Download or read book Proceedings of the Soviet Indian Symposium on Actual Problems of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Inorganic Materials 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Direct Investigation of the Immobilization of Radionuclides in the Alteration Phases of Spent Nuclear Fuel written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an oxidizing environment, such as the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain (YM), rapid alteration rates are expected for spent nuclear fuel. Laboratory-scale simulations demonstrate that the dominant alteration products under YM repository conditions will be uranyl phases. There is an inadequate database to relate the effects of alteration products to the release of radionuclides, although this information is essential for providing realistic radionuclide-release estimates. It is likely that many radionuclides contained in spent fuel will be incorporated into alteration products with a potentially profound impact on the future mobility of radionuclides in the repository. Our objective is to characterize the incorporation of radionuclides into U(VI) alteration products by synthesizing uranyl phases doped with radionuclides, appropriate surrogate elements, or non-radioactive isotopes, followed by detailed phase characterization by diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. Th is research will permit a more realistic estimate of the release rates of radionuclides from the repository's near-field environment.
Download or read book Direct Investigations Of The Immobilization Of Radionuclides In The Alteration Phases Of Spent Nuclear Fuel written by Peter C. Burns and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The safe disposal of the nation's nuclear waste in a geologic repository is one of the most significant and difficult scientific endeavors of the twenty-first century. Unique scientific challenges are posed by the very long-lived radioactivity of nuclear waste. Many radionuclides of vastly different chemical character must be retained by the repository for several thousand years. Some with longer half-lives, such as Pu-239 and Tc-99, need to be isolated for periods approaching a million years. In order to ensure the safety of a geologic repository, a detailed understanding of the mobility of radionuclides in complex natural systems is essential. Most of the radioactivity in a geological repository will be associated with spent nuclear fuel. In the United States spent fuel is derived from several sources. The majority is UO2 (LWR) spent fuel from commercial reactors. About 30,000 metric tons of spent fuel was in storage at commercial reactors by 1995, with the expectation that this quantity will more than double by 2010 (Integrated Data Report 1995). All spent fuel derived from commercial reactors is intended for eventual disposal in a geological repository. In addition, the DOE is the custodian of about 8000 metric tons of spent fuel, most of which is also intended for disposal in a geological repository. Although there are more than 250 types of spent fuel in the DOE inventory, the fuels may be broadly classified into (1) uranium metal fuel, (2) aluminum-based fuel, (3) mixed oxide (MOX) fuel containing substantial plutonium, and (4) graphite fuel (Colleen Shelton-Davis, personal communications, January 2000). Disposal of spent fuel in a geological repository requires detailed knowledge of the longterm behavior of the waste forms under repository conditions, as well as the fate of radionuclides released from the waste packages as containers are breached. The proposed Yucca Mountain repository is intended to hold 70,000 metric tons of high-level nuclear waste. Nine radionuclides considered in the TSPA-VA (Total System Performance Analysis - Viability Assessment) Base Case Performance Analysis (CRWMS, 1998, cf. Table 3-14 in section 3.5.1) are of special concern because of their long half-lives, radiological toxicities, and potential mobilities under repository conditions. These are five actinide isotopes, Np-237, Pu-239, Pu-242, U-234, and Pa- 231, and four fission products, Tc-99, I-129, Se-79, and C-14. In addition, Am-241 is important because it is a parent of Np-237. An understanding of the behaviors of these elements under repository-relevant conditions is essential to safe disposal. Natural analogue studies of the mineral uraninite, UO2+x (an analogue for UO2 in spent fuel), as well as several laboratory-scale simulations, confirm that spent fuel is unstable under the moist, oxidizing conditions expected in the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain. Once containers are breached, alteration of the spent fuel m ay be rapid, with the most abundant alteration products being uranyl (U6+) phases. Shortly after groundwater or condensed water vapor contacts spent fuel in the proposed repository, uranyl phases are likely to be abundant in the vicinity of the spent fuel. Most of the uranyl phases that will form in the repository are already known as minerals from natural systems. Many of these uranyl phases can persist for thousands of years, as demonstrated by studies of natural analogues (Finch et al. 1996). It is likely that uranyl phases forming due to the alteration of spent fuel will incorporate many of the radionuclides contained in the spent fuel (Burns et al. 1997), thus having a profound impact upon the mobility of the radionuclides. Our ongoing research is leading to an understanding of the impact of incorporation of radionuclides into uranyl phases. Such information is essential to an understanding of the long-term performance of the geological repository. Knowledge of the crystal structures, chemistries, stabilities and paragenesis of uranyl minerals lag far behind most other mineral groups, owing in large part to the occurrence of these minerals as complex intergrowths of multiple phases, making routine analysis very difficult.
Download or read book Direct Investigations of the Immobilization of Radionuclides in the Alteration Phases of Spent Nuclear Fuel 1998 Annual Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an oxidizing environment, such as in the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, rapid alteration rates are expected for spent nuclear fuel. Lab.-scale simulations have repeatedly shown that the dominant alteration products under repository conditions will be uranyl phases. There is an inadequate database that relates to the effects of the alteration products on the release of radionuclides, but this information is essential to provide a radionuclide release estimate. It is likely that many of the radionuclides contained in the fuel will be incorporated into the alteration products that form, potentially with a profound impact on the future mobility of radionuclides in the repository. The authors objective is to characterize the incorporation of radionuclides into alteration products by synthesis of uranyl phases doped with radionuclides, appropriate surrogate elements, or non-radioactive isotopes, followed by detailed phase characterization by diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. The research will permit a more realistic estimate of the release rates of the radionuclides from the near-field environment. This report summarizes work after 8 months of a 3-year project. The objective of investigating radionuclide incorporation in uranyl phases has required the development of synthesis techniques for various uranyl phases that are expected to form under repository conditions. The authors have synthesized and determined the structures of several uranyl phases that are new to science and that may be important alteration products under repository conditions. They have also undertaken the determination and refinement of the crystal structures of various uranyl phases that are likely to form under repository conditions. Other experiments include the investigation of the ion-exchange properties of uranyl phases under repository conditions.
