Download or read book Do Criminal Laws Influence HIV Risk Behavior An Empirical Trial written by Scott Burris and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All states have criminal laws that can be used to punish sexual behaviors that pose some risk of HIV transmission; half have HIV-specific laws criminalizing sexual contact by people with HIV unless they abstain from unsafe sex, or disclose their HIV status and obtain consent from their partners. Whether these laws influence behavior is unknown. Illinois and New York exhibit contrasting legal conditions. Illinois has an HIV-specific law explicitly requiring disclosure by HIV+ persons. New York has no HIV-specific law. This study tests the null hypothesis that differences in law and beliefs about the law do not influence condom use in anal or vaginal sex. In this empirical study, 490 people at elevated risk of HIV were interviewed, 248 in Chicago and 242 in New York City. Approximately half in each state were men who have sex with men ("MSM") and half were injecting drug users ("IDUs"). Respondents were classified as MSM if they reported ever having had sex with a man, and as IDUs if they reported having injected drugs at least twice in the last three months. One-hundred sixty two subjects reported known HIV infection (Chicago 58; New York City 104). Three-hundred twenty-eight reported being HIV negative or not knowing their HIV status. Indicators of the law were 1) residence in the state, and 2) belief that it is a crime for a person with HIV to have sex with another person without disclosing his or her serostatus. Using stepwise logistic regression, we examined independent predictors of unprotected sex, adjusting for factors including age, race/ethnicity, disclosure, biological sex at birth, sexual orientation and number of partners. People who lived in a state with a criminal law explicitly regulating sexual behavior of the HIV-infected were little different in their self-reported sexual behavior from people in a state without such a law. People who believed the law required the infected to practice safer sex or disclose their status reported being just as risky in their sexual behavior as those who did not. Our data do not support the proposition that passing a law prohibiting unsafe sex or requiring disclosure of infection influences people's normative beliefs about risky sex. Most people in our study believed that it was wrong to expose others to the virus and right to disclose infection to their sexual partners. These convictions were not influenced by the respondents' beliefs about the law or whether they lived in a state with such a law or not. Because law was not significantly influencing sexual behavior, our results also undermine the claim that such laws drive people with and or at risk of HIV away from health services and interventions. We failed to refute the null hypothesis that criminal law has no influence on sexual risk behavior. Criminal law is not a clearly useful intervention for promoting disclosure by HIV+ people to their sex partners. Given concerns about possible negative effects of criminal law, such as stigmatization or reluctance to cooperate with health authorities, our findings suggest caution in deploying criminal law as a behavior change intervention for seropositives.
Download or read book The Impact of HIV AIDS on Criminology and Criminal Justice written by Mark M. Lanier and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-08 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The occurrence of HIV/AIDS has dramatically affected every aspect of justice systems worldwide. Legal, law enforcement and custody issues abound. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of these issues as well as strategies and solutions.
Download or read book The Impacts of HIV specific Criminal Laws on HIV Serostatus Disclosure Risk Behaviors and HIV Testing written by Shao-Chiu Juan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Criminalization of HIV written by Scott Burris and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the HIV epidemic, criminal law has been invoked to deter and punish sexual transmission. The public health community has not favored the enactment of criminal laws specifically targeting people with HIV, nor endorsed the application of general criminal laws to HIV - but neither has it taken a vigorous stand against them. Meanwhile, governments continue to adopt HIV-specific criminal laws, and individuals with HIV continue to be prosecuted under general criminal law around the world. This comment argues that criminal law cannot draw reasonable, enforceable lines between criminal and non-criminal behavior, nor protect individuals or society from HIV transmission. In the protection of women, it is a poor substitute for policies that go to the roots of subordination and gender-based violence. The use of criminal law to address HIV is inappropriate except in rare cases where a person acts with conscious intent to transmit HIV and does so.
Download or read book Criminalising Contagion written by Catherine Stanton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-06-09 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of the criminal law to punish those who transmit disease is a topical and controversial issue. To date, the law, and the related academic literature, has largely focused on HIV transmission. With contributions from leading practitioners and international scholars from a variety of disciplines, this volume explores the broader question of if and when it is appropriate to criminalise the transmission of contagion. The scope and application of the laws in jurisdictions such as Canada, the United Kingdom and Norway are considered, historical comparisons are examined, and options for the further development of the law are proposed.
