Download or read book Do Environmental Regulations Effect FDI Decisions written by Haeyeon Yoon and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an attempt to verify the pollution haven hypothesis, this study investigates the impact of environmental regulations on foreign direct investment (FDI). We use Korean outward FDI data covering the manufacturing sector for 2009-15. The study not only considers the stringency but also the enforcement of environmental regulations when measuring the degree of the host country's environmental regulations. Since the pollution haven's effects indicate moving the polluting production stages from the home country to other (host) countries, we distinguish between investments in the 'production' part from that in the non-production part using location information about the host country. The main results of the estimation of a FDI model show that the stricter the regulations in host countries in Asia the lower the FDI both intensively and extensively to those countries. This supports the prevalence of the effects of pollution havens. However, before we separate the FDI into the production part, the effect of environmental regulations on FDI is hindered by the FDI in the non-production part. The results indicate that environmental regulations are determinants of FDI in the production part, while environmental regulations do not have a significant effect on FDI decisions when the entire FDI is considered.

Download or read book Do Environmental Regulations Effect FDI Decisions The Pollution Haven Hypothesis Revisited written by Haeyeon Yoon and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an attempt to verify the pollution haven hypothesis, this study investigates the impact of environmental regulations on foreign direct investment (FDI). We use Korean outward FDI data covering the manufacturing sector for 2009-15. The study not only considers the stringency but also the enforcement of environmental regulations when measuring the degree of the host country's environmental regulations. Since the pollution haven's effects indicate moving the polluting production stages from the home country to other (host) countries, we distinguish between investments in the 'production' part from that in the non-production part using location information about the host country. The main results of the estimation of a FDI model show that the stricter the regulations in host countries in Asia the lower the FDI both intensively and extensively to those countries. This supports the prevalence of the effects of pollution havens. However, before we separate the FDI into the production part, the effect of environmental regulations on FDI is hindered by the FDI in the non-production part. The results indicate that environmental regulations are determinants of FDI in the production part, while environmental regulations do not have a significant effect on FDI decisions when the entire FDI is considered.

Download or read book Environmental Interests in Investment Arbitration written by Flavia Marisi and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2020-01-24 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Interests in Investment Arbitration Challenges and Directions Flavia Marisi Economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection stand at the core of sustainable development, which aims to deliver long-term growth for current and future generations. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can play a key role in sustainable development. Host states’ benefits descending from FDI inflows include tax revenues, technology transfer, specialised training of local human resources, network with satellite activities, better availability of quality products and customer-centric services. These downstream effects jointly stimulate economic growth and social inclusion. This thoroughly researched book explores the relationship between environmental protection – the third component of sustainable development – and FDI. In practice, the intersection between environmental protection and foreign investment not only has generated remarkable success stories such as cross-sectoral green investment but has also in some instances led to severe cases of environmental degradation. Certain foreign investments resulted in open-pit mines leaking harmful substances into the soil, excessive deforestation, improper treatment of water, pollution of groundwater and contamination of mud pits following oil exploitation, leaving the host state with significant environmental damage. Some other cases have witnessed the host state withdrawing or infringing its own environmental policies, which could, in principle, lead to a decrease in the value of the foreign investment as a result of natural resources deterioration. In recent years, an increasing number of investment arbitration cases have seen a clash between the states’ commitments towards their citizens, which include the duty to protect the environment, their health and well-being, and the commitment towards foreign investors to protect their investments. In this book, the author focuses on investor-state cases in which environmental protection measures have been contested and discusses substantive mechanisms in treaty drafting, rules of Customary International Law, and interpretation doctrines, which are aimed at taking environmental concerns into consideration. The topics covered include the following: statistical analysis of investor-state cases where environmental protection measures have been contested; the role of environmental principles in investor-state arbitration; treaty mechanisms addressing environmental concerns; legal tools available under Customary International Law to address environmental interests; the application of the doctrines of proportionality, police powers, and margin of appreciation; and environmental counterclaims as an instrument to claim compensation for environmental damage. The author provides a detailed framework on the normative architecture, offers an extensive analysis of the relevant case law, and proposes concrete solutions to the identified clashes, aimed at refining the balance between environmental and investment protection. With its in-depth analysis and careful documentation, this book aptly captures the inherent fragmentation of international law and undoubtedly represents an invaluable resource for both international law practitioners and scholars. The solution-oriented approach adopted in the book will be welcomed by legal counsel, law firms, investment treaty negotiators, and decision makers at the different stages of investment lawmaking and practice, as well as by international institutions and academics.

