Download or read book Disturbance Ecology of Soil Microbial Communities in Response to the Centralia Pa Coal Fire written by Jackson Winther Sorensen and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial communities are ubiquitous in our world and play important roles in biogeochemical and ecosystems processes on Earth. The ability of these microbial communities to provide these different processes is frequently tied to their community structure, which can be thought of both in terms of membership (i.e. who is there) and the relative abundance of these members. Changes in environmental conditions often lead to changes in microbial community structure as well. Microbial communities are formed through the process of assembly, which in turn is driven by the four processes of 1) Selection 2) Dispersal 3) Drift and 4) Diversification. Understanding the relative importance of each of these processes in different systems is important for predicting how microbial communities will change in response to disturbances. This dissertation presents work that uses the coal fire in Centralia, PA as a model press disturbance for understanding soil microbial community responses to and recovery from disturbance. The experiments herein aim to shed light the relative roles of Selection, Dispersal, and Drift in governing these responses in soil microbial communities experience a temperature disturbance. An observation study of a chronosequence of fire disturbance in Centralia, PA is used to generate hypotheses as to the relative roles of Selection, Dispersal, and Drift in the assembly of soil microbial communities experiencing a temperature disturbance. Further, an in depth look at some of these communities using shotgun metagenomics is used to observe specific microbial traits and characteristics selected for by the temperature disturbance. Finally, a laboratory soil mesocosm warming experiment investigates the relative influence of Dispersal and dormancy in governing responses to and recovery from disturbance.
Download or read book Recovery of Soil Microbial Communities After Disturbance written by Sadikshya Rana Dangi and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil microbial communities were examined in two chronosequences of reclaimed surface mine soil and in a chronosequence of previously burned sites to determine how these communities recover through time after disturbance. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) methods for microbial community analysis were used to quantify microbial biomass, diversity, and abundance of specific microbial groups (gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and actinomycetes). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were used to compare soil microbial communities and site environmental factors. The soil microbial community in sagebrush-grassland ecosystems disturbed by fire appeared to recover to similar levels of biomass and diversity as in unburned soil within 3 to 7 years. In the surface mine reclamation sites, microbial recovery was seen in 5 to 10 years after reclamation in sites dominated by sagebrush and within 14 years after reclamation in the sites dominated by cool season grasses. Plant community composition was found to have influences in soil microbial recovery. Microbial communities in soil under crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) recovered to greater biomass than did the communities associated with other plant species. Soil fungi appeared to be the most adversely affected by soil disturbance associated with surface mining than the other microbial groups examined, and they were also slow to recover after the initiation of reclamation. A general trend of recovery towards the undisturbed condition with reclamation age was found for all microbial groups after disturbance. Our data on microbial community recovery from fire and impacts of surface mining suggests that soil microbial communities are highly resilient to disturbances.
Download or read book Soil Microbial Responses to Disturbance Events and Consequences for Carbon Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems written by Sandra Robin Holden and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding the response of soil microbial communities and decomposition to global environmental changes is central to our ability to accurately forecast future terrestrial carbon (C) storage and atmospheric CO2 levels. Increases in the frequency and severity of disturbance events are one element of global change in terrestrial ecosystems. The goal of this dissertation was to measure the response of soil microbial communities and decomposition to disturbance events and to examine the mechanisms underlying post-disturbance changes in decomposition. In the first part of my dissertation work I explored these questions within the context of wildfires in boreal forests. Chapter 1 characterized soil microbial communities and the rate of decomposition across a fire chronosequence in interior Alaska. I found that boreal forest fires reduced soil microbial abundance, altered fungal community composition, and suppressed litter decomposition. Chapter 2 investigated whether soil microbial responses to boreal forest fires differ as a function of fire severity. I demonstrated that higher severity fires elicited greater reductions in soil microbial biomass and larger shifts in fungal community composition than lower severity fires. Chapter 3 tested the mechanisms through which boreal forest fires alter decomposition processes. I discovered that decomposition rates were slower in recently burned forests because of post-fire reductions in soil moisture and C substrate quality. In the second part of my dissertation I expanded my findings to other types of disturbance events using meta-analysis. Chapter 4 reviewed the response of soil microbial biomass to fires. I found that soil microbial biomass was significantly lower in recently burned ecosystems, but the response of microbial biomass to fire differed by fire type and biome. Chapter 5 examined soil microbial responses to abiotic (fire, harvesting, storms) and biotic (insect infestation, pathogen outbreaks) disturbances in forests. I observed that abiotic disturbances significantly reduced soil microbial biomass, while changes in microbial biomass were non-significant following biotic disturbance events. Collectively, these findings suggest that reductions in soil microbial biomass and decomposition rates following abiotic disturbances are likely to slow the transfer of C from soils to the atmosphere and provide a negative feedback to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global change.
