Download or read book Development of the Oculomotor Nerve written by Brielle Bjorke and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to visually locate and follow objects of interest relies on ocular motor systems that control eye movements. The ocular motor system includes motor neurons located in the CNS that innervate the extraocular muscles surrounding the eye. These systems must perform both slow and fast eye muscle movements to accommodate head and body motion, smooth pursuit, vergence and saccadic functions, as well as respond to balance signals from the vestibular-ocular system. Nerves controlling the extraocular muscles (EOM) must function with a high degree of accuracy, thus placing a demand on proper motor neuron development and innervation. Three cranial nerves innervate the EOMs: cranial nerves III, IV and VI. Errors in the development of these nerves can lead to congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders, resulting in eye alignment errors termed strabismus. Among them, Duane syndrome is directly related to errors in the development of the oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve III (nIII). Unfortunately, the fundamental cause of these disorders remains unknown. One way of addressing these problems is to understand development of the oculomotor system at the cellular and molecular level. Although numerous studies have described cellular and molecular events in the development of the hindbrain and spinal motor systems, less attention has been placed on the midbrain. However, the midbrain houses somatic motor neurons that innervate four of the six extraocular muscles, as well as the visceral neurons that innervate the ciliary ganglion to control eye movement and pupil dilation. These populations reside together in the ventral midbrain and are collectively termed neurons of the oculomotor complex (OMC). To begin to understand disorders influencing the function of the oculomotor system I have reviewed known factors influencing the development of the OMC--from initial OMC differentiation to EOM innervation, as well as probed the function of the guidance cue Slit in these processes. This dissertation is divided into four chapters aimed at reviewing events and factors working in OM development (Chapters 1,3) and basic experiments to determine the role that Slit plays in OMC development (Chapters 2,4). In Chapter 1, I review both old and new studies on the development of the midbrain and OMC neurons. Although the development of the OMC has received more recent attention, a complete review is lacking. I begin by describing the components of the vertebrate OMC and the proposed birth date of its somatic and visceral components. I then describe events and factors that regulate OMC development and later cell death. In Chapter 2, I describe the migration of a subset of OMC neurons, the dorsal rectus motor neurons, across the ventral midbrain. To examine factors that may influence this migration, I focused on the expression of classic guidance cues. I further genetically manipulated the expression of these cues to find that the Slit family of midline repellents act to inhibit premature migration. In Chapter 3, I review prior studies of guidance cues and mechanism that guide the outgrowth and navigation of the OMN toward the EOMs.In Chapter 4, I describe preliminary studies to determine the role Slit signals may have in OMN guidance and EOM innervation. The research findings outlined in chapters 2 and 4 add to understanding the cellular and molecular events that lead to proper development of the OMC and cranial nerve III.
Download or read book The Development of the Oculomotor Nerve the Ciliary Ganglion and the Abducent Nerve in the Chick written by Frederic Walton Carpenter and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Eye Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice written by Shirley H. Wray and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Eye Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice, a leading expert with over thirty years of teaching experience in neurology and neuro-ophthalmology offers comprehensive instruction on the diagnosis and treatment of all varieties of eye movement disorders. This important new text reflects the importance of correlating clinical signs of disorders in the oculomotor system with their neuroanatomic and neurophysiologic architecture. With its focus on signs and symptoms, the book advances lesion localization of eye movement disorders as the central clinical concern. The reader is also presented with a fresh review of bedside examination techniques in the ER, ICU, and walk-in clinic; productive ways of taking a clinical history; sign interpretation; source lesion localization; and, where appropriate, therapy. Unlike most of the titles on eye movement disorders, this book's chapters are arranged according to objective signs - like ptosis, neuromuscular syndromes, dizziness, vertigo, and syndromes of the medulla - rather than disease entities. This emphasis on the topographic analysis of symptoms and signs is contrary to the prevailing clinical approach in which responsibility for therapy typically drives the clinician to arrive at an etiological diagnosis as rapidly as possible. At risk in this process is nothing less than the art of clinical medicine. One of the aims of this book is to reverse this process, and move clinicians back to the observation and interpretation of signs. The text features over 100 clinical cases, each one challenging the reader to determine the neuroanatomical location of the patient's lesion. This exercise provides the anatomical guidance needed to make critical diagnostic and management decisions in patients who often present with abnormal eye movements. Dynamic and intellectually stimulating, Eye Movement Disorders in Clinical Practice is essential for any reader wanting to better understand eye movement disorders.
