but a series of paraphases that are reinterpreted in an anti-Islamic way. The longer Syriac apocalypse, which must originate much later than the pre-Islamic Arabic apocalypse, nevertheless, has much more content, most of which appears to have been composed in Neo-Babylonian sometime between 597 and 592 BC. The Syriac apocalypse has many Greek loanwords, confirming it was written in Greek, as well as an Arabic word the Syriac translator chose over a Syriac word, suggesting the Syriac translation was done long after Northern Iraq became Arabic speaking. All known copies of the Syriac Apocalypse can be traced to Iraqi Kurdistan, or the old Christian churches of Mosul, just south of Kurdistan. All of the surviving manuscripts are also in the Eastern Syriac script, and ten of the known 15 manuscripts can be linked to the Rabban Hormizd Monastery, of the Chaldean Catholic church, suggesting that all known copies are derived from the texts maintained at the monastery. The oldest known manuscript is from 1702 and is known as MS Mingana Syriac 11, or simplified to Mingana 11. It was copied on January 16, 1702, by a Hoshabo, son of Daniel, son of Joseph the priest, son of Hoshabo, and bought by Alphonse Mingana in the 1920s. Minanga was a British orientalist who had been born in Ottoman Kurdistan, and in the 1920s made multiple trips to northern Iraq to acquire ancient manuscripts, which later became the Mingana Collection at the University of Birmingham, in England.
Download or read book Septuagint Esther Vaticanus Version written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-11-24 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oldest surviving physical copy of Esther is found in the Codex Vaticanus, which dates to circa 350 AD. The version of Ether in the Codex Vaticanus is generally accepted as being the original version added to the Septuagint sometime in the 2ⁿᵈ century BC, however, it claims to have not been translated in Alexandria, like the rest of the Septuagint. There are two other early copies of the common version of Esther found in the Codex Vaticanus, the copy in the Codex Sinaiticus from circa 350 AD, Codex Alexandrinus from circa 450 AD. The term ‘king of the gods’ is found in chapter 4 of the Vaticanus version of Esther, however, does not make sense in the theology that developed in later Judaism, in which there was only one God, indicating the early date of the original composition. The title ‘king of the gods’ was used by Esther in the book, who use the title to refer to the god of the Israelite. While Esther was described as being the Queen (or royal consort) in the texts, she was also described as being a devote worshiped of the Israelite god, and ‘King of the gods’ was not a Zoroastrian title of Ahura Mazda either, as Zoroastrianism was also monotheistic, meaning that this title has to be traced back to the Israelite religion.
Download or read book Tale of Sinuhe written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tale of Sinuhe, also called the Story of Sanhat, is one of the most popular stories that has survived to the present from the Egyptian Middle Kingdom. Dozens of fragments of copies have been found, which is unusual and speaks volumes of how popular it was in the Middle Kingdom. Egyptologists are divided on how much of it is fictional, with some claiming it is a historical text, while others claim it is entirely fictional. The copies that have been found are not identical, with sections of text that were either added to the original, or dropped from the original, and therefore it was altered over time. As a result, the general view within Egyptology is that it likely started as a historical text that was embellished by later scribes. Unfortunately, the original author either did not see a reason to explain what had happened before Sinuhe’s flight from Egypt, or it was removed from the copies that have survived to the present. Sinuhe makes a point of claiming that he was not deserting the army in Libya, but later the king states that he knows that Sinuhe was not plotting against him when he fled Egypt. This suggests that someone had conspired against Senusret I at the beginning of his reign, however, the events of this plot have not survived to the present. It isn’t clear if the details were removed out of respect for the king, or if the author simply expected everyone to know what had happened. The identity of Sinuhe is also somewhat unclear from the surviving texts, however, he appears to be a relative of the Queen, who had grown up with the future king Senusret I. He may have been the army commander sent to conquer the Libyans at the end of Amenemhat I’s reign, as he begins his story there, however, he could have simply been a lieutenant. As a member of the nobility, he was unlikely to be a common soldier. Later, in Syria, he claimed to be a great hero, defeating many enemies on behalf of the local king, suggesting he was well-trained in combat.
