Download or read book Diversity and Function of Microbial Communities in Sediments from Different Deep sea Habitats written by Regina Schauer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Art Biology and Conservation written by Robert John Koestler and published by Metropolitan Museum of Art. This book was released on 2003 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the perception that artworks are timeless and unchanging, they are actually subject to biological attack from a variety of sources--from bacteria to fungi to insects. This groundbreaking volume, which publishes the proceedings of a conference held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2002, explores how the development of these organisms can be arrested while preserving both the work of art and the health of the conservator.The richly illustrated text, containing the writings of over 40 scientists and conservators, is divided into sections on stone and mural paintings, paper, textiles, wood and archaeological materials, treatment and prevention, and special topics. The artworks and cultural properties discussed include, among many others, Paleolithic cave paintings, Tiffany drawings, huts built by early Antarctic explorers, and a collection of toothbrushes taken from Auschwitz victims.

Download or read book Methods for the Study of Deep Sea Sediments Their Functioning and Biodiversity written by Roberto Danovaro and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-12-21 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years scientists viewed the deep sea as calm, quiet, and undisturbed, with marine species existing in an ecologically stable and uniform environment. Recent discoveries have completely transformed that understanding and the deep sea is recognized as a complicated and dynamic environment with a rich diversity of marine species. Carefully designe

Download or read book Their World A Diversity of Microbial Environments written by Christon J. Hurst and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-02 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes recent advances in environmental microbiology by providing fascinating insights into the diversity of microbial life that exists on our planet. The first two chapters present theoretical perspectives that help to consolidate our understanding of evolution as an adaptive process by which the niche and habitat of each species develop in a manner that interconnects individual components of an ecosystem. This results in communities that function by simultaneously coordinating their metabolic and physiologic actions. The third contribution addresses the fossil record of microorganisms, and the subsequent chapters then introduce the microbial life that currently exists in various terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Coverage of the geosphere addresses endolithic organisms, life in caves and the deep continental biosphere, including how subsurface microbial life may impact spent nuclear fuel repositories. The discussion of the hydrosphere includes hypersaline environments and arctic food chains. By better understanding examples from the micro biosphere, we can elucidate the many ways in which the niches of different species, both large and small, interconnect within the overlapping habitats of this world, which is governed by its microorganisms.

Download or read book Interactions Between Macro and Microorganisms in Marine Sediments written by and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2005-01-14 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine sediments support complex interactions between macro-and microorganisms that have global implications for carbon and nutrient cycles. What is the state of the science on such interactions from coastal and estuarine environments to the deep sea? How does such knowledge effect environmental management? And what does future research hold in store for scientists, engineers, resource managers, and educators?Interactions between Macro- and Microorganisms in Marine Sediments responds to these questions, and more, by focusing on:? Interactions between plants, microorganisms, and marine sediment? Interactions between animals, microorganisms, and marine sediment? Interactions between macro- and microorganisms and the structuring of benthic communities? Impact of macrobenthic activity on microbially-mediated geochemical cycles in sediments? Conceptual and numeric models of diagenesis that incorporate interactions between macro- and microorganismsHere is an authoritative overview of the research, experimentation and modeling approaches now in use in our rapidly evolving understanding of life in marine sediments.

Download or read book Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Fragmented Rivers Worldwide written by Lunhui Lu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-11-27 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dams or barriers are among the most significant anthropogenic threats to global freshwater ecosystems, although they provide invaluable services for shipping, hydropower generation, flood protection, and storage of drinking and irrigation water. River fragmentations due to dams and barriers lead the aquatic landscape into isolated river sections, resulting in hydromorphological discontinuities along longitudinal or lateral gradients. Fragmented river habitats are unstable. They experience uncertain disturbances in both time and space with random and complex hydrological and environmental processes, such as water flow, particulate matter sedimentation, reservoir regulation, and terrestrial input. The diversity, composition, functionality, and activity of microbial communities are important indicators of river ecosystem functions and services. Yet, river fragmentations are likely to disrupt and reconstruct microbial communities, redirecting the patterns of biogeochemical cycles of biogenic elements. Methodology, such as mathematical models, is still limited to describing and elucidating microbial processes under changing hydrological environments in the fragmented rivers. Thus, how do the riverine microbial communities and ecosystem functions respond to the fragmentation in rivers? This Research Topic represents a collective focus on microbial ecology, functional diversity, and new microbial modeling in fragmented rivers. We wish to present new findings in community assembly mechanisms, biotic interactions, functional diversity, and ecosystem functioning responses to the river fragmentations. New perspectives will also provide us with deep insights into the ecological effects of river fragmentation. This Research Topic aims to present the original research articles and reviews to provide new findings on microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning in fragmented rivers worldwide. We welcome original research, reviews, mini-reviews, opinions, methods, hypotheses and theories, and perspectives. The directions include but are not limited to the following aspects: - The continuum of the microbial community in responses to dams or barriers. - Novel microbial community assembly mechanisms, functional traits, and biotic interactions in fragmented rivers at local, regional, and global scales. - Functional genes, functional groups, and functional diversity in driving biogenic element cycles. - Mathematical modeling in aquatic microbial ecology.