Download or read book The Development of the Oculomotor Nerve the Ciliary Ganglion and the Abducent Nerve in the Chick written by Frederick Walton Carpenter and published by . This book was released on 1906 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Development of the Oculomotor Nerve the Ciliary Ganglion and the Abducent Nerve in the Chick Classic Reprint written by Frederick Walton Carpenter and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-10 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Development of the Oculomotor Nerve, the Ciliary Ganglion, and the Abducent Nerve in the Chick Schwalbe, in his extensive and much-quoted work on Das Ganglion oculomotorii, shows that the ciliary ganglion is represented in the lower vertebrates by groups of ganglion cells distributed along the course of the oculomotor nerve. Passing upward toward the higher forms, the cells become more closely associated into a compact body, this change being accompanied by a gradual withdrawal of the ganglion from the trunk of the oculomotor nerve through the formation of a radix bre vis. However, not all the higher vertebrates possess short roots, since in many mammals (sheep, calf, dog, rabbit) none exists, the ganglion being placed directly on the trunk of the oculomotor. Schwalbe denies the existence of a connection between the ciliary ganglion and the tri geminal nerve in several species, and believes the sympathetic root to be confined to mammals. He, therefore, asserts that the ciliary ganglion belongs primarily to the oculomotor, which he considers entitled to the rank of an independent segmental nerve. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Download or read book The Development of the Oculomotor Nerve the Ciliary Ganglion and the Abducent Nerve in the Chick Primary Source Edition written by Frederick Walton Carpenter and published by Nabu Press. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
Download or read book The Development of the Oculomotor Nerve the Ciliary Ganglion and the Abducent Nerve in the Chick written by Carpenter Walton and published by Hardpress Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.
Download or read book Development of the Ocular Motor System in Mouse Embryos written by Katherine Weller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocular motor system enables organisms to move their eyes to obtain precise visual feedback. In humans, six extraocular muscles form an oppositional pulley system to mediate slow, smooth tracking events as well as fast saccades. Their movement is dependent on three cranial nerves: the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens. This study focuses on the oculomotor nerve (OMN), which innervates four of the extraocular muscles. In early development, cranial nerves send pioneering axons into the peripheral tissue surrounding the neural tube. Axons must then respond to exogenous guidance cues to find their muscle targets. Precise axon projections are required, and miswiring or other abnormal development in the ocular system leads to strabismus, amblyopia, and impaired vision. Strabismus alone affects up to 2% of the population, and studies have shown that it greatly affects self-image, employment, and public perception. Studying the development of the ocular motor system can help identify the underlying cause of these defects. Previous studies have explored oculomotor guidance in chick and zebrafish embryos; however, a time course of mammalian development has not been established. This study establishes a time course of the critical stages of oculomotor nerve outgrowth to the periocular area in mice at embryonic day (e) 9.5 - e14.5. In previous studies, targeting was thought to occur when the nerve selected between the 6 differentiated populations of the extraocular muscles. Via immunolabeling and tissue-specific genetic markers, we find that the oculomotor nerve grows out to and spreads out within a mass of muscle precursor cells expressing the myogenic determinants Pitx2 and Myf5 near the eye. Contact between nerves and muscle precursors occurs days before mature muscle fibers have formed. The nerve remains in a plexus with these muscle precursor cells past the point of primary myogenesis, then infiltrates the mature fibers at e14.5. To examine whether EOM primordia were necessary for nIII guidance, we ablated muscle precursor cells by driving diphtheria toxin fragment A (DTA) with the early muscle differentiation factor Myf5. We found that the oculomotor nerve displayed ectopic branches, some of which projected beyond the eye, or a lack of plexus formation altogether. Our research integrates the parallel fields of oculomotor guidance and extraocular muscle development to form a more complete understanding of the choate ocular motor system in mammals. Our results also identify extraocular muscle precursor cells as an intermediate target for the OMN, thus providing evidence for an additional pathfinding step in this poorly understood process.
