Download or read book Do Tax Credits Stimulate R D Spending The Effect of the R D Tax Credit in Its First Decade written by Nirupama Rao and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the impact of the R&D tax credit between 1981-1991 using confidential IRS data from corporate tax returns. The key advances on previous work are an instrumental variables strategy based on tax law changes that addresses the simultaneity between R&D spending and its user cost and the use of new confidential data. Estimates imply that a ten percent reduction in the user cost of R&D leads the average firm to increase its research intensity -- the ratio of R&D spending to sales -- by 11 percent in the short-run. Long-run estimates imply that firms do face adjustment costs and further increase spending over the longer-run. Analysis of the components of qualified research shows that wages and supplies account for the bulk of the increase in research spending. Comparisons of the elasticity across firms of different sizes, industries, tax status, multi-national status and credit history are also made. Neither small nor young firms appear more responsive in the static analysis but the dynamic model reveals stronger short-run responses, suggesting that they may face lower adjustment costs or liquidity constraints in financing R&D. Long-run and re-timing analyses show no evidence that firms allocate their qualified research spending over time to maximize their R&D tax credits. Elasticities of qualified and total research intensities from a smaller sample suggest firms respond to user cost changes largely by increasing their qualified spending, meaning that what R&D the federal credit deems qualified research is an important margin on which the credit affects firm behavior.

Download or read book The R D Tax Credit written by Kenneth M. Brown and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Incentive Effects of R D Tax Credits written by Ming-Chin Chen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates whether an increase in the R&D tax credit rate stimulates firms' incremental R&D spending, and whether firms plan their R&D spending to take advantage of additional tax credits for incremental R&D spending. We find that the increase in the credit rate has a positive effect on the R&D spending of high-tech firms with taxable status, but does not have the same positive effect on non-high tech firms. In magnitude terms, the increased R&D spending for high-tech (non-high tech) firms is about 27% (6.6%), or 16.78% for the overall sample, which translates into credit-induced increase in R&D spending in Taiwan at $4.58 per dollar of revenue forgone. These results indicate that tax incentives alone may not be effective to increase R&D spending if firms do not have profitable innovation opportunities. Further, we find that when the tax incentive is structured as a credit based on incremental R&D spending over a moving-average base, firms opportunistically time their R&D spending patterns to obtain additional tax credits, resulting in greater variability in R&D spending and potentially unintended loss of tax revenues. This study contributes to the ongoing global debate about the efficacy of tax policies towards R&D, especially in emerging economies, by providing first-time firm-level evidence from a large cross-section of Taiwanese firms.

Download or read book An Early Assessment of Three R D Tax Incentives Provided by the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 written by Eileen L. Collins and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The R D Tax Credit written by Kenneth M. Brown and published by A E I Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effectiveness of Fiscal Incentives for R D written by Irem Guceri and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With growing academic and policy interest in research and development (R&D) tax incentives, the question about their effectiveness has become ever more relevant. In the absence of an exogenous policy reform, the simultaneous determination of companies’ tax positions and their R&D spending causes an identification problem in evaluating tax incentives. To overcome this identification challenge, we exploit a U.K. policy reform and use the population of corporation tax records that provide precise information on the amount of firm-level R&D expenditure. Using difference-in-differences and other panel regression approaches, we find a positive and significant impact of tax incentives on R&D spending, and an implied user cost elasticity estimate of around -1.6. This translates to more than a pound in additional private R&D for each pound foregone in corporation tax revenue.

Download or read book Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry A CBO Study written by Congressional Budget Office and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013-06-09 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perceptions that the pace of new-drug development has slowed and that the pharmaceutical industry is highly profitable have sparked concerns that significant problems loom for future drug development. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) study-prepared at the request of the Senate Majority Leader-reviews basic facts about the drug industry's recent spending on research and development (R&D) and its output of new drugs. The study also examines issues relating to the costs of R&D, the federal government's role in pharmaceutical research, the performance of the pharmaceutical industry in developing innovative drugs, and the role of expected profits in private firms' decisions about investing in drug R&D. In keeping with CBO's mandate to provide objective, impartial analysis, the study makes no recommendations. David H. Austin prepared this report under the supervision of Joseph Kile and David Moore. Colin Baker provided valuable consultation...

Download or read book Evaluating the Effectiveness of State R D Tax Credits written by Y. Ho and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness of state research and development (R & D) tax credit programs in the context of R & D-relevant policies and regional economic development policies. Although there were extensive theoretical recommendations for promoting private R & D, and state R & D tax credit programs have been one of the most popular regional economic development programs, only few evaluations of state R & D tax credit programs have been conducted. Inspired by this lack of previous study, this study provides an empirical finding for the effectiveness of these programs by applying a quasi-experimental approach, which means conducting experiments without randomness, for comparing states with tax credits and states without credits. For dealing with the embedded non-randomness, plausible other explanations that weaken the causal relationship between the programs and the effects were examined and ruled out as much as possible. Rival hypotheses were selected using different tax and government policies, overall business and R & D-specific environments, and firm characteristics. They were eliminated by constructing valid control groups, using the difference-in-differences and matching methods, selecting covariates and matching variables as observable variables, and absorbing year-specific fixed effects and cross-sectional-fixed effects as unobservable variables. The decision was made based on multiple estimates and multiple datasets. The research analyzed two sets of industries: the all industry group and high-technology industy. The major findings are: 1) state R & D tax credits positively affect the increase in R & D spending and increase in employment; 2) positive effects on R & D spending are widespread across the all industry group while positive effects on employment are limited to high-technology industry overall; 3) positive effects on R & D spending are also spread out to different sized firms in both the all industry group and high-technology industry; and 4) positive effects on employment are found mainly in large firms in both the all industry group and high-technology industry. These findings support the utilization of state R & D tax credits. As an indirect intervention, state R & D tax credit programs can increase productivity and encourage innovation by generating additional private R & D activities. State R & D tax credit programs can also make a positive contribution to regional economic growth through the growth of R & D-relevant and high-technology industries.