Download or read book Shifts in Microbial Community Structure as a Result of a Wildfire in the New Jersey Pinelands written by Robyn Ann Mikita and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the threat of wildfires in the United States increases due to global warming, understanding their effects on the soil biological community becomes central to recovery efforts. Therefore, it is important to study microbial community dynamics in forest soils impacted by fires from the view of elucidating how the new state compares with the original state of the microbial community. For this study, wildfires were hypothesized to cause a shift in the microbial community structure with dominant microbes being those best capable of responding to changes in their environment caused by the perturbation. The objectives of this research were to examine the recovery of the forest soil microbial communities after a wildfire and to investigate the state of the communities more than two years post-fire. After a wildfire occurred in the New Jersey Pinelands in 2007, soil samples were collected from the organic and mineral layers of two severely burned sites and an unburned control site over the span of two years following the fire. Microbial community composition was evaluated by principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance of molecular fingerprint data for bacterial, archaeal, and fungal-specific amplicons from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The bacterial communities in the samples collected from 2 and 5 months following the fire clustered separately from those collected 13 and 17 months post-fire in two-dimensional space, indicating that the soil bacterial community structure changed with time following the fire. Deeper evaluation of the bacterial, archaeal, and fungal community patterns revealed that even though there were common bands between the unburned and the severely burned samples, the community structure of the samples from the unburned site grouped separately from those of the severely burned sites collected 2, 13, and 25 months post-fire. Generally, the microbial community composition in the unburned samples did not change significantly over two years. These data support the hypothesis that the soil microbial community was selected by both the direct and indirect effects associated with the wildfire in the initial two years after the perturbation. Rather than return to the predisturbance state, the soil microbial communities may reflect an alternate state two years following the fire.
Download or read book Crucibles of Hazard written by James K. Mitchell and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study of environmental risks in ten of the world's major cities, the contributors examine the hazard experiences of and analyze the future risks. They conclude that the natural disaster potential of the biggest cities is expanding at a pace which exceeds the rate of urbanization.
Download or read book Mammals and Birds as Bioindicators of Trace Element Contaminations in Terrestrial Environments written by Elżbieta Kalisińska and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-01 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The population explosion that began in the 1960s has been accompanied by a decrease in the quality of the natural environment, e.g. pollution of the air, water and soil with essential and toxic trace elements. Numerous poisonings of people and animals with highly toxic anthropogenic Hg and Cd in the 20th century prompted the creation of the abiotic environment, mainly in developed countries. However, the system is insufficient for long-term exposure to low concentrations of various substances that are mainly ingested through food and water. This problem could be addressed by the monitoring of sentinels – organisms that accumulate trace elements and as such reflect the rate and degree of environmental pollution. Usually these are long-lived vertebrates – herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous birds and mammals, especially game species. This book describes the responses of the sentinels most commonly used in ecotoxicological studies to 17 trace elements.
Download or read book Living and Working in Space written by William David Compton and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The official record of America's first space station, this book from the NASA History Series chronicles the Skylab program from its planning during the 1960s through its 1973 launch and 1979 conclusion. Definitive accounts examine the project's achievements as well as its use of discoveries and technology developed during the Apollo program. 1983 edition.
