Download or read book Distribution and Control of Herbicide Resistant Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Ssp Multiflorum Lam Husnot in Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum L in North Carolina written by Zachary Ryan Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Distribution and Control of Herbicide resistant Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Ssp Multiflorum Lam Husnot in Arkansas written by James Walker Dickson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass populations have evolved resistance to herbicides that producers rely on for weed control both in wheat and burn-down. The objectives of this research were to: test populations of Italian ryegrass from across Arkansas for resistance to glyphosate, diclofop, pinoxaden, and pyroxsulam; determine if there were any differences in control of 12 glyphosate-resistant populations in relation to glyphosate rate or application timing; determine the level of glyphosate resistance in one selected population versus a susceptible standard and a previously discovered glyphosate-resistant population; and determine the best options for controlling Italian ryegrass prior to planting crops. A total of 215 population samples were tested. On average 17% of the samples were resistant to glyphosate, 95% were resistant to diclofop, 64% were resistant to pyroxsulam, and 12% were resistant to pinoxaden. A few were resistant to all four chemistries tested. Control of glyphosate-resistant populations was improved with the high rate of glyphosate at the three- to four-tiller growth stage; however, results for individual populations were variable. When averaged across populations, no rate or timing of glyphosate controlled these resistant populations greater than 62%. One population was found to be 23 times more tolerant to glyphosate than a susceptible standard. Three field experiments were conducted for Italian ryegrass control in the spring, in no-till production in the fall, and following fall tillage. Herbicide applications in the spring were unsuccessful, especially when glyphosate is not an option. Even when postemergence (POST) treatments visually controlled ryegrass at least 80%, enough ryegrass residue remained that would cause problems with spring tillage, planting, and overall crop stand establishment. In the fall-tilled study, the residual herbicides flumioxazin plus S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor, clomazone, and pyroxasulfone applied immediately following fall tillage reduced Italian ryegrass biomass by 83 to 95% at 200 days after treatment.
Download or read book Weed Biology and Ecology in Agroecosystems written by Karla Leigh Gage and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-03 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Control of Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Spp Multiflorum Lam Husnot in Wheat Triticum Spp and Evaluation of Resistance to Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Inhibiting Herbicides written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Control of Italian ryegrass is important to Tennessee wheat producers. Control of Italian ryegrass has become more difficult over the years due to diclofop resistance. Italian ryegrass resistance to diclofop has been documented in several countries including the US. Tennessee producers have begun to notice that ryegrass escapes are becoming more prevalent than in years past. The purpose of this research was to use glasshouse methods to screen selected populations of Italian ryegrass for resistance to diclofop and to a more recent wheat herbicide pinoxaden and to utilize field experiments to develop herbicide programs for control Italian ryegrass in the field. Resistance to diclofop was found in eight TN populations. The eight populations did not show cross-resistance to pinoxaden. One population from Union County, NC (R1) was found to be resistant to both diclofop and pinoxaden. The level of resistance to pinoxaden of the R1 population was 14 x that of the susceptible population. Field experiments demonstrated preemergence (PRE) Italian ryegrass control with chlorsulfuron (71 to 94%) and flufenacet + metribuzin (84 to 96%). Italian ryegrass control with pendimethalin applied PRE or delayed preemergence (DPRE) was variable (0 to 85%). Postemergence control of Italian ryegrass was good with pinoxaden, mesosulfuron, flufenacet + metribuzin, and chlorsulfuron + flucarbazone (>80%). Timing of application and herbicide treatment had no effect upon wheat yield, except for diclofop and pendimethalin treatments where Italian ryegrass was not controlled. Pinoxaden is in the phenylpyrazolin herbicide family which offers control of Italian ryegrass but is not toxic to wheat. Pinoxaden has only been on the market for three years yet several wheat producers have suspected resistance in Italian ryegrass biotypes. An experiment was conducted to identify Italian ryegrass biotypes resistant to pinoxaden and to determine the mechanism of resistance using derived Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (dCAPS) methods. Two populations were found resistant to pinoxaden, one from the state of Washington (R2) and the other from North Carolina (R1). The substitution of isoleucine by leucine at the 1781 ACCase residue was identified in the R1 biotype but not in the R2. The NC1 biotype is the first known pinoxaden resistant Italian ryegrass population to be documented having the 1781 target-site mutation.