Download or read book Research Tax Credit written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book U S Tax Guide for Aliens written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book U S Investment Since the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 written by Emanuel Kopp and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-05-31 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is no consensus on how strongly the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) has stimulated U.S. private fixed investment. Some argue that the business tax provisions spurred investment by cutting the cost of capital. Others see the TCJA primarily as a windfall for shareholders. We find that U.S. business investment since 2017 has grown strongly compared to pre-TCJA forecasts and that the overriding factor driving it has been the strength of expected aggregate demand. Investment has, so far, fallen short of predictions based on the postwar relation with tax cuts. Model simulations and firm-level data suggest that much of this weaker response reflects a lower sensitivity of investment to tax policy changes in the current environment of greater corporate market power. Economic policy uncertainty in 2018 played a relatively small role in dampening investment growth.

Download or read book Do Tax Credits Affect R D Expenditures by Small Firms written by Ajay Agrawal and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We exploit a change in eligibility rules for the Canadian Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SRED) tax credit to gain insight on how tax credits impact small-firm R&D expenditures. After a 2004 program change, privately owned firms that became eligible for a 35 percent tax credit (up from a 20 percent rate) on a greater amount of qualifying R&D expenditures increased their R&D spending by an average of 15 percent. Using policy-induced variation in tax rates and R&D tax credits, we estimate the after-tax cost elasticity of R&D to be roughly -1.5. We also show that the response to changes in the after-tax cost of R&D is larger for contract R&D expenditures than for the R&D wage bill and is larger for firms that (a) perform contract R&D services or (b) recently made R&D-related capital investments. We interpret this heterogeneity as evidence that small firms face fixed adjustment costs that lower their responsiveness to a change in the after-tax cost of R&D.

Download or read book Expanding the R D Tax Credit to Drive Innovation Competitiveness and Prosperity written by Robert D. Atkinson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. economy faces a new and formidable competitiveness challenge. Not only has the emergence of a global economy led to the creation of robust new economic competitors, but within the last decade many nations, including most of Southeast Asia and Europe, have made innovation-led economic development a centerpiece of their national economic strategies. Their aggressive use of research and development (R&D) tax incentives is just one indicator of that commitment. Unfortunately, the United States has not kept pace. While we provided the most generous tax treatment of R&D in the late 1980s among OECD nations, by 2004 we had fallen to 17th. Addressing this new competitiveness challenge will require policy makers to take a host of steps, including improving education and significantly increasing funding for research. Yet while these steps are necessary, they are not sufficient to win the competitiveness challenge. Policy needs to do more than boost the supply of innovation resources (e.g., a better trained workforce and increased basic research discoveries); it must also spur demand by companies to locate more of their innovation-based production in the United States. If the United States is to remain the world's preeminent location for technological innovation (and the high paying jobs that result), Congress will need to significantly expand the Research and Experimentation Tax Credit. To do that Congress should: - Make the R&D tax credit permanent, - Double the rate of the regular credit from 20 percent to 40 percent, - Expand the Alternative Simplified Credit, - Create a flat credit for Collaborative R&D, - Allow firms to expense in the first year expenditures on research equipment, and - Exempt the credit from the corporate Alternative Minimum Tax.

