Download or read book Development of the Modified Fouling Index for the Assessment of Membrane Fouling Propensity written by Javeed Mohammed Abdul and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stringent water quality regulations by water quality authorities are prompting the water suppliers to adopt new water treatment technologies. Conventional water treatment methods such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration are being replaced by membrane processes such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis due to comparatively less chemicals usage and higher efficiency... The main impediment in the successful and economical application of these membrane processes is membrane fouling which can be defined as the unwanted deposition of feed impurities on the membrane surface during the filtration process... Parameters which measure the fouling propensity... are called fouling indices. Fouling indices commonly used in the water industry are the silt density index (SDI) and the modified fouling index (MFI). The aims of this study are: 1. to investigate the MFI a) to identify better the foulants that actually cause membrane fouling, and b) in a procedure that more closely simulates fouling in the RO membrane modules, and 2. to compare the standard MFI with CFS-MFI.
Download or read book Seven Years of Membranes Feature Paper 2017 written by Spas D. Kolev and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Seven Years of Membranes: Feature Paper 2017" that was published in Membranes
Download or read book Basic Principles of Membrane Technology written by Marcel Mulder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: III . 2 Preparation of synthetic membranes 72 III . 3 Phase inversion membranes 75 III. 3. 1 Preparation by evaporation 76 III . 3. 2 Precipitation. from the vapour phase 76 III . 3. 3 Precipitation by controlled evaporation 76 Thermal precipitation 76 III . 3. 4 III . 3. 5 Immersion precipitation 77 Preparation techniques for immersion precipitation 77 III . 4 Flat membranes 77 III . 4. 1 78 III . 4. 2 Tubular membranes 81 III . 5 Preparation techniques for composite membranes 82 III. 5. 1 Interfacial polymerisation Dip-coating 83 III . 5. 2 III . 5. 3 Plasma polymerisation 86 III . 5. 4 Modification of homogeneous dense membranes 87 III . 6 Phase separation in polymer systems 89 III . 6. 1 Introduction 89 III . 6. 1. 1 Thermodynamics 89 III . 6. 2 Demixing processes 99 III . 6. 2. 1 Binary mixtures 99 III . 6. 2. 2 Ternary systems 102 III . 6. 3 Crystallisation 104 III . 6. 4 Gelation 106 III . 6. 5 Vitrification 108 III . 6. 6 Thermal precipitation 109 III . 6. 7 Immersion precipitation 110 III . 6. 8 Diffusional aspects 114 III . 6. 9 Mechanism of membrane formation 117 III. 7 Influence of various parameters on membrane morphology 123 III. 7. 1 Choice of solvent-nonsolvent system 123 III . 7. 2 Choice of the polymer 129 III . 7. 3 Polymer concentration 130 III . 7. 4 Composition of the coagulation bath 132 III . 7. 5 Composition of the casting solution 133 III . 7.
Download or read book Fouling of Membranes and Thermal Units written by Roya Sheikholeslami and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-06-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This scholarly monograph authored by a leading fouling researcher reflects the immense advances in the basic and applied aspects of fouling that have taken place over the last 40 years. Traditionally, engineers and scientists have been encouraged to develop their expertise in a specific area; hence very limited number may have the experience of dealing with the same principles in completely different systems. As such, indeed a very limited number of people happen to have experience in fouling of differing process equipment such as membranes and heat exchangers. This fact often leads to exhaustive and unnecessary efforts as they attempt to reinvent the wheel. It is therefore more constructive for design, mitigation and control to assess fouling in terms of its own principles and irrespective of the process unit in which it occurs. This book aims to combine and consolidate the principles upon which the fouling phenomenon is based instead of the processes in which it occurs and to highlight the similarities and differences that may exist in fouling of different types of process equipment including both membrane and thermal units and from both the fundamental and practical aspects. This monumental effort has been admirably tackled by the author. This book will no doubt help individuals to better understand, address, and mitigate the fouling problem and to accelerate future progress in fouling research and development efforts.