Download or read book Ecology of Marine Sediments written by John S. Gray and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-01-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine sediments provide the largest habitat on planet earth, yet knowledge of the structure and function of their flora and fauna continues to be poorly described in current textbooks. This concise, readable introduction to benthic ecology builds upon the strengths of the previous edition but has been thoroughly revised throughout to incorporate the new technologies and methods that have allowed a rapid and ongoing development of the field. It explores the relationship between community structure and function, and the selection of global examples ensures an international appeal and relevance. The economic value of marine sediments increases daily, reflected in the text with a new emphasis on pollution, climate change, conservation, and management.

Download or read book Microbial Community Diversity Function and Succession in California s Mediterranean Habitats written by Emily Elizabeth Curd and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live on a predominantly microbial planet. I it is estimated that more than a billion microorganisms can live in a gram of soil. Microorganisms comprise the largest pool of genetic diversity on the planet and drive global biogeochemical cycles. Since microbial ecology is intimately associated with environment, changes in environmental conditions can have profound effects on the microbial diversity and function of microbial communities. In this dissertation I study; 1) the relationship between environmental heterogeneity and microbial diversity, 2) the relationship between the environment, microbial diversity, and microbial functional traits, and 3) microbial secession related to changing environmental conditions during anaerobic decomposition. Chapter 1 Annual grassland invasions can increase environmental heterogeneity and reduce the biological diversity of plants and animals. There is a generally positive relationship between environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity, and more specifically, soil heterogeneity is known to influence plant diversity. Here I test if the diversity of soil microorganisms, like that of plants, displays a positive relationship with soil environmental heterogeneity. Specifically, I test to see if invasive annual grasses lead to reductions in soil heterogeneity and microbial alpha- and beta- diversity. I sampled the soil profile across invasive annual grassland, oak woodland, and coastal sage scrub habitat and characterized environmental heterogeneity (soil percent carbon, nitrogen, water content, total dissolved solids, and pH in addition to litter percent carbon, nitrogen and C:N), alpha and beta diversity. I found that invasive annual grassland habitat has greater soil environmental homogeneity than native woody habitats throughout the soil profile. Annual grassland communities have lower alpha-, but not beta-, diversity than native woody species. Patterns of alpha diversity with depth differ between grassland and woody habitat, and although not significant, woody habitats have higher community heterogeneity. Alpha diversity and beta diversity show positive relationships with several measures of environmental heterogeneity, suggesting that like plants, soil microbial diversity increases with environmental heterogeneity. Annual grassland invasions into native woody habitats reduce soil microbial diversity. This is particularly true in deep soil communities. Chapter 2 Plant invasions frequently alter ecosystem processes in part because they modify soil microbial communities. These communities decompose the bulk of terrestrial organic matter by producing and releasing extracellular enzymes. California's native Mediterranean habitats (e.g. Oak woodland and coastal sage scrub) are invaded by annual grasses and are converted to invasive annual grasslands. I investigated the relationship between extracellular enzyme activities and microbial community composition in these habitats by examining 1) how extracellular enzyme activities differed between native and invasive habitats, 2) whether changes in microbial community correlate with changes in extracellular activity, and 3) if the composition of bacterial phyla that contain genes for extracellular enzymes differ between habitats. I found that annual grassland enzyme activities are much different from those of woody habitat, and the differences in enzyme activities between habitats generally declined with depth as did enzyme activities. There was also a strong correlation between community composition and extracellular enzyme activity. This correlation was not influenced by soil environmental variables. The relative abundance of phyla with genes for extracellular enzymes were similar between habitats and those genes are contained in distinct assemblages of phyla. Habitat change through annual grassland invasion modifies soil communities and their functions thought out the soil profile. Future studies on the effects of annual grassland invasion on ecosystem processes in deep soil are needed to fully understand the consequences of these invasions. Chapter 3. Natural tar seeps are the source of millions of fossils from animals that became entrapped, died and were decomposed over the millennia. The microbial communities responsible for the anaerobic decomposition of these entrapped animals are not known. However, microbial communities likely play a role in the rapid time to skeletonization of animal components submerged in tar. I hypothesized that high energy animal tissue would support fast growing taxa and support lower microbial diversity, and that microbial succession across different locations in the tar environment and animal tissue decay would resemble known patterns of microbial decomposition in similar habits. I sampled different locations in a tar seep and also bobcat limbs that were experimentally submerged in the seep and left to decay until skeletonization. Microbial communities were characterized using 16S rDNA sequencing of the V4 region. I found that decay communities had lower diversity than tar environment communities and that microbial succession proceeded similarly to that in analogous habitats. The addition of animal tissue into this tar seep appeared to lead to rapid microbial community succession. This microbial succession likely affected the rate of decomposition of this tissue. Future experiments are required to understand the role of microbial succession in determining the rate of decomposition and time to skeletonization in tar environments.