Download or read book Rethinking Property Tax Incentives for Business written by Daphne A. Kenyon and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of property tax incentives for business by local governments throughout the United States has escalated over the last 50 years. While there is little evidence that these tax incentives are an effective instrument to promote economic development, they cost state and local governments $5 to $10 billion each year in forgone revenue. Three major obstacles can impede the success of property tax incentives as an economic development tool. First, incentives are unlikely to have a significant impact on a firm's profitability since property taxes are a small part of the total costs for most businesses--averaging much less than 1 percent of total costs for the U.S. manufacturing sector. Second, tax breaks are sometimes given to businesses that would have chosen the same location even without the incentives. When this happens, property tax incentives merely deplete the tax base without promoting economic development. Third, widespread use of incentives within a metropolitan area reduces their effectiveness, because when firms can obtain similar tax breaks in most jurisdictions, incentives are less likely to affect business location decisions. This report reviews five types of property tax incentives and examines their characteristics, costs, and effectiveness: property tax abatement programs; tax increment finance; enterprise zones; firm-specific property tax incentives; and property tax exemptions in connection with issuance of industrial development bonds. Alternatives to tax incentives should be considered by policy makers, such as customized job training, labor market intermediaries, and business support services. State and local governments also can pursue a policy of broad-based taxes with low tax rates or adopt split-rate property taxation with lower taxes on buildings than land.State policy makers are in a good position to increase the effectiveness of property tax incentives since they control how local governments use them. For example, states can restrict the use of incentives to certain geographic areas or certain types of facilities; publish information on the use of property tax incentives; conduct studies on their effectiveness; and reduce destructive local tax competition by not reimbursing local governments for revenue they forgo when they award property tax incentives.Local government officials can make wiser use of property tax incentives for business and avoid such incentives when their costs exceed their benefits. Localities should set clear criteria for the types of projects eligible for incentives; limit tax breaks to mobile facilities that export goods or services out of the region; involve tax administrators and other stakeholders in decisions to grant incentives; cooperate on economic development with other jurisdictions in the area; and be clear from the outset that not all businesses that ask for an incentive will receive one.Despite a generally poor record in promoting economic development, property tax incentives continue to be used. The goal is laudable: attracting new businesses to a jurisdiction can increase income or employment, expand the tax base, and revitalize distressed urban areas. In a best case scenario, attracting a large facility can increase worker productivity and draw related firms to the area, creating a positive feedback loop. This report offers recommendations to improve the odds of achieving these economic development goals.

Download or read book The Forgotten Americans written by Isabel Sawhill and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-01 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sobering account of a disenfranchised American working class and important policy solutions to the nation's economic inequalities One of the country's leading scholars on economics and social policy, Isabel Sawhill addresses the enormous divisions in American society--economic, cultural, and political--and what might be done to bridge them. Widening inequality and the loss of jobs to trade and technology has left a significant portion of the American workforce disenfranchised and skeptical of governments and corporations alike. And yet both have a role to play in improving the country for all. Sawhill argues for a policy agenda based on mainstream values, such as family, education, and work. Although many have lost faith in government programs designed to help them, there are still trusted institutions on both the local and the federal level that can deliver better job opportunities and higher wages to those who have been left behind. At the same time, the private sector needs to reexamine how it trains and rewards employees. This book provides a clear-headed and middle-way path to a better-functioning society in which personal responsibility is honored and inclusive capitalism and more broadly shared growth are once more the norm.

Download or read book The Effect of State level Research and Development Tax Credits written by Lolita Anna Paff and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is the first study to provide evidence of the effects state-level research and development tax credits have on firm research choice behavior. It is also the first on the federal or state level to provide evidence of the effectiveness of the alternate form of R & D tax credit. Based on a unique data set developed for this study, econometric modeling of firm R & D investment is tested with data from two sources on a sample of pharmaceutical and software firms headquartered in California or Massachusetts. As of 1997, California offered increased R & D standard computation tax credit rates for basic and in-house R & D and instituted the alternate form of credit. Massachusetts has made no change in its tax R & D credit rates, nor does it offer the alternate form of credit. The before (1994--1996) and after (1997--1999) R & D choice of firms in the two states is compared. There are two principle findings from the analysis. First, firms in the same industry but different located in different states face statistically different research tax prices. The R & D expenditure choice of the pharmaceutical firms in California applying the standard form of credit computation is consistent with the increased state-level R & D tax credit rates affecting firm R & D choice. The pharmaceutical results are robust to changes in computational assumptions and firms tested. Within the same state, firms in the two industries faced different tax prices and exhibited different R & D investment behavior. The R & D choice behavior of the software firms is consistent with the availability of the alternate credit leading to increased R & D expenditure as well. The outcomes highlight the need for research policy analysis to be performed at the industry level. Second, the model's results are robust differences in data source. The estimates obtained from the 10-K and Compustat data were similar but the Compustat results were biased upward. This suggests that studies based on Compustat data may overstate firms' sensitivity to research tax credit policy.

Download or read book Studies in International Taxation written by Alberto Giovannini and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1996-02-15 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a united global economy evolves, economists and policymakers are forced to consider whether the current system of taxing income is inconsistent with the trend toward liberalized world financial flows and increased international competition. To help assess existing tax policies and incentives, this volume presents new research on how taxes affect the investment and financing decisions of multinationals today. The contributors examine the effects of taxation on decisions about international financial management, business investment, and international income shifting. They consider the influence of tax rules on dividend policy decisions within multinationals; the extent to which tax incentives affect the level and location of research and development across countries; and the fact that foreign-controlled companies operating in the United States pay lower taxes than do domestically controlled companies. The contributors to this volume are Rosanne Altshuler, Alan J. Auerbach, Neil Bruce, Timothy Goodspeed, Roger H. Gordon, Harry Grubert, Bronwyn H. Hall, David Harris, Kevin Hassett, James R. Hines Jr., Roy D. Hogg, Joosung Jun, Jeffrey K. Mackie-Mason, Jack M. Mintz, Randall Morck, John Mutti, T. Scott Newlon, James M. Poterba, Joel Slemrod, Deborah Swenson, G. Peter Wilson, and Bernard Yeung.