Download or read book DNA Methylation and Cellular Differentiation written by James H. Taylor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1977 I wrote a grant proposal in which I applied to study developmental patterns in enzymatic methylation of DNA in eukaryotes. One part of the proposal was to assay cells at different embryonic developmental stages for maintenance and de novo type methylase activity. With one exception the referees, probably developmental biologists, recommended that the work not be supported because there was no evidence that methylation plays any role in eukaryotic gene regulation. Aside from proving that innovative ideas can seldom be used to successfully compete for grant funds, the skepticism of biologists toward methylation as a regulatory mechanism was, and still is, widespread even among some of those who investigate the problem. That is a healthy situation for all points of view should be brought to bear on a problem of such importance. However, to deny funds to investigate a problem because one has already formed an opinion without evidence is hardly commendable. The great skepticism about the significance of DNA methylation is based in part on the evidence that it is absent or very little used in Drosophila, a favorite organism for genetic and developmental studies. There now remains little doubt that methylation of cytosine in certain CpG sites can strikingly affect the transcription of sequences 3' to the methylated doublet. How this inhibition operates and to what extent it is utilized in cells is still debatable.

Download or read book DNA Methylation and Cellular Differentiation written by James Herbert Taylor and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dynamic regulation of DNA methylation in human T cell biology written by Antonio Lentini and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-03-19 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: T helper cells play a central role in orchestrating immune responses in humans. Upon encountering a foreign antigen, T helper cells are activated followed by a differentiation process where the cells are specialised to help combating the infection. Dysregulation of T helper cell activation, differentiation and function has been implicated in numerous diseases, including autoimmunity and cancer. Whereas gene-regulatory networks help drive T-cell differentiation, acquisition of stable cell states require heritable epigenetic signals, such as DNA methylation. Indeed, the establishment of DNA methylation patterns is a key part of appropriate T-cell differentiation but how this is regulated over time remains unknown. Methylation can be directly attached to cytosine residues in DNA to form 5-methylcytosine (5mC) but the removal of DNA methylation requires multiple enzymatic reactions, commonly initiated by the conversion into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), thus creating a highly complex regulatory system. This thesis aimed to investigate how DNA methylation is dynamically regulated during T-cell differentiation. To this end, we employed large-scale profiling techniques combining gene expression as well as genome-wide 5mC and 5hmC measurements to construct a time-series model of epigenetic regulation of differentiation. This revealed that early T-cell activation was accompanied by extensive genome-wide deposition of 5hmC which resulted in demethylation upon proliferation. Early DNA methylation remodelling through 5hmC was not only indicative of demethylation events during T-cell differentiation but also marked changes persisting longterm in memory T-cell subsets. These results suggest that priming of epigenetic landscapes in T-cells is initiated during early activation events, preceding any establishment of a stable lineage, which are then maintained throughout the cells lifespan. The regions undergoing remodelling were also highly enriched for genetic variants in autoimmune diseases which we show to be functional through disruption of protein binding. These variants could potentially disrupt gene-regulatory networks and the establishment of epigenetic priming, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic and epigenetic layers. In the course of this work, we discovered that a commonly used technique to study genome-wide DNA modifications, DNA immunoprecipitation (DIP)-seq, had a false discovery rate between 50-99% depending on the modification and cell type being assayed. This represented inherent technical errors related to the use of antibodies resulting in off-target binding of repetitive sequences lacking any DNA modifications. These sequences are common in mammalian genomes making robust detection of rare DNA modifications very difficult due to the high background signals. However, offtarget binding could easily be controlled for using a non-specific antibody control which greatly improved data quality and biological insight of the data. Although future studies are advised to use alternative methods where available, error correction is an acceptable alternative which will help fuel new discoveries through the removal of extensive background signals. Taken together, this thesis shows how integrative use of high-resolution epigenomic data can be used to study complex biological systems over time as well as how these techniques can be systematically characterised to identify and correct errors resulting in improved detection.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Differentiation written by Paul B. Fisher and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-09-20 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant recent advances in cell culture technology now permit a detailed biochemical and molecular analysis of differentiation in both normal and tumor cells. These studies are important in attempting to understand the complex factors involved in normal growth and development, as well as the abnormalities associated with carcinogenesis. Mechanisms of Differentiation, Volumes I and II, is comprised of review chapters addressing various topics of current interest in this important area of research. Topics discussed include genes controlling differentiation, changes in gene expression during differentiation, induction of differentiation, induction of differentiation as a mode of action of chemotherapeutic agents, and the effect of cell shape, growth factors and differentiation modulating agents on the differentiated cell phenotype. Mechanisms of Differentiation is valuable to researchers involved in differentiation and development, carcinogenesis, cell biology, chemotherapy, and immunology.