Download or read book From Neurons to Neighborhoods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-13 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.
Download or read book Case Based Neuro Ophthalmology written by Jonathan Micieli and published by . This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case-Based Neuro-Ophthalmology is designed for ophthalmology and neurology residents learning neuro-ophthalmology. Multiple choice questions are a common way of assessing knowledge on standardized examinations, but are also a useful way to learn. This book aims to familiarize the reader with common neuro-ophthalmology case presentations and poses questions that must be considered before arriving at a coherent impression and plan. Common test questions are also included to help with preparation for standardized examinations.Key Features:- Neuroimaging review tailored to ophthalmology residents for high-yield topics and images relevant to neuro-ophthalmology- Optical coherence tomography chapter dedicated to high-yield topics for neurology and ophthalmology residents- 23 of the most common neuro-ophthalmology cases ranging from optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy and 6th nerve palsy with a complete set of multiple choice questions, answers and explanations. - Clinical pearls are highlighted in Clinical Pearl boxes for the most high yield information
Download or read book Anatomy and Physiology written by J. Gordon Betts and published by . This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mayo Clinic Medical Neurosciences written by Eduardo E. Benarroch and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated and revised according to student feedback, the sixth edition of Mayo Clinic Medical Neurosciences: Organized by Neurologic System and Level provides a systematic approach to anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system inspired by the neurologist's approach to solving clinical problems. This volume has 4 sections: 1) an overview of the neurosciences necessary for understanding anatomical localization and pathophysiologic characterization of neurologic disorders; 2) an approach to localizing lesions in the 7 longitudinal systems of the nervous system; 3) an approach to localizing lesions in the 4 horizontal levels of the nervous system; and 4) a collection of clinical problems. This book provides the neuroscience framework to support the neurologist in a clinical setting and is also a great resource for neurology and psychiatry board certifications. This is the perfect guide for all medical students and neurology, psychiatry, and physical medicine residents at early stages of training. New to This Edition - A chapter devoted to multiple-choice questions for self-assessment - Discussion of emerging concepts in molecular, cellular, and system neurosciences - New chapters on emotion and consciousness systems - Incorporation of new discoveries in neuroimaging and an appendix for tables of medications commonly used to treat neurologic disorders
Download or read book The Neurologic Examination written by Hiroshi Shibasaki and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Table of Contents Table of Boxes Preface Explanatory Notes Chapter 1 Diagnosis of Neurological Diseases (General Principle) Chapter 2 History Taking Chapter 3 Physical Examination Chapter 4 Evaluation of Consciousness Chapter 5 Brainstem and Cranial Nerve Territories Chapter 6 Olfactory Sensation Chapter 7 Visual Functions Chapter 8 Pupils and Accommodation Chapter 9 Extraocular Muscles, Gaze, and Eye Movements Chapter 10 Trigeminal Nerve Chapter 11 Facial Nerve Chapter 12 Auditory Function Chapter 13 Sense of Equilibrium Chapter 14 Swallowing, Phonation, and Articulation Chapter 15 Neck and Trunk Chapter 16 Motor Functions Chapter 17 Tendon Reflexes and Pathologic Reflexes Chapter 18 Involuntary Movements Chapter 19 Somatosensory Function Chapter 20 Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 21 Posture and Gait Chapter 22 Mental and Cognitive Functions Chapter 23 Aphasia, Apraxia, and Agnosia Chapter 24 Paroxysmal and Functional Disorders Chapter 25 Ion Channel Disorders Chapter 26 Psychogenic Neurological Diseases Chapter 27 Thalamus Chapter 28 Hypothalamus and Neuroendocrinology Chapter 29 Neurological Emergency Chapter 30 Disability, Functional Recovery, and Prognosis Chapter 31 How to Plan Laboratory Tests Afterword: For Those Who Wish to Study Neurology.
