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Book Dictionary Data Structure

Download or read book Dictionary Data Structure written by Rismon Hasiholan Sianipar and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2024-05-07 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the dynamic realm of Python programming, dictionaries stand out as one of the most versatile and efficient data structures available. This book delves deep into the full potential of Python dictionaries, exploring their fundamental operations, practical applications, and their pivotal role in data science, software development, and graphical user interface (GUI) design using Tkinter. Dictionaries in Python are analogous to real-world dictionaries; they consist of key-value pairs that provide a fast and straightforward way to store and manage data. Unlike lists or arrays where elements are accessed via their position, dictionaries allow for quicker access through unique keys, making them indispensable for handling large datasets where speed and efficiency are crucial. The early chapters of this book introduce the basic operations associated with dictionaries, such as adding, removing, and modifying items. Each concept is reinforced with clear, practical examples demonstrating how these operations are used in everyday coding tasks. We also delve into more complex dictionary methods that enhance functionality, such as get(), keys(), values(), and items() methods, which facilitate efficient data retrieval and manipulation. As we progress, the book explores advanced applications of dictionaries in Python, including their use in web development for managing data, configuring settings in applications, and handling feature management in machine learning algorithms. The versatility of dictionaries is also showcased in tasks like JSON data parsing and management, where dictionaries' ability to nest and store complex data structures is particularly beneficial. One of the highlights of this book is the integration of dictionaries with Python's powerful libraries for data analysis and visualization, such as Pandas and Matplotlib. This includes examples of converting dictionaries into Pandas DataFrames to simplify data analysis tasks, or using dictionaries to store data points for graphical representation. Moreover, we introduce the development of graphical user interfaces using Tkinter, where dictionaries play a critical role in managing the state and properties of GUI elements. You will learn how to dynamically update GUI components based on user interactions stored and manipulated through dictionaries. This not only enhances the functionality of your applications but also showcases the synergy between data management and interface design. In addition to practical applications, the book addresses the performance aspects of dictionaries, comparing their efficiency with other data structures in Python. This discussion extends into real-world scenarios, demonstrating how dictionaries can be optimized for performance and memory usage in large-scale applications. We also examine common pitfalls and best practices when working with dictionaries to help you avoid common errors and improve the readability and efficiency of your code. From simple tasks like populating a dictionary with data, to more complex scenarios involving dictionaries within dictionaries, this book provides you with the knowledge to use dictionaries effectively in your programming projects. Lastly, this book doesn't just teach you how to use dictionaries; it inspires you to think more deeply about data structuring and management. By integrating dictionary operations with Tkinter GUI development, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of how these tools can be combined to create more interactive and user-friendly applications. Whether you are a data scientist, a backend developer, or a software engineer, mastering dictionaries and Tkinter will enhance your coding toolkit and open up new horizons in your software development career.