Download or read book Epigenetics written by Derek J. Chadwick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics pertains to the development of an organism from an undifferential cell, resulting in the successive formation and development of organs and parts that did not pre-exist in the fertilized egg. An exciting and stimulating volume which used the extensive knowledge of basic transcriptional control as a foundation to explore the more complex and interesting level at which genes can be regulated.

Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cellular Reprogramming written by Alexander Meissner and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-11 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability of a single genome to give rise to hundreds of functionally distinct cell type programs is in itself remarkable. Pioneering studies over the past few decades have demonstrated that this plasticity is retained throughout development, a phenomenon of epigenetic programming and reprogramming that remains one of the most fascinating areas of modern biology, with major relevance to human health and disease. This book presents the basic biology involved, including key mechanistic insights into this rapidly growing field.

Download or read book DNA Methylation written by J. Jost and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The occurrence of 5-methylcytosine in DNA was first described in 1948 by Hotchkiss (see first chapter). Recognition of its possible physiologi cal role in eucaryotes was first suggested in 1964 by Srinivasan and Borek (see first chapter). Since then work in a great many laboratories has established both the ubiquity of 5-methylcytosine and the catholicity of its possible regulatory function. The explosive increase in the number of publications dealing with DNA methylation attests to its importance and makes it impossible to write a comprehensive coverage of the literature within the scope of a general review. Since the publication of the 3 most recent books dealing with the subject (DNA methylation by Razin A. , Cedar H. and Riggs A. D. , 1984 Springer Verlag; Molecular Biology of DNA methylation by Adams R. L. P. and Burdon R. H. , 1985 Springer Verlag; Nucleic Acids Methylation, UCLA Symposium suppl. 128, 1989) considerable progress both in the techniques and results has been made in the field of DNA methylation. Thus we asked several authors to write chapters dealing with aspects of DNA methyla tion in which they are experts. This book should be most useful for students, teachers as well as researchers in the field of differentiation and gene regulation. We are most grateful to all our colleagues who were willing to spend much time and effort on the publication of this book. We also want to express our gratitude to Yan Chim Jost for her help in preparing this book.

Download or read book Mobile Genetic Elements in Cellular Differentiation Genome Stability and Cancer written by Tammy A. Morrish and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-01-16 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The human genome, as with the genome of most organisms, is comprised of various types of mobile genetic element derived repeats. Mobile genetic elements that mobilize by an RNA intermediate, include both autonomous and non-autonomous retrotransposons, and mobilize by a “copy and paste” mechanism that relies of the presence of a functional reverse transcriptase activity. The extent to which these different types of elements are actively mobilizing varies among organisms, as revealed with the advent of Next Generation DNA sequencing (NGS). To understand the normal and aberrant mechanisms that impact the mobility of these elements requires a more extensive understanding of how these elements interact with molecular pathways of the cell, including DNA repair, recombination and chromatin. In addition, epigenetic based-mechanisms can also influence the mobility of these elements, likely by transcriptional activation or repression in certain cell types. Studies regarding how mobile genetic elements interface and evolve with these pathways will rely on genomic studies from various model organisms. In addition, the mechanistic details of how these elements are regulated will continue to be elucidated with the use of genetic, biochemical, molecular, cellular, and bioinformatic approaches. Remarkably, the current understanding regarding the biology of these elements in the human genome, suggests these elements may impact developmental biology, including cellular differentiation, neuronal development, and immune function. Thus, aberrant changes in these molecular pathways may also impact disease, including neuronal degeneration, autoimmunity, and cancer.

Download or read book The Molecular Biology of Cell Determination and Cell Differentiation written by Leon W. Browder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series was established to create comprehensive treatises on specific topics in developmental biology. Such volumes serve a useful role in developmental biology, which is a very diverse field that receives contributions from a wide variety of disciplines. This series is a meeting ground for the various practi tioners of this science, facilitating an integration of heterogeneous information on specific topics. Each volume is comprised of chapters selected to provide the conceptual basis for a comprehensive understanding of its topic as well as an analysis of the key experiments upon which that understanding is based. The specialist in any aspect of developmental biology should understand the experimental back ground of the specialty and be able to place that body of information in context, in order to ascertain where additional research would be fruitful. The creative process then generates new experiments. This series is intended to be a vital link in that ongoing process of learning and discovery.