Download or read book Development of the Autonomic Nervous System written by Katherine Elliott and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-14 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Novartis Foundation Series is a popular collection of the proceedings from Novartis Foundation Symposia, in which groups of leading scientists from a range of topics across biology, chemistry and medicine assembled to present papers and discuss results. The Novartis Foundation, originally known as the Ciba Foundation, is well known to scientists and clinicians around the world.
Download or read book Nerves and Nerve Injuries written by R. Shane Tubbs and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nerves and Nerve Injuries is the first comprehensive work devoted to the nerves of the body. An indispensable work for anyone studying the nerves or treating patients with nerve injuries, these books will become the 'go to' resource in the field. The nerves are treated in a systematic manner, discussing details such as their anatomy (both macro- and microscopic), physiology, examination (physical and imaging), pathology, and clinical and surgical interventions. The authors contributing their expertise are international experts on the subject. The books cover topics from detailed nerve anatomy and embryology to cutting-edge knowledge related to treatment, disease and mathematical modeling of the nerves. Nerves and Nerve Injuries Volume 1 focuses on the history of nerves, embryology, anatomy, imaging, and diagnostics. This volume provides a greatly detailed overview of the anatomy of the peripheral and cranial nerves as well as comprehensive details of imaging modalities and diagnostic tests. - Detailed anatomy of the peripheral and cranial nerves including their history and ultrastructure - Comprehensive details of the imaging modalities and diagnostic tests used for viewing and investigating the nerves - Authored by leaders in the field around the globe – the broadest, most expert coverage available
Download or read book Trigeminocardiac Reflex written by Tumul Chowdhury and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-05-29 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trigeminocardiac Reflex is a comprehensive tutorial reference to the science, diagnosis, and possible treatment of the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) that is usually initiated when the trigeminal nerve is disturbed during intercranial surgery. Since first reported in 1999 by co-Editor Bernhard Schaller, the research focused on TCR is expanding. While its instance is rare, new discoveries are not only increasing diagnosis, but also providing more effective treatment protocols. This text is ideal as a reference for clinical and research neurologists, as a general introduction for clinical presentation, and as a foundation for new research. - Represents the first tutorial reference focused on the Trigeminocardiac Reflex (TCR) - Content organized by two of the leading scientists in the area, Dr. Tumul Chowdhury (University of Manitoba) and Prof. Bernhard Schaller (University of Southampton) - Defines TCR, its onset, and possible treatments - Establishes a knowledge base for the future study of the TCR and treatment protocols
Download or read book Cranial Nerves written by Stanley Monkhouse and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-10-13 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cranial nerves are involved in head and neck function, and processes such as eating, speech and facial expression. This clinically oriented survey of cranial nerve anatomy and function was written for students of medicine, dentistry and speech therapy, but will also be useful for postgraduate physicians and GPs, and specialists in head and neck healthcare (surgeons, dentists, speech therapists etc.). After an introductory section surveying cranial nerve organisation and tricky basics such as ganglia, nuclei and brain stem pathways, the nerves are considered in functional groups: (1) for chewing and facial sensation; (2) for pharynx and larynx, swallowing and phonation; (3) autonomic components, taste and smell; (4) vision and eye movements; and (5) hearing and balance. In each chapter, the main anatomical features of each nerve are followed by clinical aspects and details of clinical testing. Simple line diagrams accompany the text. Detailed anatomy is not given.
