Download or read book Development of Formaldehyde free Wood Adhesives written by Svetlana Peshkova and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Formaldehyde free Wood Adhesives from Soybean Protein and Lignin written by Yuan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presently, the production of wood composites relies on the formaldehyde-based wood adhesives such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea-formaldehyde (UF). However, their dependence on exhaustible fossil fuels and the emission of carcinogenic formaldehyde prompt to develop an environmentally friendly adhesive from renewable natural resources. This work focuses on development and characterization of forma1dehydefree wood adhesives from renewable soybean protein and lignin. Soybean protein is an abundant, inexpensive, and readily available natural product. Soybean protein-based adhesives were widely used as wood adhesives in 1930s-1960s and are completely replaced by synthetic formaldehyde-based adhesives today because wood composites bonded with soybean protein-based adhesives have relatively lower strength and lower water resistance than those bonded with formaldehyde-based adhesives. Marine adhesive protein from mussels is a strong and water-resistant adhesive. However, the production of marine adhesive protein is difficult and costly. The marine adhesive protein contains three key functional groups: a catechol moiety, a primary amino group, and a mercapto group. In this research, soybean protein was modified using marine adhesive protein as a model. We found that imparting soybean protein with one of the three key functional groups found in the marine adhesive protein converted soybean protein into a strong and water-resistant wood adhesive. Another formaldehyde-free new wood adhesive was also developed through modification of soybean protein with maleic anhydride followed by mixing with polyethylenimine (PEI). Wood composites bonded with this new adhesive were very strong and very water-resistant. The reaction mechanisms in the modification of soybean protein with maleic anhydride and the curing mechanisms of the adhesive were investigated in detail. Demethylated kraft lignin (DKL) has a high amount of the same key functional group, catechol moiety, as the marine adhesive protein. We found that a combination of DKL and PEI (a polyamine with abundant primary amino groups) was a strong and water-resistant wood adhesive. It was found that the curing mechanism of the DKL-PEI adhesive is similar to that of marine adhesive protein. The effects of DKL/PEI weight ratio, hot-press conditions and the molecular weight of PEI on adhesive performance were also investigated in detail.

Download or read book Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde Free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis Fronds Lignin Penerbit USM written by Mohd. Hazwan Hussin and published by Penerbit USM. This book was released on with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phenol formaldehyde (PF) is one of the widely used wood adhesives in the wood industry. The raw materials in the production of phenol formaldehyde resin are petroleum-derived and formaldehyde-based materials which corresponds to public health issues, environmental problems and non-economical costing. In recent years, the increasing price of petrochemical due to energy shortage and environmental problems such as global warming and climate change as results from the burning of fossil fuels have been brought to great public attention. Public health issues related to the emission of formaldehyde-based adhesives in most buildings and constructions, have also been given notice. Thus, lignin phenol glyoxal (LPG) wood adhesives have been formulated by partially replacing phenol with Kraft and organosolv lignins at varying weight percentages. Results showed that 50 % organosolv LPG (OLPG) resin may cure as a stronger, natural, green, cost-effective and sustainable wood adhesive to replace PF resin in the wood industry.

Download or read book Development and Evaluation of a New Formaldehyde free Wood Adhesive from Renewable Materials for Making Interior Plywood written by Yonghwan Jang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthetic adhesives, such as phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins and urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, have dominated the wood adhesive market since they were introduced in the wood products industry. Formaldehyde, as a key component in the manufacturing of PF and UF resins, has been classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The UF and PF resins are derived from petroleum and natural gas. However, petroleum resources are not infinite and not renewable. In recent years, with concerns over fluctuating prices and future-exhaustion of oil, as well environmental issues of the UF resins, soy-based adhesives have again drawn people's attention as one of the most promising alternatives to petroleum-based adhesives. A soy-based adhesive, consisting of soy flour (SF) and a curing agent (CA) (polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin) has been commercialized for production of plywood since 2004. The PAE resin is derived from petrochemicals and is the most expensive component of the soy-based adhesive. In this study, a new formaldehyde-free adhesive, consisting of soy flour (SF) and a new curing agent (CA), was developed and evaluated for making interior plywood. The CA was developed from the reaction of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and ammonium hydroxide in water. ECH can be derived from renewable glycerol. The weight ratio of SF/CA was 7/1 with the total solids content of 36 wt% for the resulting adhesive. The reaction time, reaction temperature, and addition order of reactants in the preparation of the CA; the heat-treatment and storage time of the CA; and the NaOH usage in the SF-CA adhesive were investigated in terms of their effects on the water resistance of the resulting plywood panels. All adhesives containing the CAs (prepared by adding ECH and ammonium hydroxide all at once in water at the temperature of 45 °C to 60 °C) enabled all types of plywood panels to meet the water-resistance requirements for interior applications. The heat-treatment of all CAs, except the CA prepared at 50 oC for five-ply aspen panels, had no effects on improving the water resistance. The storage time of both heat-treated and untreated CAs within at least two months had no significant effects on their viscosities, and the water resistance of the resulting plywood panels.