Book DICTIONARY DATA STRUCTURE  THEORY AND APPLICATIONS WITH PYTHON AND TKINTER

Download or read book DICTIONARY DATA STRUCTURE THEORY AND APPLICATIONS WITH PYTHON AND TKINTER written by Vivian Siahaan and published by BALIGE PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2024-05-07 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the dynamic realm of Python programming, dictionaries stand out as one of the most versatile and efficient data structures available. This book delves deep into the full potential of Python dictionaries, exploring their fundamental operations, practical applications, and their pivotal role in data science, software development, and graphical user interface (GUI) design using Tkinter. Dictionaries in Python are analogous to real-world dictionaries; they consist of key-value pairs that provide a fast and straightforward way to store and manage data. Unlike lists or arrays where elements are accessed via their position, dictionaries allow for quicker access through unique keys, making them indispensable for handling large datasets where speed and efficiency are crucial. The early chapters of this book introduce the basic operations associated with dictionaries, such as adding, removing, and modifying items. Each concept is reinforced with clear, practical examples demonstrating how these operations are used in everyday coding tasks. We also delve into more complex dictionary methods that enhance functionality, such as get(), keys(), values(), and items() methods, which facilitate efficient data retrieval and manipulation. As we progress, the book explores advanced applications of dictionaries in Python, including their use in web development for managing data, configuring settings in applications, and handling feature management in machine learning algorithms. The versatility of dictionaries is also showcased in tasks like JSON data parsing and management, where dictionaries’ ability to nest and store complex data structures is particularly beneficial. One of the highlights of this book is the integration of dictionaries with Python’s powerful libraries for data analysis and visualization, such as Pandas and Matplotlib. This includes examples of converting dictionaries into Pandas DataFrames to simplify data analysis tasks, or using dictionaries to store data points for graphical representation. Moreover, we introduce the development of graphical user interfaces using Tkinter, where dictionaries play a critical role in managing the state and properties of GUI elements. You will learn how to dynamically update GUI components based on user interactions stored and manipulated through dictionaries. This not only enhances the functionality of your applications but also showcases the synergy between data management and interface design. In addition to practical applications, the book addresses the performance aspects of dictionaries, comparing their efficiency with other data structures in Python. This discussion extends into real-world scenarios, demonstrating how dictionaries can be optimized for performance and memory usage in large-scale applications. We also examine common pitfalls and best practices when working with dictionaries to help you avoid common errors and improve the readability and efficiency of your code. From simple tasks like populating a dictionary with data, to more complex scenarios involving dictionaries within dictionaries, this book provides you with the knowledge to use dictionaries effectively in your programming projects. Lastly, this book doesn’t just teach you how to use dictionaries; it inspires you to think more deeply about data structuring and management. By integrating dictionary operations with Tkinter GUI development, you will gain a comprehensive understanding of how these tools can be combined to create more interactive and user-friendly applications. Whether you are a data scientist, a backend developer, or a software engineer, mastering dictionaries and Tkinter will enhance your coding toolkit and open up new horizons in your software development career.

Book LIST DATA STRUCTURE  THEORY AND APPLICATIONS WITH PYTHON AND TKINTER

Download or read book LIST DATA STRUCTURE THEORY AND APPLICATIONS WITH PYTHON AND TKINTER written by Vivian Siahaan and published by BALIGE PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2024-05-04 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the rapidly evolving world of technology, understanding foundational concepts like data structures, specifically lists, and their manipulation is essential. This book aims to delve deep into the practicalities of using lists in Python, a versatile and widely-used programming language known for its ease of use and powerful libraries. Coupled with this, the book explores the graphical user interface library, Tkinter, providing a comprehensive guide on how to make Python's capabilities more interactive and user-friendly. The significance of lists in programming cannot be overstated. They are among the most basic and crucial data structures in computer science, essential for storing sequences of data that are dynamically modifiable. In Python, lists are used extensively across simple applications to high-end data processing tasks. This book will start by exploring the anatomy of lists in Python, covering their creation, manipulation, and application in various real-world scenarios. Following the understanding of lists, the discussion will transition to operations on lists. Operations like appending, slicing, sorting, and more are pivotal in handling data efficiently. Through practical examples and detailed explanation, readers will learn how these operations are implemented in Python and how they can be used to solve common programming problems. Moreover, the power of list comprehensions, a distinctive feature of Python that allows for concise and efficient manipulation of lists, will be thoroughly discussed. This feature not only simplifies code but also enhances its readability and efficiency, making Python an appealing choice for developers. However, theoretical knowledge of these operations and their syntax only scratches the surface of their potential. To bridge the gap between theory and practical application, this book incorporates interactive examples using Tkinter, Python’s standard GUI library. Tkinter allows programmers to create graphical interfaces, making software applications accessible to a broader audience, including those who might not be comfortable with command-line interfaces. Integrating list operations into a GUI can significantly enhance the functionality and user-friendliness of applications. For instance, users can interact with the data more intuitively, perform operations in real-time, and see the results immediately, which is crucial for learning and debugging. The chapters dedicated to Tkinter will guide readers through setting up their first GUI applications. Starting from basic windows and widgets, the discussion will evolve to include how list operations can be integrated into these interfaces. Whether it's displaying a list, updating it based on user input, or sorting and filtering data based on user commands, the book will cover a wide range of use cases. One of the core strengths of combining list operations with Tkinter is in educational software, where interactive tools can significantly enhance the learning experience. By allowing students to manipulate data structures in real-time, they can see the immediate impact of their actions, thereby deepening their understanding of the subject matter. Furthermore, this approach has applications in professional software development, where developers need to build applications that are not only functional but also intuitive and responsive. The book will explore several project ideas and real-world applications, showing how the concepts discussed can be used to build meaningful and efficient software. Beyond educational and professional environments, this integration finds relevance in data analysis and visualization tasks. Analysts often need to manipulate large datasets and visualize their results effectively. Here, Python’s list operations and Tkinter’s graphical capabilities come together to offer powerful tools for data manipulation and display. In addition to practical applications, the book also addresses best practices and common pitfalls in both list manipulation and GUI development. Understanding these will help readers avoid common errors and improve the performance of their code. As technology continues to advance, the importance of understanding foundational programming skills and integrating them into user-friendly applications cannot be overstated. This book is designed not just to teach but also to inspire its readers to explore the possibilities of Python and Tkinter, encouraging them to develop applications that are powerful, efficient, and user-centric. In conclusion, this book serves as a comprehensive guide for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of Python’s list operations and GUI development using Tkinter. By the end of this book, readers will not only be proficient in these areas but will also be equipped to apply these skills in practical, innovative, and effective ways..