Download or read book DNA Methylation and Complex Human Disease written by Michel Neidhart and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-08-11 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA Methylation and Complex Human Disease reviews the possibilities of methyl-group-based epigenetic biomarkers of major diseases, tailored epigenetic therapies, and the future uses of high-throughput methylome technologies. This volume includes many pertinent advances in disease-bearing research, including obesity, type II diabetes, schizophrenia, and autoimmunity. DNA methylation is also discussed as a plasma and serum test for non-invasive screening, diagnostic and prognostic tests, as compared to biopsy-driven gene expression analysis, factors which have led to the use of DNA methylation as a potential tool for determining cancer risk, and diagnosis between benign and malignant disease. Therapies are at the heart of this volume and the possibilities of DNA demethylation. In cancer, unlike genetic mutations, DNA methylation and histone modifications are reversible and thus have shown great potential in the race for effective treatments. In addition, the authors present the importance of high-throughput methylome analysis, not only in cancer, but also in non-neoplastic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Discusses breaking biomarker research in major disease families of current health concern and research interest, including obesity, type II diabetes, schizophrenia, and autoimmunity Summarizes advances not only relevant to cancer, but also in non-neoplastic disease, currently an emerging field Describes wholly new concepts, including the linking of metabolic pathways with epigenetics Provides translational researchers with the knowledge of both basic research and clinic applications of DNA methylation in human diseases

Download or read book Human Epigenetics How Science Works written by Carsten Carlberg and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-24 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The view “It’s all in our genes and we cannot change it” developed in the past 150 years since Gregor Mendel’s experiments with flowering pea plants. However, there is a special form of genetics, referred to as epigenetics, which does not involve any change of our genes but regulates how and when they are used. In the cell nucleus our genes are packed into chromatin, which is a complex of histone proteins and genomic DNA, representing the molecular basis of epigenetics. Our environment and lifestyle decisions influence the epigenetics of our cells and organs, i.e. epigenetics changes dynamically throughout our whole life. Thus, we have the chance to change our epigenetics in a positive as well as negative way and present the onset of diseases, such a type 2 diabetes or cancer. This textbook provides a molecular explanation how our genome is connected with environmental signals. It outlines that epigenetic programming is a learning process that results in epigenetic memory in each of the cells of our body. The central importance of epigenetics during embryogenesis and cellular differentiation as well as in the process of aging and the risk for the development of cancer are discussed. Moreover, the role of the epigenome as a molecular storage of cellular events not only in the brain but also in metabolic organs and in the immune system is described. The book represents an updated but simplified version of our textbook “Human Epigenomics” (ISBN 978-981-10-7614-8). The first five chapters explain the molecular basis of epigenetics, while the following seven chapters provide examples for the impact of epigenetics in human health and disease.