Download or read book Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment written by Thomas Stephenson and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2000-05-31 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers the subject of membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, dealing with municipal as well as industrial wastewaters. The book details the 3 types of MBR available and discusses the science behind the technology, their design features, operation, applications, advantages, limitations, performance, current research activities and cost. As the demand for wastewater treatment, recycling and re-use technologies increases, it is envisaged that the membrane separation bioreactor will corner the market. Contents Membrane Fundamentals Biological Fundamentals Biomass Separation Membrane Bioreactors Membrane Aeration and Extractive Bioreactors Commercial Membrane Bioreactor Systems Membrane Bioreactor Applications Case Studies
Download or read book Nanofiltration Principles and Applications written by Anthony Gordon Fane and published by . This book was released on 2004-10 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanofiltration processes are finding wide applications in several 'wet' industries, such as water/wastewater treatment, water re-use, textile industry, diary industry, food industry and the pulp and paper industries. Despite this, no definitive book exists which covers the principles of the techniques and their potential and actual applications. ' Nanofiltration: Principles and Applications ' is edited by three well-known specialists from Australia, and contains chapters from top international authorities. The result is a comprehensive and up to date account which will be essential reading for membrane designers, manufacturers and end-users worldwide. *Hot industrial topic *Best Australian Editors and international contributors *The only book on the topic
Download or read book An Evaluation of the Membrane Fouling Index and Its Relevance to Predict Clogging in Porous Media written by Maikel Mendezmorales and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The MBR Book written by Simon Judd and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-18 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The MBR Book
Download or read book Membrane Fouling Study written by Yu-Heng Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane filtration is widely applied to the treatment of sewage, wastewater from the biomedical industry, and flowback water from hydraulic fracturing, but fouling remains a key challenge in these applications. Membrane fouling increases mass transfer resistance and energy consumption. Severely fouled membranes require expensive cleaning or replacement, which increases operating costs and reduces filtration efficiency. Modelling membrane fouling can advance our understanding of filtration processes and improve our ability to predict the onset and severity of fouling. This study focuses on developing fouling models in constant flux crossflow operations, commonly used in industry, and on developing fouling-resistant coatings to mitigate membrane fouling in industrial filtration applications. Two fouling mechanisms from the accepted Hermia’s model, intermediate pore blocking and cake filtration, were modified and combined together to describe fouling in constant flux crossflow ultrafiltration (UF). The model gave a qualitatively good fit to experimental fouling results using rigid latex bead particles and deformable oil droplets. Observations of the model’s accuracy at different fluxes shed light on the physical meaning of the threshold flux: the flux below which cake buildup is negligible and above which cake filtration becomes the dominant fouling mechanism. Although the model that combines intermediate pore blocking (IPB) and cake filtration can qualitatively described fouling by latex beads and emulsified oil, the IPB model fails at high foulant concentrations or high permeate flux. To resolve this issue, the IPB model has been replaced with a complete coverage model (CCM). CCM was combined with the cake filtration model, and then compared to the previous combined IPB/cake filtration model. Constant flux crossflow fouling experiments were conducted using dilute latex bead suspensions and commercial poly(ether sulfone) flat sheet ultrafiltration membranes to investigate the influence of operating conditions (foulant concentration, permeate flux, etc.) on the evolution of transmembrane pressure profile. The CCM/cake filtration combined model provides better agreement with experimental data than does the IPB/cake filtration combined model. To mitigate fouling in oil-water separations, a new approach to preparing hydrophilic membrane coatings based on 1,4-benzoquinone and various commercially available polyetheramines was developed. These coatings, prepared specifically from 1,4-benzoquinone and Jeffamine® EDR 148, poly(benzoquinone-Jeffamine® EDR 148) (p(BQ-EDR 148)), were used to modify polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes. In fouling experiments using an oil/water emulsion, membranes exhibited comparable fouling resistance to that of a polydopamine (pDA) modified membrane, a commonly used surface-modified membrane. Based on contact angle measurements, p(BQ-EDR 148) and pDA modified membranes have similar levels of hydrophilicity, and both exhibited higher threshold flux values than did their unmodified analogs. Based on their similar threshold flux values, p(BQ-EDR 148) (76 LMH) and pDA modified membranes (74 LMH) should have similar fouling resistance. Moreover, the mean pore size of p(BQ-EDR 148) modified membranes can be tuned, while keeping the pure water permeance constant, by changing the deposition time and molar ratio of benzoquinone to EDR 148 in the modification solution
Download or read book Seawater Reverse Osmosis SWRO Desalination Energy consumption in plants advanced low energy technologies and future developments for improving energy efficiency written by Seungkwan Hong and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2023-05-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-energy consumption is a critical issue associated with seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination, although the SWRO has been regarded as one of the most energy-efficient processes for seawater desalination. This means that SWRO involves a larger amount of fossil fuel and other energy sources for water production, which imposes a negative impact on the environment such as greenhouse gas emission. Therefore, the high-energy consumption of SWRO should be addressed to minimize environmental impacts and to allow for sustainable exploitation of seawater. However, the recent trend of energy consumption in SWRO seems to have reached a saturation point, which is still higher than theoretical minimum energy. To find new and innovative strategies for lowering current energy consumption, a comprehensive understanding of energy use in SWRO plants from theoretical analysis to actual energy consumption in real SWRO plants is required. This book can provide readers with information about the current state of energy consumption in actual SWRO plants, the fundamental understanding of energy use of SWRO plants from theoretical point of view, and advanced technologies and processes that could be applied for future energy reduction. In addition, this book will offer a detailed methodology for analyzing energy issues in seawater desalination. Through this book, readers will obtain an insight into how to deal with and analyze the energy issues in SWRO desalination.
Download or read book Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes written by Hongbo Du and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-03-28 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Osmotically driven membrane processes (ODMPs) including forward osmosis (FO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) have attracted increasing attention in fields such as water treatment, desalination, power generation, and life science. In contrast to pressure-driven membrane processes, e.g., reverse osmosis, which typically employs applied high pressure as driving force, ODMPs take advantages of naturally generated osmotic pressure as the sole source of driving force. In light of this, ODMPs possess many advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes. The advantages include low energy consumption, ease of equipment maintenance, low capital investment, high salt rejection, and high water flux. In the past decade, over 300 academic papers on ODMPs have been published in a variety of application fields. The number of such publications is still rapidly growing. The ODMPs' approach, fabrications, recent development and applications in wastewater treatment, power generation, seawater desalination, and gas absorption are presented in this book.