Download or read book Management Strategies for Glyphosate resistant Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Ssp Multiflorum Lam Husnot written by Robin Christa Bond and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass has been documented in many different countries around the world and has now become a major problem in row crop production areas of Mississippi. Field experiments were conducted from 2006 to 2008 in the Mississippi Delta to evaluate various herbicide and tillage treatment programs for its control. Highest level of control and reduction of GR Italian ryegrass biomass was observed with mechanically incorporated as well as surface applied residual herbicides in the fall of the year. Control of GR Italian ryegrass was 86-95% with surface applications of clomazone at 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg ai/ha, s-metolachlor at 1.79 kg ai/ha and KIH-485 at 0.16 kg ai/ha 171 days after emergence. Using a systems approach, preplant incorporated (PPI) clomazone and/or s-metolachlor followed by preemergence (PRE) application of paraquat + linuron+ non-ionic surfactant was also found to control and reduce biomass of GR Italian ryegrass.
Download or read book Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum Control in Imidazolinone tolerant Wheat Triticum Aestivum Under the Direction of Dr Alan York written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass is the most problematic weed of small grains in North Carolina. This weed has traditionally been controlled in wheat with diclofop. However, after many years of continuous use, much of the Italian ryegrass in the state is now resistant to diclofop. A field experiment was conducted at three locations to determine control of Italian ryegrass and response of imidazolinone-tolerant wheat to imazamox and other herbicides. Imazamox ammonium salt applied POST in the fall to 3- to 4-leaf Italian ryegrass at 35 to 53 g ae/ha controlled Italian ryegrass 90 to 100% 10 weeks after treatment. Late-season control ranged from 83 to 98% at two locations and 24 to 55% at the third location. Late-season control from spring-applied imazamox on 1- to 3-tiller ryegrass ranged from 53 to 58% at one location and 7 to 16% at the other locations. Split application of imazamox at 27 g/ha in the fall and 27 g/ha in the spring was less effective than fall-applied imazamox at 53 g/ha at two of three locations. However, split application was more effective than spring application. Fall-applied imazamox was less effective than fall-applied diclofop on diclofop-susceptible Italian ryegrass but more effective on mixed populations of diclofop-resistant and -susceptible biotypes. Pendimethalin applied PRE at 1120 g ai/ha increased late-season control 10 to 33 percentage points when used in combination with fall-applied imazamox at 35 g/ha. Imazethapyr ammonium salt at 70 g ae/ha was less effective than imazamox, while imazethapyr at 47 g/ha plus imazapyr isopropylamine salt at 16 g ae/ha and imazamox were similarly effective. Imazapic ammonium salt at 70 g ae/ha and imazamox at 53 g/ha were similarly effective at two locations, while imazapic was more effective at the third location. Imidazolinone herbicides caused only minor, temporary chlorosis on the wheat. In greenhouse experiments, a diclofop-susceptible biotype of Italian ryegrass was more sensitive to imazamox than a diclofop-
Download or read book Herbicide Resistance Mechanism s in Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne Ssp Multiflorum Populations in the Southern United States written by Reiofeli Algodon Salas and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass is a principal weed problem in wheat production fields in the southern US. Resistance to herbicides diclofop, mesosulfuron, and pinoxaden among ryegrass populations has been reported. Glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass populations were identified in Desha County, Arkansas. This research aimed to 1) determine resistance patterns to ACCase (diclofop and pinoxaden) and ALS (imazamox, mesosulfuron, and pyroxsulam) herbicides among Italian ryegrass populations from the southern US; 2) determine if cytochrome P450-mediated enhanced herbicide metabolism contributed to resistance; and 3) elucidate the resistance mechanism to glyphosate in four Arkansas populations (Des03, Des05, Des14, and D8). For objective 1, 30 accessions from problematic fields in the southern US between 2008 and 2010 were subjected to dose-response bioassays. Among the 30 accessions, 27 were resistant to both diclofop and mesosulfuron, 25 of which were also resistant to pyroxsulam. Ten Arkansas accessions collected in 2008 were resistant to diclofop, mesosulfuron, pyroxsulam, and imazamox. One accession from Georgia and three accessions from North Carolina were resistant to diclofop, mesosulfuron, pyroxsulam, and pinoxaden. For objective 2, six ryegrass populations with different resistance patterns to glyphosate, ALS- and ACCase herbicides, were treated with P450 inhibitors malathion (1000 g ai ha-1) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (100 microM ABT) before herbicide application. Malathion improved herbicide activity in some populations, but did not completely overcome resistance to any herbicide. This indicates that P450-mediated metabolism is only partially responsible for resistance in these populations. For objective 3, plants from Des03 population were analyzed for resistance level, EPSPS genetic mutation(s), EPSPS enzyme activity, and EPSPS gene copy number. The absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate were similar in R and S plants. The EPSPS gene in the R plants did not contain any point mutation(s) associated with glyphosate resistance. Resistance to glyphosate in Des03 is due to increased basal EPSPS enzyme activity resulting from amplification of the EPSPS gene. Follow-up experiments conducted on other glyphosate-R populations, Des05, Des14, and D8, showed 11-fold to 516-fold more copies of the EPSPS gene in resistant plants than their susceptible counterparts indicating that EPSPS gene amplification also confers resistance to glyphosate in these populations.