Download or read book AIDS and the Law written by Skinner-Thompson, Scott and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2015-12-18 with total page 1424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AIDS and the Law provides comprehensive coverage of the complex legal issues, as well as the underlying medical and scientific issues, surrounding the HIV epidemic. Covering a broad range of legal fields from employment to health care to housing and privacy rights, this essential resource provides thorough up-to-date coverage of a rapidly changing area of law. The Fifth Edition of AIDS and the Law has been updated to include: Updates regarding medical advancements in treating and preventing HIV, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) Analysis of the FDA's revised recommendations for blood donations from men who have sex with men Synthesized and streamlined analysis of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 Comprehensive discussion of housing protections for people living with HIV Updates regarding the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, including the revised Strategy released in 2015 Important developments regarding the U.S. government's treatment of HIV-positive immigrants Discussion of the Affordable Care Act's anti-discrimination provisions for people living with HIV Overview of new international and foreign protections for people living with HIV Information on navigating the many public benefit regimes potentially available to people living with HIV Detailed discussion regarding protections for prisoners living with HIV, including new case law forbidding segregation
Download or read book AIDS and the Law 6th Edition written by Skinner-Thompson, Scott and published by Wolters Kluwer. This book was released on 2019-12-17 with total page 1370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AIDS and the Law, Sixth Edition AIDS and the Law provides comprehensive coverage of the complex legal issues, as well as the underlying medical and scientific issues, surrounding the HIV epidemic. Covering a broad range of legal fields from employment to health care to housing and privacy rights, this essential resource provides thorough up-to-date coverage of a rapidly changing area of law. AIDS and the Law brings you up-to-date on the latest developments, including: Updates regarding additional consensus that Undetectable = Untransmittable (Chapter 2) Overview of continuing efforts to chip away at the Affordable Care Act (Chapter 2) Discussion regarding states now imposing work requirements for Medicaid (Chapter 9) Analysis of the Trump Administration's many changes to immigration policy, including policing of immigrants seeking public benefits (Chapter 11)Overview of the Department of Justice's decision regarding whether domestic violence can serve as the basis for asylum (Chapter 11) Updates on new Supreme Court precedent regarding exhaustion of administrative remedies under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (Chapter 14) New case law pertaining to the impact of HIV in the family law context (Chapter 13)
Download or read book Legal Responses to HIV and AIDS written by James P Chalmers and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2008-10-31 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1980s legislators and courts have responded in a variety of ways to the onset of the AIDS pandemic. Some responses have been sensitive to the needs of those with HIV, seeking to guarantee heightened levels of confidentiality or freedom from discrimination. Others have sought to use the law as a tool to limit the spread of HIV, for example by imposing liability for its transmission or restricting the freedoms of those who are HIV-positive. Elsewhere, doctors and researchers have grappled with the legal and ethical problems surrounding testing for a condition which many people may not want to be aware of, and with the conflicts which can arise between respect for individual autonomy and the promotion of public health. More recently, treatments for HIV have developed to the extent that for many HIV is a chronic disease rather than an inevitably fatal condition. Such treatments, however, pose new challenges: they are expensive and as such are not widely available in those parts of the globe where HIV infection is most widespread. This has caused tensions over issues such as asylum, immigration and deportation, and the protection of intellectual property rights which may bar such treatments from being available where the need is most acute. This book examines and evaluate these issues in comparative perspective. It draws on legal responses to other sexually transmitted infections (and contagious diseases) but concentrates on HIV and AIDS.
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of International Crime and Justice Studies written by Bruce Arrigo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the enduring debates and emerging challenges in crime and justice studies from an international and multi-disciplinary perspective.
Download or read book Preventing HIV Transmission written by National Research Council and Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-09-14 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume addresses the interface of two major national problems: the epidemic of HIV-AIDS and the widespread use of illegal injection drugs. Should communities have the option of giving drug users sterile needles or bleach for cleaning needs in order to reduce the spread of HIV? Does needle distribution worsen the drug problem, as opponents of such programs argue? Do they reduce the spread of other serious diseases, such as hepatitis? Do they result in more used needles being carelessly discarded in the community? The panel takes a critical look at the available data on needle exchange and bleach distribution programs, reaches conclusions about their efficacy, and offers concrete recommendations for public policy to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. The book includes current knowledge about the epidemiologies of HIV/AIDS and injection drug use; characteristics of needle exchange and bleach distribution programs and views on those programs from diverse community groups; and a discussion of laws designed to control possession of needles, their impact on needle sharing among injection drug users, and their implications for needle exchange programs.
Download or read book Criminal Law Philosophy and Public Health Practice written by A. M. Viens and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of improving public health involves the use of different tools, with the law being one way to influence the activities of institutions and individuals. Of the regulatory mechanisms afforded by law to achieve this end, criminal law remains a perennial mechanism to delimit the scope of individual and group conduct. Utilising criminal law may promote or hinder public health goals, and its use raises a number of complex questions that merit exploration. This examination of the interface between criminal law and public health brings together international experts from a variety of disciplines, including law, criminology, public health, philosophy and health policy, in order to examine the theoretical and practical implications of using criminal law to improve public health.