Download or read book Moving to Greener Pastures written by Gunnar S. Eskeland and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents evidence on whether multinationals are flocking to developing country 'pollution havens'. Although we find some evidence that foreign investors locate in sectors with high levels of air pollution, the evidence is weak at best. We then examine whether foreign firms pollute less than their peers. We find that foreign plants are significantly more energy efficient and use cleaner types of energy. We conclude with an analysis of US outbound investment. Although the pattern of US foreign investment is skewed towards industries with high costs of pollution abatement, the results are not robust across specifications.

Download or read book Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment written by Beata K. Smarzynska Javorcik and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The "pollution haven" hypothesis states that multinational firms, particularly those in highly polluting industries, relocate to countries with weak environmental standards. Despite the plausibility and popularity of this hypothesis, Smarzynska and Wei find only weak evidence in its favor.

Download or read book Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2019 2020 written by World Bank Group and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-07-06 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2019-2020 provides novel analytical insights, empirical evidence, and actionable recommendations for governments seeking to enhance investor confidence in times of uncertainty. The report's findings and policy recommendations are organized around "3 ICs" - they provide guidance to governments on how to increase investments' contributions to their country's development, enhance investor confidence, and foster their economies' investment competitiveness. The report presents results of a new survey of more than 2,400 business executives representing FDI in 10 large developing countries: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. The results show that over half of surveyed foreign businesses have already been adversely affected by policy uncertainty, experiencing a decrease in employment, firm productivity, or investment. Foreign investors report that supporting political environments, stable macroeconomic conditions, and conducive regulatory regimes are their top three investment decision factors. Moreover, the report's new global database of regulatory risk shows that predictability and transparency increase investor confidence and FDI flows. The report also assesses the impact of FD! on poverty, inequality, employment, and firm performance using evidence from various countries. It shows that FDI in developing countries yields benefits to their firms and citizens-including more and better-paid jobs-but governments need to be vigilant about possible adverse consequences on income distribution. The report is organized in S chapters: Chapter 1 presents the results of the foreign investor survey. Chapter 2 explores the differential performance and development impact of greenfield FDI, local firms acquired by multinational corporations {i.e. brownfield FDI), and domestically-owned firms using evidence from six countries. Chapter 3 assesses the impact of FDI on poverty, inequality, employment and wages, using case study evidence from Ethiopia, Turkey and Vietnam. Chapter 4 presents a new framework to measure FDI regulatory risk that is linked to specific legal and regulatory measures. Chapter S focuses on factors for increasing the effectiveness of investment promotion agencies.

Download or read book The Geography of International Investment written by Howard J. Shatz and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multinationals have become increasingly important to the world economy. Overseas production by U.S. affiliates is three times U.S. exports, for example. Who is investing where, for sales where?

Download or read book Discussion of the Relation Between Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy written by Sascha Müller and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: 1,7, University of Würzburg, language: English, abstract: Changes in the business environment affect strategic decisions sustainably. The problem firms are facing is that due to the ongoing globalization and cross-linking of companies around the globe, strategic decisions are influenced by both our own environmental changes and those happening to business partners. Hence, decision making has become more complex over the last few decades. The business environment is affected by several factors. Ward et. al. (1995) identified four different variables: business costs, labor availability, market hostility and dynamism. In this paper the focus is on changing environmental regulations and their effects on corporate strategies. As Larsson et. al. (1996) showed legislative changes have a major effect on strategic decisions and can be decided before long. This makes legislative changes a general concern for change management. Moreover, environmental standards differ from country to country or at least from region to region. Environmental regulations have to be kept in mind if investment decisions are to be made. In this paper it will be discussed how environmental regulations affect company's strategies on the basis of Rugman's and Verbeke's framework. Before introducing this framework two frequently discussed effects in economic research will also be looked at to point out what variables influence companies' decisions concerning their strategic environmental decisions.

