Download or read book Death Discrimination written by Samuel R. Gross and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies the capital sentencing patterns in Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Oklahoma, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia and Arkansas for the years 1976 through 1980. Suggests that, in the aftermath of Furman v. Georgia, various state efforts to improve the evenhandedness of the capital punishment system still need improvements and just alternatives.
Download or read book Guidelines Manual written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Demographic Differences in Federal Sentencing Practices written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System written by Joan Petersilia and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 2-year study compared the treatment of white and minority offenders at key decision points in the criminal justice processing of approximately 1,400 male prison inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas. Study data came from the California Offender-Based Transaction Statistics which tracks offender-processing from arrest to sentencing, and the Rand Inmate Survey which yielded data from self-reports of approximately 1,400 male prison inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas. Prior research on discrimination in the criminal justice system produced controversial and contradictory findings. Section II discusses the problems with this research and briefly describes the data and methodology. Section III describes the workings of the criminal justice system and identifies racial differences in case-processing revealed in some of the data. Section IV analyzes more of the data for racial differences in crime-commission rates and the probability of being arrested. Section V looks at racial differences following the imposition of a court sentence. Section VI explores racial differences in offender characteristics, specifically: crime motivation, weapon use, and prison violence. Section VII summarizes the findings and presents the conclusions of the study. Although the case-processing system generally treated offenders similarly, there were racial differences at two key points. Minority suspects were more likely than whites to be released after arrest; however, after a felony conviction, minority offenders were more likely than whites to be given longer sentences and to be put in prison instead of jail. There were no statistically significant differences that implied discrimination against minorities in corrections.
Download or read book Justice on Trial written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. has made significant progress toward ensuring equal treatment under law for all citizens. But in one arena -- criminal justice -- racial inequality is growing, not receding. Our criminal laws, while facially neutral, are enforced in a massively & pervasively biased manner. The injustices of the criminal justice system threaten to render irrelevant 50 years of hard-fought civil rights progress. This policy report examines the systematically unequal treatment of black & Hispanic Americans & other minorities as compared to their similarly situated white counterparts within the criminal justice system. It reviews the effects of such unequal treatment on these groups & on the criminal justice system.
Download or read book Handbook on Punishment Decisions written by Jeffery T. Ulmer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook on Punishment Decisions: Locations of Disparity provides a comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge on sites of disparity in punishment decision-making. This collection of essays and reports of original research defines disparity broadly to include the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, age, citizenship/immigration status, and socioeconomic status, and it examines dimensions such as how pretrial or guilty plea processes shape exposure to punishment, how different types of sentencing decisions and/or policy structures (sentencing guidelines, mandatory minimums, risk assessment tools) might shape and condition disparity, and how post-sentencing decisions involving probation and parole contribute to inequalities. The sixteen contributions pull together what we know and what we don’t about punishment decision-making and plow new ground for further advances in the field. The ASC Division on Corrections & Sentencing Handbook Series publishes volumes on topics ranging from violence risk assessment to specialty courts for drug users, veterans, or people with mental illness. Each thematic volume focuses on a single topical issue that intersects with corrections and sentencing research.
Download or read book Sociology of Crime Law and Deviance written by Jeffrey T. Ulmer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-12-20 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance" is an annual series of volumes that publishes scholarly work in criminology and criminal justice studies, sociology of law, and the sociology of deviance and social control. These are very broad topics, and the series reflects this breadth. The series includes theoretical contributions, critical reviews of literature, empirical research, and methodological innovations. The series especially showcases "big picture" pieces that review and critically reconceptualize what is known and what remains to be understood about broad directions of research and theorizing about crime, justice, law, deviance, and social control. In addition, the series showcases a diversity of methodological approaches. "Volume 2" demonstrates such methodological diversity by presenting quantitative studies, ethnographies and discourse analyses. Through an application of these methodologies, the authors examine sanctions, crime and fear and legal and social control organizations and processes. The volume concludes with four chapters contributing to theory development.
Download or read book Racial Disparities in Sentencing Decisions written by Stephen P. Klein and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper discusses the distinction between racial disparity and racial discrimination; summarizes what is known about racial bias in capital and non-capital cases; and points out the reasons that the serious limitations of the research methods in this field make it difficult to make valid or reliable inferences about whether bias is present. Racial disparities do exist in the criminal justice system: although blacks constitute less than 11 percent of the U.S. population, they make up nearly half of the national prison population. But disparities alone are not evidence of discrimination. Comparisons between groups in the rate at which they receive a penalty must first control for factors that can appropriately influence sentencing decisions. Only after such controls are instituted can there be an investigation of the unique role of race. However, even when controls are used, social science research procedures still fall short of providing a valid or legally sufficient assessment of whether race affects sentencing decisions. Statistical and research techniques are just not up to the task of providing definitive evidence of whether racial bias is present. Discrimination in capital or non-capital cases cannot be inferred simply because groups differ in the rate at which they receive a given penalty.