Download or read book The Ecological World View written by Charles Krebs and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2008-04-02 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filled with many examples of topic issues and current events, this book develops a basic understanding of how the natural world works and of how humans interact with the planet's natural ecosystems. It covers the history of ecology and describes the general approaches of the scientific method, then takes a look at basic principles of population dynamics and applies them to everyday practical problems.
Download or read book The Ecology of Even aged Forest Plantations written by International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Division I--Site and Silviculture and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Microbiology of Extreme Soils written by Patrice Dion and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-22 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a comprehensive coverage of the principal extreme soil ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic origin. Extreme soils oppose chemical or physical limits to colonization by most soil organisms and present the microbiologist with exciting opportunities. Described here are a range of fascinating environments from permafrost to Martian soils. The book includes chapters on basic research in addition to applications in biotechnology and bioremediation.
Download or read book Urban Ecology written by John Marzluff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-01-03 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban Ecology is a rapidly growing field of academic and practical significance. Urban ecologists have published several conference proceedings and regularly contribute to the ecological, architectural, planning, and geography literature. However, important papers in the field that set the foundation for the discipline and illustrate modern approaches from a variety of perspectives and regions of the world have not been collected in a single, accessible book. Foundations of Urban Ecology does this by reprinting important European and American publications, filling gaps in the published literature with a few, targeted original works, and translating key works originally published in German. This edited volume will provide students and professionals with a rich background in all facets of urban ecology. The editors emphasize the drivers, patterns, processes and effects of human settlement. The papers they synthesize provide readers with a broad understanding of the local and global aspects of settlement through traditional natural and social science lenses. This interdisciplinary vision gives the reader a comprehensive view of the urban ecosystem by introducing drivers, patterns, processes and effects of human settlements and the relationships between humans and other animals, plants, ecosystem processes, and abiotic conditions. The reader learns how human institutions, health, and preferences influence, and are influenced by, the others members of their shared urban ecosystem.
Download or read book Water Infusion of Coalbeds for Methane and Dust Control written by Joseph Cervik and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Management of wildlife and fish habitats in forests of western Oregon and Washington written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Behaviour and Ecology of Spiders written by Carmen Viera and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-02 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the last few decades, arachnology in the Neotropical region has experienced a great development filling the knowledge gap in one of the most diverse regions of the world. Nevertheless, large geographical areas remain poorly sampled, especially within the Amazon, and new genera and species have been continuously discovered, even in urban areas. In congruence with the recent improvements in research, several aspects of the ecology, behaviour and natural history of spiders, such as interactions with other predators and parasitoids, social interactions, dispersal patterns, habitat requirements, mating behaviors, among others, are being carefully investigated. These recent contributions incorporate substantial information on the preexisting knowledge on these subjects every year. Our main objective with this book is to present a summary on these new researches and on the currently knowledge on the main subjects involved in the general theme, emphasizing the contribution of the rich fauna of the Neotropical region to the research of behaviour and ecology of the spiders.
Download or read book Insects at Low Temperature written by Richard Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of insects at low temperature is a comparatively new field. Only recently has insect cryobiology begun to mature, as research moves from a descriptive approach to a search for underlying mechanisms at diverse levels of organization ranging from the gene and cell to ecological and evolutionary relationships. Knowledge of insect responses to low temperature is crucial for understanding the biology of insects living in seasonally varying habitats as well as in polar regions. It is not possible to precisely define low temperature. In the tropics exposure to 10-15°C may induce chill coma or death, whereas some insects in temperate and polar regions remain active and indeed even able to fly at O°C or below. In contrast, for persons interested in cryopreservation, low temperature may mean storage in liquid nitrogen at - 196°C. In the last decade, interest in adaptations of invertebrates to low temperature has risen steadily. In part, this book had its origins in a symposium on this subject that was held at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Louisville, Kentucky, USA in December, 1988. However, the emergence and growth of this area has also been strongly influenced by an informal group of investigators who met in a series of symposia held in Oslo, Norway in 1982, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 1985 and in Cambridge, England in 1988. Another is scheduled for Binghamton, New York, USA (1990).
Download or read book The Peaches of New York written by U. P. Hedrick and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests written by Edward H. Holsten and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