Download or read book Introduction to Genetics written by Jun Wan and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-07-20 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA methylation is the modification of DNA molecule, transferring methy group to the 5th position of the cytosine pyrimidine ring. This biochemical process plays a crucial role in many cellular processes of higher organisms. For example, people have found distinct patterns of DNA methylation during cellular differentiation and tissue development. The differential DNA methylation profiles are often associated with gene expression. In addition, DNA methylation reveals genomic imprinting and affects on chromatin remodeling and cellular homeostasis. Such epigenetic modification has also been proven to be involved in nearly all cancer-related signaling pathways. However, the mechanism and process against how DNA methylation regulates gene expression are still not clear. The study of DNA methylation and its regulation on gene expression provides fundamental and new insights into the genetic heritability. In Chapter 1, Gene duplication event of NAC transcription factor genes in rice and Arabidopsis was analyzed, then it was found that chromosomal segment duplications mainly contributed to the expansion of both species, whereas tandem duplication occurred less frequently in Arabidopsis than rice. Chapter 2 reviews the current literature related to the epigenetics of alcoholism and summarizes our advanced study of global DNA methylation in human post-mortem frontal cortex tissues obtained from adult alcoholics and controls utilizing new microarray technology and bioinformatics approaches. Chapter 3 gives a comprehensive synopsis over the epigenetic modifications involved in the regulation of bacterial gene expression as well as the patho-epigenetic modifications in eukaryotic host tissues triggered in the pathogenesis of particular Gram-negative bacterial infections. Both, basic molecular mechanisms and complex pathogenetic relations are described. Chapter 4 provides an epigenetic repressing mechanism for breast cancer metastasis by recruiting NuRD complex to ESR1 gene through TWIST1. Chapter 5 summarises most of mouse models that have helped us better understand the pathogenesis mechanism during the development of colitis. In Chapter 6, the authors review the various forms of presentation of celiac disease including the lymphocytic enteritis, along with their systemic manifestations. Chapter 7 provides an insight to inflammatory response in light of DNA regulation and methylation of key players. Because chronic inflammatory diseases do share common features, recent progress in our understanding of renal fibrosis and inflammation in chronic kidney disease will be discussed as an example of epigenetic regulation in inflammatory diseases. Chapter 8 summarizes the regulation of gene expression in pterygium. Pterygium is an ocular surface disease and its pathogenesis is currently unknown. Here, the genetic and epigenetic changes in the disease are explored. Chapter 9 summaries the basics and applications of recently proposed MiRaGE method that infer miRNA-mediated regulation of target genes and miRNA-targeting-specific promoter methylation. The applications to differentiation, cell senescence, and miRNA transfection to lung cancer celll lines are discussed. Chapter 10 proposes the role of AP-1 chromatin modulator Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) on antioxidant response and inhibition of ROS production via Nrf2-ARE signaling, as well as the induction of replicative senescence. Chapter 11 compares expression profiles of mRNAs, microRNAs and proteins of human embryonic stem cells hES-T3 grown on different feeders and conditioned media. Chapter 12 reviews the most recent molecular markers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and shows some innovative perspectives on this topic from the point of view of gene therapy. In addition, non-viral gene therapy based on the non-toxic C-terminal fragment of the tetanus toxin (TTC) will also be discussed.

Download or read book Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation written by Vincenzo E. A. Russo and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many inheritable changes in gene function are not explained by changes in the DNA sequence. Such epigenetic mechanisms are known to influence gene function in most complex organisms and include effects such as transposon function, chromosome imprinting, yeast mating type switching and telomeric silencing. In recent years, epigenetic effects have become a major focus of research activity. This monograph, edited by three well-known biologists from different specialties, is the first to review and synthesize what is known about these effects across all species, particularly from a molecular perspective, and will be of interest to everyone in the fields of molecular biology and genetics.

Download or read book Computational Epigenetics in Human Diseases Cell Differentiation and Cell Reprogramming Volume I written by Jianzhong Su and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-02-24 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Role of DNA Methyltransferases in the Epigenome written by Albert Jeltsch and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA methylation, a modification found in most species, regulates chromatin functions in conjunction with other epigenome modifications, such as histone post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs. In mammals, DNA methylation has an essential role in development by orchestrating the generation and maintenance of the phenotypic diversity of human cell types. Recent years have brought spectacular advances in our understanding of the mechanism, function and regulation of DNA methyltransferases through their interaction with other epigenome modifications, chromatin factors and post-translational modifications, which are described in this Special Issue of Genes. Manuscripts are specifically addressing describing the targeting and regulation of DNA methyltransferases by interacting factors and their roles in cellular differentiation and the development of diseases. Prof. Dr. Albert Jeltsch and Prof. Dr. Humaira Gowher, Guest Editors

Download or read book Methylation written by Anica Dricu and published by Inst za onkologiju i radiol. This book was released on 2012-11-28 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alterations in the normal DNA methylation processes are known to have major consequences for embryonic development and are associated with congenital defects, autoimmunity, aging and malignant transformation. The main purpose of this book is to provide information about the importance of methylation mechanisms in human health and disease. The book, covers the basic mechanism of DNA and protein methylation, aiming at the advanced undergraduate and graduate biomedical students and researchers working in the epigenetic area. The textbook chapters provide background as well as advanced information in the methylation area. On the other hand, it provide readers with both classical and relevant recent discoveries that have been made in the field, pointing out pathways where questions remain.

Download or read book Environmental Epigenetics written by L. Joseph Su and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-18 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the toxicological and health implications of environmental epigenetics and provides knowledge through an interdisciplinary approach. Included in this volume are chapters outlining various environmental risk factors such as phthalates and dietary components, life states such as pregnancy and ageing, hormonal and metabolic considerations and specific disease risks such as cancer cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses. Environmental Epigenetics imparts integrative knowledge of the science of epigenetics and the issues raised in environmental epidemiology. This book is intended to serve both as a reference compendium on environmental epigenetics for scientists in academia, industry and laboratories and as a textbook for graduate level environmental health courses.