Book Data Structures and Algorithms with Python

Download or read book Data Structures and Algorithms with Python written by Kent D. Lee and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-12 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook explains the concepts and techniques required to write programs that can handle large amounts of data efficiently. Project-oriented and classroom-tested, the book presents a number of important algorithms supported by examples that bring meaning to the problems faced by computer programmers. The idea of computational complexity is also introduced, demonstrating what can and cannot be computed efficiently so that the programmer can make informed judgements about the algorithms they use. Features: includes both introductory and advanced data structures and algorithms topics, with suggested chapter sequences for those respective courses provided in the preface; provides learning goals, review questions and programming exercises in each chapter, as well as numerous illustrative examples; offers downloadable programs and supplementary files at an associated website, with instructor materials available from the author; presents a primer on Python for those from a different language background.

Book Data Structures and Algorithms in Python

Download or read book Data Structures and Algorithms in Python written by D. S. Publishing and published by . This book was released on 2019-09-08 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data Structures and Algorithms in Python This book is designed to be easy to read and understand although the topic itself is complicated. Algorithms are the procedures that software programs use to manipulate data structures. Besides clear and simple example programs, the author includes a workshop as a small demonstration program executable on a integrated development environment.Take your first step towards a career in software development with this Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy in Python, one of the most in-demand programming language. Computers store and process data with an extra ordinary speed and accuracy. So it is highly essential that the data is stored efficiently and can be accessed fast. Also the processing of data should happen in the smallest possible time but without losing the accuracy. Data structures deal with how the data is organized and held in the memory when a program processes it. It is important to note that the data that is stored in the disk as part of persistent storage (like relational tables) are not referred as data structure here. An Algorithm is step by step set of instruction to process the data for a specific purpose. So an algorithm utilizes various data structures in a logical way to solve a specific computing problem. In this book we will cover these two fundamental concepts of computer science using the Python programming language. Whats Inside: *Introduction *Environment Setup *Arrays *Lists *Maps *Dictionary *Hash *Sorting techniques *Searching Methods *Binary Tree *Algorithms Designs *Much, Much, More!