Download or read book Energy Materials Coordinating Committe EMaCC Fiscal Year 1999 Annual Technical Report written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Materials Coordinating Committe EMaCC Fiscal Year 1998 Annual Technical Report written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Materials Coordinating Committe EMaCC Fiscal Year 2001 Annual Technical Report written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Materials Coordinating Committe EMaCC Fiscal Year 2002 Annual Technical Report written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Materials Coordinating Committe EMaCC Fiscal Year 2000 Annual Technical Report written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fiscal Year 2000 Department of Energy Budget Authorization Request Parts I and II written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. Subcommittee on Energy and Environment and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1852 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nuclear Waste Conditioning written by France. Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) and published by Le Moniteur Editions. This book was released on 2009 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Download or read book Radioactive Waste Forms for the Future written by Werner Lutze and published by North Holland. This book was released on 1988 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a compilation of important information on the full range of radioactive waste forms that have been developed, or at least suggested, for the incorporation of high-level nuclear waste. Many of the results were published in the ''gray literature'' of final reports of national laboratories or in various, generally less available, proceedings volumes. This is the first publication to draw information on nuclear waste forms for high-level wastes together into a single volume. Although borosilicate glass has become the standard waste form, additional research in this compound is still necessary. With improved technology (particularly processing technologies) and with a more detailed knowledge of repository conditions, glasses and second generation waste forms with improved performance properties can be developed. Sustained research programs on nuclear waste form development will yield results that can only add to public confidence and the final, safe disposal of nuclear waste. The aim of this volume is to provide a 'spring board' for these future research efforts. A detailed presentation is given on the properties and performance of non-crystalline waste forms (borosilicate glass, sintered glass, and lead-iron phosphate glass), and crystalline waste forms (Synroc, tailored ceramics, TiO 2 - ceramic matrix, glass-ceramics and FUETAP concrete). A chapter on Novel Waste Forms reviews a number of methods that warrant further development because of their potential superior performance and unique applications. The final chapter includes a tabulated comparison of important waste form properties and an extended discussion on the corrosion process and radiation damage effects for each waste form. Of particular interest is a performance assessment of nuclear waste borosilicate glass and the crystalline ceramic Synroc. This is the first detailed attempt to compare these two important waste forms on the basis of their materials properties. The discussion emphasizes the difficulties in making such a comparison and details the types of data that are required. Each chapter has been written by an expert and includes a current compilation of waste form properties with an extensive list of references. This volume will provide a stimulus for future research as well as useful reference material for scientists working in the field of nuclear waste disposal and materials science.
Download or read book Handbook of Advanced Radioactive Waste Conditioning Technologies written by Michael I. Ojovan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-01-24 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radioactive wastes are generated from a wide range of sources, including the power industry, and medical and scientific research institutions, presenting a range of challenges in dealing with a diverse set of radionuclides of varying concentrations. Conditioning technologies are essential for the encapsulation and immobilisation of these radioactive wastes, forming the initial engineered barrier required for their transportation, storage and disposal. The need to ensure the long term performance of radioactive waste forms is a key driver of the development of advanced conditioning technologies. The Handbook of advanced radioactive waste conditioning technologies provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the various options available and under development for the treatment and immobilisation of radioactive wastes. The book opens with an introductory chapter on radioactive waste characterisation and selection of conditioning technologies. Part one reviews the main radioactive waste treatment processes and conditioning technologies, including volume reduction techniques such as compaction, incineration and plasma treatment, as well as encapsulation methods such as cementation, calcination and vitrification. This coverage is extended in part two, with in-depth reviews of the development of advanced materials for radioactive waste conditioning, including geopolymers, glass and ceramic matrices for nuclear waste immobilisation, and waste packages and containers for disposal. Finally, part three reviews the long-term performance assessment and knowledge management techniques applicable to both spent nuclear fuels and solid radioactive waste forms. With its distinguished international team of contributors, the Handbook of advanced radioactive waste conditioning technologies is a standard reference for all radioactive waste management professionals, radiochemists, academics and researchers involved in the development of the nuclear fuel cycle. Provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the various options available and under development for the treatment and immobilisation of radioactive wastes Explores radioactive waste characterisation and selection of conditioning technologies including the development of advanced materials for radioactive waste conditioning Assesses the main radioactive waste treatment processes and conditioning technologies, including volume reduction techniques such as compaction
Download or read book An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation written by Michael I Ojovan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-12-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on the authors' extensive experience in the processing and disposal of waste, An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, Second Edition examines the gamut of nuclear waste issues from the natural level of radionuclides in the environment to geological disposal of waste-forms and their long-term behavior. It covers all-important aspects of processing and immobilization, including nuclear decay, regulations, new technologies and methods. Significant focus is given to the analysis of the various matrices used, especially cement and glass, with further discussion of other matrices such as bitumen. The final chapter concentrates on the performance assessment of immobilizing materials and safety of disposal, providing a full range of the resources needed to understand and correctly immobilize nuclear waste.
Download or read book Chemical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 2676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