Download or read book Fouling Prediction with the Modified Fouling Index Ultrafiltration MFI UF at Constant Flux for Seawater Reverse Osmosis SWRO Systems written by D. Wahyudi and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Membrane Biological Reactors written by Faisal I. Hai and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years the MBR market has experienced unprecedented growth. The best practice in the field is constantly changing and unique quality requirements and management issues are regularly emerging. Membrane Biological Reactors: Theory, Modeling, Design, Management and Applications to Wastewater Reuse comprehensively covers the salient features and emerging issues associated with the MBR technology. The book provides thorough coverage starting from biological aspects and fundamentals of membranes, via modeling and design concepts, to practitioners’ perspective and good application examples. Membrane Biological Reactors focuses on all the relevant emerging issues raised by including the latest research from renowned experts in the field. It is a valuable reference to the academic and professional community and suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology. Editors: Faisal I. Hai, University of Wollongong, Australia Kazuo Yamamoto, University of Tokyo, Japan Chung-Hak Lee, Seoul National University, Korea.
Download or read book Membrane Fouling written by Alon Yeshayahu Kirschner and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membrane systems are used for water treatment in many industries due to their small footprint, low chemical and energy use, and ease of operation. However, membrane fouling remains a challenge, especially for highly concentrated feeds. Fouling increases hydraulic resistance, lowers water permeance and increases energy consumption. Fouled membranes require expensive cleaning or replacement, increasing operating costs. This study focuses on understanding fouling mechanisms in constant flux crossflow operation, commonly used in industry, and on development of novel fouling-resistant membrane coatings. A model combining two accepted fouling mechanisms, intermediate pore blocking and cake filtration, was developed to describe fouling in constant flux crossflow ultrafiltration (UF). The model was fit to experimental fouling results using rigid and deformable particles. Observations of the model's accuracy at different fluxes shed light on the physical meaning of the threshold flux: the threshold flux is the flux below which cake buildup is negligible and above which cake filtration becomes the dominant fouling mechanism. Further development of the model may enable fouling prediction. To mitigate fouling in oil-water separations, two novel membrane coatings were developed. The first coating was based on polydopamine (PDA), a well-established fouling-resistant coating material. Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC), a polymer zwitterion, was co-deposited with PDA to form a composite coating on polysulfone (PS) UF membranes. Fouling experiments showed that addition of PMPC to PDA significantly improved fouling resistance. The difference in fouling performance is likely due to the strongly hydrophilic surface properties contributed by PMPC. The co-deposition method opens opportunities for expansion of the concept in which PDA acts as a robust platform for the integration of non-fouling co-adsorbates. The second coating addresses a weakness of PDA coatings - their sensitivity to aqueous chlorine. Chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant in water purification processes. Chlorine oxidation results in rapid removal of PDA coatings from membrane surfaces, rendering them vulnerable to fouling. Poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA) is a polyaniline derivative which contains a tertiary amine, rather than a secondary amine as in PDA, making PNMA less vulnerable to chlorine oxidation. PNMA-modified membranes were more stable and had higher fouling resistance than PDA-modified membranes after chlorine exposure
Download or read book Fundamentals of Membrane Bioreactors written by Bradley Ladewig and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-22 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a critical, carefully researched, up-to-date summary of membranes for membrane bioreactors. It presents a comprehensive and self-contained outline of the fundamentals of membrane bioreactors, especially their relevance as an advanced water treatment technology. This outline helps to bring the technology to the readers’ attention, and positions the critical topic of membrane fouling as one of the key impediments to its more widescale adoption. The target readership includes researchers and industrial practitioners with an interest in membrane bioreactors.
Download or read book Membrane Bioreactor Processes written by Seong-Hoon Yoon and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-06-17 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grasp the Essential Principles of Membrane Bioreactor ProcessesEvolved from the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process, membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes have become the next-generation solution for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment and recycle. Membrane Bioreactor Processes: Principles and Applications explores nearly all the th
Download or read book Recent Developments in Forward Osmosis Processes written by Rodrigo Valladares Linares and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane technology with a range of possible water treatment applications (desalination and wastewater treatment and recovery). Recent Developments in Forward Osmosis Processes provides an overview of applications, advantages, challenges, costs and current knowledge gaps. Commercial technology, hybrid FO systems for both desalination and water recovery applications have shown to have higher capital cost compared to conventional technologies. Nevertheless, due to the demonstrated lower operational costs of hybrid FO systems, the unit cost for each m3 of fresh water produced with the FO system are lower than conventional desalination/water recovery technologies (i.e. ultrafiltration/RO systems). There are key benefits of using FO hybrid systems compared to RO: • chemical storage and feed systems may be reduced for capital, operational and maintenance cost savings, • reduced process piping costs, • more flexible treatment units, • higher overall sustainability of the desalination process, while producing high quality water.