Book Fundamentals of Python

Download or read book Fundamentals of Python written by Kenneth Alfred Lambert and published by Course Technology. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written for computer programming students, hobbyists, and professionals, FUNDAMENTALS OF PYTHON: DATA STRUCTURES is an introduction to object-oriented design and data structures using the popular Python programming language. The level of instruction assumes at least one semester of programming in an object-oriented language such as Java, C++, or Python. Through the step-by-step instruction and exercises in this book, you'll cover such topics as the design of collection classes with polymorphism and inheritance, multiple implementations of collection interfaces, and the analysis of the space/time tradeoffs of different collection implementations (specifically array-based implementations and link-based implementations). Collections covered include sets, lists, stacks, queues, trees, dictionaries, and graphs. Get ready to dig into Python data structures with FUNDAMENTALS OF PYTHON: DATA STRUCTURES.

Book Tkinter GUI Programming by Example

Download or read book Tkinter GUI Programming by Example written by David Love and published by Packt Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2018-04-25 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leverage the power of Python and its de facto GUI framework to build highly interactive interfaces Key Features The fundamentals of Python and GUI programming with Tkinter. Create multiple cross-platform projects by integrating a host of third-party libraries and tools. Build beautiful and highly-interactive user interfaces that target multiple devices. Book Description Tkinter is a modular, cross-platform application development toolkit for Python. When developing GUI-rich applications, the most important choices are which programming language(s) and which GUI framework to use. Python and Tkinter prove to be a great combination. This book will get you familiar with Tkinter by having you create fun and interactive projects. These projects have varying degrees of complexity. We'll start with a simple project, where you'll learn the fundamentals of GUI programming and the basics of working with a Tkinter application. After getting the basics right, we'll move on to creating a project of slightly increased complexity, such as a highly customizable Python editor. In the next project, we'll crank up the complexity level to create an instant messaging app. Toward the end, we'll discuss various ways of packaging our applications so that they can be shared and installed on other machines without the user having to learn how to install and run Python programs. What you will learn Create a scrollable frame via theCanvas widget Use the pack geometry manager andFrame widget to control layout Learn to choose a data structurefor a game Group Tkinter widgets, such asbuttons, canvases, and labels Create a highly customizablePython editor Design and lay out a chat window Who this book is for This book is for beginners to GUI programming who haven’t used Tkinter yet and are eager to start building great-looking and user-friendly GUIs. Prior knowledge of Python programming is expected.

Book Python and Tkinter Programming

Download or read book Python and Tkinter Programming written by John Grayson and published by Manning Publications. This book was released on 1999-03-01 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes full documentation for Tkinter, and also offers extensive examples for many real-world Python/Tkinter applications that will give programmers a quick start on their own projects.

Book A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python

Download or read book A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python written by Hans Petter Langtangen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 942 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book serves as a first introduction to computer programming of scientific applications, using the high-level Python language. The exposition is example and problem-oriented, where the applications are taken from mathematics, numerical calculus, statistics, physics, biology and finance. The book teaches "Matlab-style" and procedural programming as well as object-oriented programming. High school mathematics is a required background and it is advantageous to study classical and numerical one-variable calculus in parallel with reading this book. Besides learning how to program computers, the reader will also learn how to solve mathematical problems, arising in various branches of science and engineering, with the aid of numerical methods and programming. By blending programming, mathematics and scientific applications, the book lays a solid foundation for practicing computational science. From the reviews: Langtangen ... does an excellent job of introducing programming as a set of skills in problem solving. He guides the reader into thinking properly about producing program logic and data structures for modeling real-world problems using objects and functions and embracing the object-oriented paradigm. ... Summing Up: Highly recommended. F. H. Wild III, Choice, Vol. 47 (8), April 2010 Those of us who have learned scientific programming in Python ‘on the streets’ could be a little jealous of students who have the opportunity to take a course out of Langtangen’s Primer.” John D. Cook, The Mathematical Association of America, September 2011 This book goes through Python in particular, and programming in general, via tasks that scientists will likely perform. It contains valuable information for students new to scientific computing and would be the perfect bridge between an introduction to programming and an advanced course on numerical methods or computational science. Alex Small, IEEE, CiSE Vol. 14 (2), March /April 2012 “This fourth edition is a wonderful, inclusive textbook that covers pretty much everything one needs to know to go from zero to fairly sophisticated scientific programming in Python...” Joan Horvath, Computing Reviews, March 2015