Download or read book The Prokaryotes written by Edward F. DeLong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-13 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea

Download or read book Microbial Ecology of Extreme Environments written by Caroline Chénard and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-15 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores microbial lifestyles, biochemical adaptations, and trophic interactions occurring in extreme environments. By summarizing the latest findings in the field it provides a valuable reference for future studies. Spark ideas for biotechnological and commercial exploitation of microbiomes at the extremes of life are presented. Chapters on viruses complement this highly informative book. In a vertical journey through the microbial biosphere it covers aspects of cold environments, hot environments, extreme saline environments, and extreme pressure environments, and more. From the deep sea, through polar deserts, up to the clouds in the air - the diversity of microbial life in all habitats is described, explored, and comprehensively reviewed. Possible biotechnical applications are discussed. This book aims to provide a useful reference for those who want to start a research program in extreme microbiology and, hopefully, inspire new research directions.

Download or read book Linking Ecosystem Function to Microbial Diversity written by Anne E. Bernhard and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-10-20 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the link between microbial diversity and ecosystem processes is a fundamental goal of microbial ecologists, yet we still have a rudimentary knowledge of how changes in diversity affect nutrient cycling and energy transfer in ecosystems. Due to the complexity of the problem, many published studies on this topic have been conducted in artificial or manipulated systems. Although researchers have begun to expose some possible mechanisms using these approaches, most have not yet been able to produce conclusive results that relate directly to natural systems. The few studies that have explored the link between diversity and activity in natural systems have typically focused on specific nutrient cycles or processes, such as nitrification, denitrification, and organic carbon degradation pathways, and the microbes that mediate them. What we have learned from these studies is that there are often strong associations between the physical and chemical features of the environment, the composition of the microbial communities, and their activities, but the rules that govern these associations have not been fully elucidated. These earlier studies of microbial diversity and processes in natural systems provide a framework for additional studies to broaden our understanding of the role of microbial diversity in ecosystem function. The problem is complex, but with recent advances in sequencing technology, -omics, and in-situ measurements of ecosystem processes and their applications to microbial communities, making direct connections between ecosystem function and microbial diversity seems more tractable than ever.

Download or read book Deep Subsurface Microbiology written by Andreas Teske and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep subsurface microbiology is a highly active and rapidly advancing research field at the interface of microbiology and the geosciences; it focuses on the detection, identification, quantification, cultivation and activity measurements of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes that permeate the subsurface biosphere of deep marine sediments and the basaltic ocean and continental crust. The deep subsurface biosphere abounds with uncultured, only recently discovered and – at best - incompletely understood microbial populations. In spatial extent and volume, Earth's subsurface biosphere is only rivaled by the deep sea water column. So far, no deep subsurface sediment has been found that is entirely devoid of microbial life; microbial cells and DNA remain detectable at sediment depths of more than 1 km; microbial life permeates deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, and is also found several kilometers down in continental crust aquifers. Severe energy limitation, either as electron acceptor or donor shortage, and scarcity of microbially degradable organic carbon sources are among the evolutionary pressures that have shaped the genomic and physiological repertoire of the deep subsurface biosphere. Its biogeochemical role as long-term organic carbon repository, inorganic electron and energy source, and subduction recycling engine continues to be explored by current research at the interface of microbiology, geochemistry and biosphere/geosphere evolution. This Research Topic addresses some of the central research questions about deep subsurface microbiology and biogeochemistry: phylogenetic and physiological microbial diversity in the deep subsurface; microbial activity and survival strategies in severely energy-limited subsurface habitats; microbial activity as reflected in process rates and gene expression patterns; biogeographic isolation and connectivity in deep subsurface microbial communities; the ecological standing of subsurface biospheres in comparison to the surface biosphere – an independently flourishing biosphere, or mere survivors that tolerate burial (along with organic carbon compounds), or a combination of both? Advancing these questions on Earth’s deep subsurface biosphere redefines the habitat range, environmental tolerance, activity and diversity of microbial life.