Download or read book Privilege and Punishment written by Matthew Clair and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-21 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How the attorney-client relationship favors the privileged in criminal court—and denies justice to the poor and to working-class people of color The number of Americans arrested, brought to court, and incarcerated has skyrocketed in recent decades. Criminal defendants come from all races and economic walks of life, but they experience punishment in vastly different ways. Privilege and Punishment examines how racial and class inequalities are embedded in the attorney-client relationship, providing a devastating portrait of inequality and injustice within and beyond the criminal courts. Matthew Clair conducted extensive fieldwork in the Boston court system, attending criminal hearings and interviewing defendants, lawyers, judges, police officers, and probation officers. In this eye-opening book, he uncovers how privilege and inequality play out in criminal court interactions. When disadvantaged defendants try to learn their legal rights and advocate for themselves, lawyers and judges often silence, coerce, and punish them. Privileged defendants, who are more likely to trust their defense attorneys, delegate authority to their lawyers, defer to judges, and are rewarded for their compliance. Clair shows how attempts to exercise legal rights often backfire on the poor and on working-class people of color, and how effective legal representation alone is no guarantee of justice. Superbly written and powerfully argued, Privilege and Punishment draws needed attention to the injustices that are perpetuated by the attorney-client relationship in today’s criminal courts, and describes the reforms needed to correct them.
Download or read book How Do Judges Decide written by Cassia Spohn and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2002-01-28 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The appropriate amount of punishment for a given crime is an issue that has been debated by scholars, philosophers and legal professionals since the beginning of civilizations. This book seeks to address this issue in all of its complexity by providing a comprehensive overview of the sentencing process in the United States. The book begins by discussing the overall concept of punishment and then proceeds to dissect individual aspects of punishment. Topics include: the sentencing process; responsibility of the judge; disparity and discrimination in sentencing; and sentencing reform. This book is an ideal text for introductory courses on the judicial system, criminal law, law and society. It can be an essential resource to help students understand patterns in the wide discretion and latitude given to judges when determining punishments within the framework of the United States judicial system.
Download or read book No Equal Justice written by David Cole and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2010-10 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published a decade ago, No Equal Justice is the seminal work on race- and class-based double standards in criminal justice. Hailed as a ''shocking and necessary book'' by The Economist, it has become the standard reference point for anyone trying to understand the fundamental inequalities in the American legal system. The book, written by constitutional law scholar and civil liberties advocate David Cole, was named the best nonfiction book of 1999 by the Boston Book Review and the best book on an issue of national policy by the American Political Science Association. No Equal Justice examines subjects ranging from police behavior and jury selection to sentencing, and argues that our system does not merely fail to live up to the promise of equality, but actively requires double standards to operate. Such disparities, Cole argues, allow the privileged to enjoy constitutional protections from police power without paying the costs associated with extending those protections across the board to minorities and the poor. For this new, tenth-anniversary paperback edition, Cole has completely updated and revised the book, reflecting the substantial changes and developments that have occurred since first publication.
Download or read book Just Sentencing written by Richard S. Frase and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title presents a fully developed punishment theory which incorporates both utilitarian and retributive sentencing purposes. The author describes and defends a hybrid sentencing model that integrates theory and practice - blending and balancing both the competing principles of retribution and rehabilitation and the procedural concern of weighing rules against discretion.
Download or read book Topical Bibliography written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Intended and Unintended Consequences written by Marc Mauer and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Death Penalty Sentencing written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Racial Disparities in Sentencing written by Samuel Myers and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of the many functions of punishment in a democratic society, consider two extremes: punishment as a means of controlling crime, and punishment as a means of just deserts. The former is concerned with altering the behavior of individual criminals so as to achieve the desired social end of lower levels of criminal activity. As such, punishment as a means of controlling crime serves as what might be regarded in economic terminology as the "efficiency" goal of punishment. The latter is concerned with achieving a fair or equitable match between illegal acts and penalties, and thus can be termed an "equity" or "fairness" goal of punishment. Racial disparities in punishment are a by-product of the operation of a criminal justice system that labors under these conflicting objectives in sentencing and imprisonment. On one hand, there is an attempt to equate the punishment to the crime, a process that will result in racially disparate punishments if, for historical reasons, the crimes that are perpetuated by some groups are considered more heinous than those perpetuated by other groups. Or stated differently, if blacks happen to commit in disproportionate numbers those crimes that are more likely to be punished by imprisonment, they will be found in disproportionate numbers among those imprisoned. Thus, for example, black street-criminals who rob the local convenience store may receive prison sentences while white professionals who embezzle from their corporations receive sentences of probation, if legislatures perceive the former crime as a greater threat to society than the latter. Because racial disparities are inherent in the historical development of sanctions, sentencing guidelines and other reforms which evaluate only the characteristics of the crime in the determination of the punishment to accompany the crime will not necessarily eliminate ex post racial disparities. The objective, nonetheless, is to achieve an element of fairness or equity in punishment whereby people who commit identical crimes should receive identical punishments.