Book Python 3 for Absolute Beginners

Download or read book Python 3 for Absolute Beginners written by Tim Hall and published by Apress. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many more people who want to study programming other than aspiring computer scientists with a passing grade in advanced calculus. This guide appeals to your intelligence and ability to solve practical problems, while gently teaching the most recent revision of the programming language Python. You can learn solid software design skills and accomplish practical programming tasks, like extending applications and automating everyday processes, even if you have no programming experience at all. Authors Tim Hall and J–P Stacey use everyday language to decode programming jargon and teach Python 3 to the absolute beginner.

Book Programming in Python 3

    Book Details:
  • Author : Mark Summerfield
  • Publisher : Pearson Education
  • Release : 2008-12-16
  • ISBN : 9780321606594
  • Pages : 552 pages

Download or read book Programming in Python 3 written by Mark Summerfield and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2008-12-16 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Python 3 is the best version of the language yet: It is more powerful, convenient, consistent, and expressive than ever before. Now, leading Python programmer Mark Summerfield demonstrates how to write code that takes full advantage of Python 3’s features and idioms. The first book written from a completely “Python 3” viewpoint, Programming in Python 3 brings together all the knowledge you need to write any program, use any standard or third-party Python 3 library, and create new library modules of your own. Summerfield draws on his many years of Python experience to share deep insights into Python 3 development you won’t find anywhere else. He begins by illuminating Python’s “beautiful heart”: the eight key elements of Python you need to write robust, high-performance programs. Building on these core elements, he introduces new topics designed to strengthen your practical expertise—one concept and hands-on example at a time. This book’s coverage includes Developing in Python using procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming paradigms Creating custom packages and modules Writing and reading binary, text, and XML files, including optional compression, random access, and text and XML parsing Leveraging advanced data types, collections, control structures, and functions Spreading program workloads across multiple processes and threads Programming SQL databases and key-value DBM files Utilizing Python’s regular expression mini-language and module Building usable, efficient, GUI-based applications Advanced programming techniques, including generators, function and class decorators, context managers, descriptors, abstract base classes, metaclasses, and more Programming in Python 3 serves as both tutorial and language reference, and it is accompanied by extensive downloadable example code—all of it tested with the final version of Python 3 on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.

Book Python for Linguists

    Book Details:
  • Author : Michael Hammond
  • Publisher : Cambridge University Press
  • Release : 2020-05-07
  • ISBN : 1108493440
  • Pages : 313 pages

Download or read book Python for Linguists written by Michael Hammond and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-07 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to Python programming for linguists. Examples of code specifically designed for language analysis are featured throughout.

Book Practical Programming

    Book Details:
  • Author : Paul Gries
  • Publisher : Pragmatic Bookshelf
  • Release : 2017-12-06
  • ISBN : 1680504126
  • Pages : 576 pages

Download or read book Practical Programming written by Paul Gries and published by Pragmatic Bookshelf. This book was released on 2017-12-06 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Classroom-tested by tens of thousands of students, this new edition of the bestselling intro to programming book is for anyone who wants to understand computer science. Learn about design, algorithms, testing, and debugging. Discover the fundamentals of programming with Python 3.6--a language that's used in millions of devices. Write programs to solve real-world problems, and come away with everything you need to produce quality code. This edition has been updated to use the new language features in Python 3.6.