Download or read book New Voices in Investment written by Maria Laura Gómez Mera and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study analyzes the characteristics, motivations, strategies, and needs of FDI from emerging markets. It draws from a survey of investors and potential investors in Brazil, India, South Korea, and South Africa.

Download or read book Environmental Regulation written by John F. McEldowney and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Featuring an original introduction by the editors, this important collection of essays explores the main issues surrounding the regulation of the environment. The expert contributors illustrate that regulating the environment in the UK is conceptually complex, involves a diverse range of institutions, techniques and methodologies and crosses geographical and national boundaries. In the USA it is more formalised, juridical, adversarial and formally dependent upon legal rules. The articles highlight the fact that despite differences in the UK and the USA's regulatory styles, environmental regulation today has much in common with both traditions.

Download or read book Environmental Regulation and Its Impact on Foreign Investment written by Dennis Campbell and published by Springer. This book was released on 1992-09-02 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pace of environmental regulation in recent years may have been at the expense of its coordination and consistency. In many states, it can appear an amorphous and confusing, perhaps even spiteful, puzzle for business, the public, the legal profession, and possibly even those authorities charged with administering it. The information provided in this book provides a starting point for foreign investors in their investigation of the environmental regulations and the related social priorities which will have an increasing impact on their investment decisions and strategies. Often, in such matters, the first vital step is to be able to put the right questions. To facilitate that exercise, lawyers from Austria, Australie, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and the United States have combined to provide this excellent analytical overview of the regulatory schemes and major environmental issues in their respective jurisdiction. A separate chapter is included on the rules of the EC.

Download or read book Five Years After Rio written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Rhetoric to Actio: Policies for Sustainable Development; Selected Case Studies from the Policy Matrix.

Download or read book The Effect of Treaties on Foreign Direct Investment written by Karl P Sauvant and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-03-27 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past twenty years, foreign direct investments have spurred widespread liberalization of the foreign direct investment (FDI) regulatory framework. By opening up to foreign investors and encouraging FDI, which could result in increased capital and market access, many countries have improved the operational conditions for foreign affiliates and strengthened standards of treatment and protection. By assuring investors that their investment will be legally protected with closed bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and double taxation treaties (DTTs), this in turn creates greater interest in FDI.

Download or read book International Friction and Cooperation in High Technology Development and Trade written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-10-10 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book National Air Pollutant Emission Trends written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Employment Effects of Environmental Policies Evidence From Firm Level Data written by Mr. Adil Mohommad and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-05-14 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The employment impact of environmental policies is an important question for policy makers. We examine the effect of increasing the stringency of environmental policy across a broad set of policies on firms’ labor demand, in a novel identification approach using Worldscope data from 31 countries on firm-level CO2 emissions. Drawing on evidence from as many as 5300 firms over 15 years and the OECD environmental policy stringency (EPS) index, it finds that high emission-intensity firms reduce labor demand upon impact as EPS is tightened, whereas low emission-intensity firms increase labor demand, indicating a reallocation of employment. Moreover, tightening EPS during economic contractions appears to have a positive effect on employment, other things equal. Quantifications exercises show modest positive net changes in employment for market-based policies, and modest negative net changes for non-market policies (mainly emission quantity regulations) and for the combined aggregate EPS. Within market-based policies, the percent decline in employment in high-emission firms (correspondingly the increase in low-emission firms) for a unit change in a policy index is smallest (largest) for trading schemes (“green” certificates, and “white” certificates)—although stringency is not comparable across indices. Finally, the employment effects of EPS are not persistent.

Download or read book Location Decision of Foreign Direct Investment written by Klarizze Puzon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines whether lax environmental policy and abundant natural resources both attract foreign direct investment (FDI). At first, their potential effects are discussed using arguments from the pollution haven hypothesis and the natural resource curse. Using cross-country Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regressions and robustness checks like Instrumental Variable Two-Stage Least Squares (IV-2SLS), it was observed that foreign firms prefer to locate in countries that are resource-abundant or resource export-dependent. Inward FDI also tend to be directed toward countries with relatively stricter environmental regulations.