Download or read book Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum Control in Imidazolinone tolerant Wheat Triticum Aestivum written by Kevin Christman Clemmer and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Keywords: tribenuron, LOLMU, herbicide interactions, dicamba, pendimethalin, imazethapyr, imazapyr, imazapic, imazamox, herbicide-resistant biotypes, diclofop, Clearfield wheat, Triticum aestivum, thifensulfuron.
Download or read book Evaluating the Interaction Between Herbicide and Fertilizer Application Timing to Improve Italian Ryegrass Control Grain Quality and Yield in Oklahoma Wheat Production written by Steven Robert Calhoun and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Controlling Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a serious problem for Oklahoma winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) producers to face. Italian ryegrass, when not controlled, reduces wheat yield and overall grain quality due to higher than acceptable levels of inert material. The overarching objective of this experiment was to evaluate the interaction between N fertilizer application timing and post-emergence herbicide application timing for control of Italian ryegrass. This interaction will be evaluated based on grain yield, grain quality (protein concentration and dockage in harvested grain), N accumulation in winter wheat and Italian ryegrass, biomass growth, and control of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass was controlled with Axial XL (Pinoxaden) four times, three in the fall during 2011 and once in the fall of 2012 and once in the fall 2012 and twice in the spring of 2013. Tissue samples collect during the 2011-2012 growing season showed an increase in wheat biomass weights when Italian ryegrass populations were controlled. Good growing conditions early in the 2011-2012 growing season allowed wheat biomass to develop and out compete the Italian ryegrass. The greatest Italian ryegrass densities were discovered in the 0 Kg N ha−1 N application rate, poor fertility reduced the competitiveness of wheat. Yields in the weedy plots were slightly lower than the weed free plots that received the same amount of N. Although not significant at all locations between each N rate, the overall grain yields where increase between 37 to 521 Kg ha−1 when Italian ryegrass was controlled in the fall. The results found in the study can be used to better manage herbicide and N inputs for maximum weed control, grain quality, yield, and economic return.
Download or read book Effect of Selected Herbicides on Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum and Returns from Hard Red Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum written by Matthew Austin Barnes and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effectiveness of Diclofop for Control of Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum in Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum written by Edward L. Robinson and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne L Ssp Multiflorum Control in Mississippi Corn Zea Mays L Production written by Michael Todd Wesley and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies were conducted in the field and in containers in Mississippi from 2017-2019 to optimize Italian ryegrass control in corn production. Most fall-applied residual herbicides provided ≥ 90% Italian ryegrass control 56 days after treatment (DAT) in both field and container experiments. Oxyflurofen provided 95% Italian ryegrass control 28 DAT but only 81% control 56 DAT in field plots. S-metolachlor plus atrazine followed by paraquat produced the highest return on investment for both site-years. The timing of removal study indicates the optimum time to remove Italian ryegrass relative to corn planting is approximately three to four weeks prior to planting. In the droplet size study, Italian ryegrass control when S-metolachlor was sprayed with the TTI was lower than when S-metolachlor was sprayed with the AIXR in containers 28 DAT. Italian ryegrass control when paraquat was sprayed with the AIXR was greater than when paraquat was sprayed with the TTI.
Download or read book Characterization of Herbicide Resistance in Lolium Multiflorum Populations from California and Oregon written by Caio Augusto De Castro Grossi Brunharo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is a troublesome weedy species spread throughout the United States, competing for light, water and nutrients with crops. Its control has been chiefly dependent on herbicides due to their effectiveness and practicality. As result of heavy selection pressure, herbicide-resistant populations of Italian ryegrass have been selected in California and Oregon trees and vines. Recently, poor control of Italian ryegrass with paraquat was reported by orchard managers in California, whereas glufosinate-resistant populations were reported in Oregon. We hypothesize that the low paraquat efficacy observed in a California population is due to the selection of a paraquat-resistant biotype. We also hypothesized that non-target-site mechanisms of resistance were selected in glufosinate-resistant Italian ryegrass populations from Oregon. Greenhouse, field and laboratory experiments were carried out to characterize herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations from California. Laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the resistance to glufosinate in Oregon Italian ryegrass populations. Greenhouse dose-response experiments confirmed the presence of paraquat resistance in an Italian ryegrass population from California, with multiple resistance to clethodim and glyphosate. Glyphosate resistance is due to amino acid substitutions in the EPSPS at position 106. Field experiments with PRE herbicides indicated that tankmixes containing indaziflam and flumioxazin can provide adequate L. multiflorum control up to 150 days after treatment. Resistance to paraquat likely involves vacuolar sequestration of the herbicide. Laboratory experiments with Oregon Italian ryegrass populations indicate that metabolism of glufosinate is involved in the resistance mechanism. These results add generally to the body of knowledge of herbicide resistance in ryegrass and should influence how multiple herbicide-resistant populations are managed in trees and vines of the western US.