Download or read book Public Health Law Research written by Alexander C. Wagenaar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-08 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public Health Law Research: Theory and Methods definitively explores the mechanisms, theories and models central to public health law research – a growing field dedicated to measuring and studying law as a central means for advancing public health. Editors Alexander C. Wagenaar and Scott Burris outline integrated theory drawn from numerous disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences; specific mechanisms of legal effect and guidelines for collecting and coding empirical datasets of statutory and case law; optimal research designs for randomized trials and natural experiments for public health law evaluation; and methods for qualitative and cost-benefit studies of law.. They also discuss the challenge of effectively translating the results of scientific evaluations into public health laws and highlight the impact of this growing field. “How exactly the law can best be used as a tool for protecting and enhancing the public’s health has long been the subject of solely opinion and anecdote. Enter Public Health Law Research, a discipline designed to bring the bright light of science to the relationships between law and health. This book is a giant step forward in illuminating that subject.” -- Stephen Teret, JD, MPH, Professor, Director, Center for Law and the Public's Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health “Wagenaar and Burris bring a dose of much needed rigor to the empirical study of which public health law interventions really matter, and which don’t.” -- Bernard S. Black, JD, Chabraja Professor, Northwestern University Law School and Kellogg School of Management Companion Web site: www.josseybass.com/go/wagenaar
Download or read book Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Americans at Risk written by Chuck Stewart and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2018-02-16 with total page 932 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three volumes organized by the three phases of life—youth, middle age, and old age—explore the LGBTQ+ experience, delving deeply into research on a multitude of hot topics including risks experienced by this sometimes targeted population. In June of 2015, the United State Supreme Court issued an opinion that directly impacted the lives of many LGBT Americans: in Obergefell v. Hodges, the court required all states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. While many activists consider this a major achievement, LGBT individuals still face a number of pressing issues. In Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk, editor Chuck Stewart and a carefully selected group of contributors unravel these far-reaching concerns. The book is a cutting-edge resource for academics, activists, scholars, students, and lay people who are interested in examining LGBT social and political movements as well as the public policy progress and setbacks of recent years. Three volumes of essays by experts in a variety of fields delve deeply into primary sources to tackle important topics such as transgender adolescents, alcohol and drug abuse, and the massacre at Pulse gay nightclub, along with dozens of others. Organized by life stages, this comprehensive work sheds light on concerns and controversies affecting youth, adults, and seniors connected to the LGBT community
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book Punishing Disease written by Trevor Hoppe and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the very beginning of the epidemic, AIDS was linked to punishment. Calls to punish people living with HIV—mostly stigmatized minorities—began before doctors had even settled on a name for the disease. Punitive attitudes toward AIDS prompted lawmakers around the country to introduce legislation aimed at criminalizing the behaviors of people living with HIV. Punishing Disease explains how this happened—and its consequences. With the door to criminalizing sickness now open, what other ailments will follow? As lawmakers move to tack on additional diseases such as hepatitis and meningitis to existing law, the question is more than academic.
Download or read book Legal Epidemiology written by Alexander C. Wagenaar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-07-25 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore how the law shapes and influences public health In the newly revised second edition of Legal Epidemiology: Theory and Methods, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a thorough primer on the problems that arise in legal epidemiology—and potential solutions to those problems. Following an introduction to the basic concepts of the field in Part One, the book offers a rich collection of theories that researchers have used to study how law influences behavior in Part Two. The book also covers the special questions of measurement that arise when law is the independent variable and the various study designs for legal epidemiology. Drawing on the full range of social, psychological, sociological, and sociolegal disciplines to better understand, measure, and predict how much laws will influence health-relevant behaviors and environments, the editors have also included works that: Discuss the frameworks for legal epidemiology, including explorations of law in public health systems and services Examine how law influences behavior, including discussions of criminological theories, procedural justice theory, and economic theory Explore the design of legal epidemiology evaluations, including natural experiments, randomized trials, and qualitative research An essential and engaging resource for experienced social science researchers, health scientists, legal scholars, and policy analysts, Legal Epidemiology: Theory and Methods will also benefit students, novice scientists, and non-scientists seeking a general orientation to the subject.
Download or read book The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europe's "Black Death" contributed to the rise of nation states, mercantile economies, and even the Reformation. Will the AIDS epidemic have similar dramatic effects on the social and political landscape of the twenty-first century? This readable volume looks at the impact of AIDS since its emergence and suggests its effects in the next decade, when a million or more Americans will likely die of the disease. The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States addresses some of the most sensitive and controversial issues in the public debate over AIDS. This landmark book explores how AIDS has affected fundamental policies and practices in our major institutions, examining: How America's major religious organizations have dealt with sometimes conflicting values: the imperative of care for the sick versus traditional views of homosexuality and drug use. Hotly debated public health measures, such as HIV antibody testing and screening, tracing of sexual contacts, and quarantine. The potential risk of HIV infection to and from health care workers. How AIDS activists have brought about major change in the way new drugs are brought to the marketplace. The impact of AIDS on community-based organizations, from volunteers caring for individuals to the highly political ACT-UP organization. Coping with HIV infection in prisons. Two case studies shed light on HIV and the family relationship. One reports on some efforts to gain legal recognition for nonmarital relationships, and the other examines foster care programs for newborns with the HIV virus. A case study of New York City details how selected institutions interact to give what may be a picture of AIDS in the future. This clear and comprehensive presentation will be of interest to anyone concerned about AIDS and its impact on the country: health professionals, sociologists, psychologists, advocates for at-risk populations, and interested individuals.