Download or read book Molecular Diversity and Adaptations of Microorganisms from the Deep Ocean written by Emiley Ansley Eloe and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The indigenous microbial members of deep oceanic environments mediate carbon fluxes in this realm and contribute to major biogeochemical cycles globally, yet their distribution, phylogenetic composition, and functional attributes are not yet well understood. Emerging concepts suggest the prevailing ecological processes and evolutionary constraints acting on these assemblages are more dynamic and heterogeneous than previously thought. In this context, the research presented herein examines the composition and genomic repertoires of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya from an extreme deep ocean environment, 6,000 m depth within the Puerto Rico Trench. The results identify depth-specific taxonomic and functional trends, as well as expanded gene inventories indicative of unique lifestyle strategies divergent from their photic-zone counterparts. The findings indicate significantly different bacterial communities in particle-associated and free-living fractions at depth, which has implication for future sampling practices and diversity estimates from deep ocean habitats. The disparity between the number of cultivated piezophilic ('high-pressure adapted') isolates and the expansive diversity identified using molecular techniques has limited further exploration of the physiological and biochemical properties of diverse piezophiles. This issue has been addressed through the application of dilution to extinction cultivation techniques at high-hydrostatic pressure and low temperature using a natural seawater medium. This work has led to the isolation and subsequent characterization of a unique piezophilic member of the Roseobacter lineage within the Alphaproteobacteria. The results provide further evidence for the temperature-pressure dependence of the growth rate for deep-ocean bacteria and substantiate hypotheses regarding piezophilic traits under nutritionally limiting conditions. This research concludes with the detailed genetic characterization of the unique flagellar motility system of the model piezophilic bacterium Photobacterium profundum SS9. It is the first investigation of motility as a function of high hydrostatic pressure in a deep-sea microbial species and highlights the profound value of genetically tractable systems to test hypotheses regarding high-pressure adaptation.

Download or read book Marine Ecosystems written by André Monaco and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-02 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a perspective of sustainable management, the balance between ecological dynamics, social and economic are now at the heart of ecological modeling and environmental strategies screenwriting. Diversity and marine ecosystems function illustrates biodiversity, habitat diversity, structures and food webs in various oceans of the world and systems: pelagic and benthic ecosystems, coral reefs and seagrass beds, oasis of hydrothermal vents ridges or areas rich upwelling. Appropriate observation methods, long-term monitoring and modeling reveal the complexity of systems, trophic interactions and spatiotemporal dynamics. The ecosystem approach is a prerequisite to assess the state of these systems, their living resources and ecological services involved in local and global environmental changes.

Download or read book Microbial Communities in Coastal Sediments written by Salom Gnana Thanga Vincent and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-06-02 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise reference on the structural composition and function of microbial communities in coastal environments, especially in relation to natural and anthropogenic impacts. Microbial Communities in Coastal Sediments presents twenty years of coastal microbiology research, grounding it as a vital development in the field of microbial ecology. It is the first book to focus exclusively on the complex microbial ecology and its function in rest of the marine environment. The book outlines the structure, function, and assessment of microbial communities in marine sediments while exploring practical methods of assessment. It is an invaluable resource to aquatic microbiologists, marine ecologists, marine microbiologists, aquatic researchers, and graduate students in this field. Microbial Communities in Coastal Sediments begins with an examination of nutrient sources in the coastal context with a focus on organic matter inputs. The quantity and quality of organic matter in coastal sediments and their impacts on the composition and formation of microbial communities is discussed. The book explores the consequences of anthropogenic changes and human activity on microbial ecology and nutrient cycling. Sections on nutrient availability, green house gas production and biodegradation of persistent organic pollutants provide essential details. Molecular research techniques and methods for assessing microbial community structure and function in coastal sediments are also covered. Explores the interplay of physicochemical and biological features of coastal ecosystems on microbial community composition to provide a template of comparison for field research Includes unique figures, schematic diagrams and photographs related to microbial processes of coastal ecosystem to clearly represent different aspects of microbial structure and functions Provides analytical methods and detailed molecular techniques for qualitative and quantitative analyses of microbial community structure

Download or read book Microbial Ecology in Reservoirs and Lakes written by Haihan Zhang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-08-14 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Responses of Marine Microorganisms Communities and Ecofunctions to Environmental Gradients written by Stefan M. Sievert and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine environments are fluid. Microorganisms living in the ocean experience diverse environmental changes over wide spatiotemporal scales. For microorganisms and their communities to survive and function in the ocean, they need to have the capacity to sense, respond to, adapt to and/or withstand periodic and sporadic environmental changes. This eBook collates a variety of recent research reports and theoretical discussions on the ecoenergetic strategies, community structure, biogeochemical and ecosystem functions as well as regulatory processes and mechanisms that marine microorganisms employ in response to environmental gradients and variations.