Download or read book Multiple resistant Italian Ryegrass Lolium Perenne Spp Multiflorum Populations in Oregon written by Mingyang Liu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum) is a common weed management problem in turfgrasses, cereals and non-crop areas in the United States. In Oregon, the number of populations with multiple-resistance continues to increase. To manage these resistant populations, the resistance patterns must be determined. In this study, five Italian ryegrass populations (CT, R1, R2, R3 and R4) from two cropping systems were studied for resistance patterns and mechanisms. The CT population is from a Christmas tree plantation and was resistant to at least six herbicides with four different mechanisms of action: atrazine, diuron (2.4-fold), glyphosate (7.4-fold), hexazinone (3.1-fold), imazapyr (1.8-fold), and sulfometuron. The resistant indices (RI) for sulfometuron and atrazine could not be calculated because 50% growth reduction for the CT population was not reached even with the highest rates applied, 17.6 kg ai ha−1and 16 kg ai ha−1, respectively, which are 16 times the recommended field application rates for this two herbicides. The CT population accumulated less shikimate than the S population. There were two mutations in the CT population, Trp591 to Leu in the ALS gene and Ser264 to Gly in the psbA gene, which explain the ALS and PII cross resistance, respectively. R1, R2, R3 and R4 were collected from annual cropping systems. All four populations were resistant to flufenacet. RIs for two populations, R2 and R4, were 8.4 and 5.9, respectively. R2 and R4 also were resistant to mesosulfuron-methyl, pinoxaden, quizalofop and clethodim. R4 was resistant to diuron, but R2 was not. An Asp-2078-Gly substitution in the ACCase gene was found in both R2 and R4 populations, while another Ile-2041-Asn substitution in the ACCase gene was found in the R4 population. These mutations explain the ACCase cross resistance in the R2 and R4 populations. The mechanisms for the glyphosate resistance in the CT population and the flufenacet resistance in R1, R2, R3 and R4 populations were not identified in this study. None of the five populations were resistant to the herbicide pyroxasulfone.
Download or read book Effects of Chlorsulfuron on Diclofop methyl Toxicity to Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum and Italian Ryegrass Interference in Wheat Triticum Aestivum written by Rex Allan Liebl and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evolution of Herbicide Resistance in Lolium Perenne Ssp Multiflorum Populations written by Elizabeth Karn and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Herbicide-resistant weeds provide a unique system in which to study the evolution of adaptive traits. The selection pressures, adaptive traits, and often the underlying basis for herbicide resistance are typically known, allowing for studies of adaptive variation across large agricultural landscapes that vary in selection pressures and intensities over space and time. In the last several years, populations of Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) in orchards and vineyards of northwest California were suspected of evolving resistance to the herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate. Earlier work identified that a non-synonymous mutation in 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene is responsible for glyphosate resistance in the Central Valley of California. The research presented in this dissertation characterizes phenotypes resistant to glyphosate and glufosinate and examines the evolution of glyphosate resistance in northwest California populations of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum using neutral genetic diversity and adaptive genetic variation, to gain a greater understanding of contemporary adaptive evolution across landscapes. In Chapter 1, I measure the frequency of glyphosate-resistant and glufosinate-resistant individuals in 14 populations of L. perenne across three screening times and measure the population-average level of resistance in selected populations. The analysis demonstrates that while both glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant individuals are present in northwest California with distinct mechanisms conferring resistance to each herbicide, these resistance phenotypes are variable over time, especially for glufosinate. In Chapter 2, using microsatellite genetic variation at 12 loci in the sampled individuals, I show that California L. perenne contains high genetic diversity and admixture across populations, with a potential for spread of glyphosate resistance through gene flow. In Chapter 3, I genotype adaptive genetic variation in the sampled individuals and identified four distinct glyphosate-resistant EPSPS alleles at codon site 106, indicating multiple evolutionary origins of glyphosate resistance in the region, although resistance in some populations cannot be explained by EPSPS mutations at site 106. Together, these results demonstrate that the evolution of adaptive traits across a landscape can be quite complex, with variable phenotypes conferred by multiple independent evolutionary origins of the same adaptive trait with subsequent spread through gene flow.
Download or read book The Effectiveness of Diclofop for Control of Italian Ryegrass Lolium Multiflorum in Winter Wheat Triticum Aestivum written by E. L. Robinson and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