Book Making Use of Python

    Book Details:
  • Author : Rashi Gupta
  • Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
  • Release : 2003-08-16
  • ISBN : 0471449385
  • Pages : 416 pages

Download or read book Making Use of Python written by Rashi Gupta and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-08-16 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Python is a multipurpose development language that can be used on virtually every platform. It offers built-in support for critical development steps including data structures, dynamic typing, and dynamic building. It can be used in lieu of Java or C++, and Python scripts can be developed in a fraction of the time it takes to program and debug higher-level languages. Covers language basics and how to use Python for CGI scripting, GUI development, network programming, and much more Demonstrates why Python is arguably the most sophisticated of the popular scripting languages and why its popularity continues to grow

Book Classic Computer Science Problems in Python

Download or read book Classic Computer Science Problems in Python written by David Kopec and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-03-05 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Whether you're a novice or a seasoned professional, there's an Aha! moment in this book for everyone." - James Watson, Adaptive ”Highly recommended to everyone interested in deepening their understanding of Python and practical computer science.” —Daniel Kenney-Jung, MD, University of Minnesota Key Features • Master formal techniques taught in college computer science classes • Connect computer science theory to real-world applications, data, and performance • Prepare for programmer interviews • Recognize the core ideas behind most “new” challenges • Covers Python 3.7 Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About The Book Programming problems that seem new or unique are usually rooted in well-known engineering principles. Classic Computer Science Problems in Python guides you through time-tested scenarios, exercises, and algorithms that will prepare you for the “new” problems you’ll face when you start your next project. In this amazing book, you'll tackle dozens of coding challenges, ranging from simple tasks like binary search algorithms to clustering data using k-means. As you work through examples for web development, machine learning, and more, you'll remember important things you've forgotten and discover classic solutions that will save you hours of time. What You Will Learn • Search algorithms • Common techniques for graphs • Neural networks • Genetic algorithms • Adversarial search • Uses type hints throughout This Book Is Written For For intermediate Python programmers. About The Author David Kopec is an assistant professor of Computer Science and Innovation at Champlain College in Burlington, Vermont. He is the author of Dart for Absolute Beginners (Apress, 2014), Classic Computer Science Problems in Swift (Manning, 2018), and Classic Computer Science Problems in Java (Manning, 2020) Table of Contents 1. Small problems 2. Search problems 3. Constraint-satisfaction problems 4. Graph problems 5. Genetic algorithms 6. K-means clustering 7. Fairly simple neural networks 8. Adversarial search 9. Miscellaneous problems

Book Text Analytics with Python

Download or read book Text Analytics with Python written by Dipanjan Sarkar and published by Apress. This book was released on 2016-11-30 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derive useful insights from your data using Python. You will learn both basic and advanced concepts, including text and language syntax, structure, and semantics. You will focus on algorithms and techniques, such as text classification, clustering, topic modeling, and text summarization. Text Analytics with Python teaches you the techniques related to natural language processing and text analytics, and you will gain the skills to know which technique is best suited to solve a particular problem. You will look at each technique and algorithm with both a bird's eye view to understand how it can be used as well as with a microscopic view to understand the mathematical concepts and to implement them to solve your own problems. What You Will Learn: Understand the major concepts and techniques of natural language processing (NLP) and text analytics, including syntax and structure Build a text classification system to categorize news articles, analyze app or game reviews using topic modeling and text summarization, and cluster popular movie synopses and analyze the sentiment of movie reviews Implement Python and popular open source libraries in NLP and text analytics, such as the natural language toolkit (nltk), gensim, scikit-learn, spaCy and Pattern Who This Book Is For : IT professionals, analysts, developers, linguistic experts, data scientists, and anyone with a keen interest in linguistics, analytics, and generating insights from textual data

Book Python Scripting for Computational Science

Download or read book Python Scripting for Computational Science written by Hans Petter Langtangen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 743 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scripting with Python makes you productive and increases the reliability of your scientific work. Here, the author teaches you how to develop tailored, flexible, and efficient working environments built from small programs (scripts) written in Python. The focus is on examples and applications of relevance to computational science: gluing existing applications and tools, e.g. for automating simulation, data analysis, and visualization; steering simulations and computational experiments; equipping programs with graphical user interfaces; making computational Web services; creating interactive interfaces with a Maple/Matlab-like syntax to numerical applications in C/C++ or Fortran; and building flexible object-oriented programming interfaces to existing C/C++ or Fortran libraries.