Download or read book Wood Adhesives written by A. Pizzi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The perfect companion to the highly acclaimed Volume 1 of Wood Adhesives,Volume 2 presents stimulating discussions on technically and economically importantadhesives for wood bonding-covering their preparation and formulation, as well astechniques and suggestions for their application.Like its companion book, Wood Adhesives, Volume 2 provides up-to-date informationand analysis of new technologies and recent breakthroughs ... gives insightinto the relationship between adhesive chemistry and technical application . . . anddiscusses present and future trends likely to have considerable impact on the field.Elaborating upon general overviews presented in Volume 1, Wood Adhesives,Volume 2 includes a chapter on protein adhesives ... fills the gap on the chemistryof polyvinyl acetate wood adhesives ... contains a detailed discussion of formaldehydeemission ... and much more.A complementary and much needed follow-up to Volume 1, Wood Adhesives,Volume 2 is essential reading for wood technologists; adhesives and physicalchemists; forest products researchers; polymer scientists; chemical, mechanical, process,and civil engineers who must choose and apply wood adhesives; and advancedundergraduate and graduate students in the above disciplines.

Download or read book Development and Characterization of New Formaldehyde free Soy Flour based Adhesives for Making Interior Plywood written by Jian Huang and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives dominate the current wood adhesive market. However, these adhesives are derived from petrochemicals and carcinogenic formaldehyde. In this study, we developed two formaldehyde-free adhesives based on abundant, renewable, and inexpensive soy flour (SF). The first adhesive was mainly composed of SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), and maleic anhydride (MA). The optimum formulation of this adhesive and the optimum hot-press conditions for making plywood were investigated. A three-cycle soak test and a boiling water test (BWT) were employed to evaluate the strength and water-resistance of plywood bonded with the soy flour-based adhesive. Results showed that SF, PEI, MA and NaOH were all essential components for the adhesive and the SF/PEI/MA weight ratio of 7/1.0/0.32 resulted in the highest water-resistance. When the hot-press temperature was in the range of 140-170 ° C, both the water-resistance and the shear strengths of plywood bonded with the adhesive remained statistically the same, except that the dry shear strength of plywood at 170°C was statistically lower than that at 160 o.C. When the hot-press time ranged from 2 to 6 min at 160°C, the plywood panels made at the hot-press time of 5 min led to the highest boiling water test/wet (BWT/w) shear strength among all samples, and the plywood panel made at the hot-press time of 5 min had a higher dry shear strength than that at 3 min. Plywood panels bonded with this SF/PEI/MA adhesive exceeded the water-resistance requirements for interior applications. The second adhesive consisted of SF, trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMTE) and a catalyst. The following catalysts were investigated: calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, triethylamine, tetra-n-octylammonium bromide, phosphoric acid and ammonium sulfate. The effects of these catalysts on the water-resistance of plywood bonded with the SF-TMTE adhesive under different hot-press conditions were investigated. It was found that all catalysts improved the water-resistance of the resulting plywood to some extent. Among all catalysts investigated, calcium hydroxide and triethylamine were better than other catalysts in terms of improving the water-resistance of the resulting plywood panels. These preliminary results also revealed that increasing hot-press temperature and increasing hot-press time enhanced the water-resistance. The water-resistance of plywood panels bonded with these SF-TMTE adhesives still could not meet water-resistance requirements for interior applications.

Download or read book Bio based Wood Adhesives written by Zhongqi He and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adhesive bonding plays an increasing role in the forest product industry and is a key factor for efficiently utilizing timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have caused increasing environmental concern, natural product and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparation are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to (1) synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, (2) identify need areas and provide directions of future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrating research findings in practical adhesive application for maximal benefits. This book covers information on a variety of natural products and byproducts and the latest research on formulation, testing and improvement of the relevant adhesives in fifteen chapters written by an international group of accomplished contributors. This book will serve as a valuable reference source for university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, agricultural and wood engineers, international organization advocators and government agency regulators who work and deal with enhanced utilization of agricultural and forest products and byproducts.

Download or read book Preparation and Characterization of Formaldehyde free Wood Adhesives from Oil Palm Elaeis Guineensis Fronds Lignin written by Mohd. Hazwan Hussin and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bio based Wood Adhesives written by Zhongqi He and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-05-25 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adhesive bonding plays an increasing role in the forest product industry and is a key factor for efficiently utilizing timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have caused increasing environmental concern, natural product and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparation are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to (1) synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, (2) identify need areas and provide directions of future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrating research findings in practical adhesive application for maximal benefits. This book covers information on a variety of natural products and byproducts and the latest research on formulation, testing and improvement of the relevant adhesives in fifteen chapters written by an international group of accomplished contributors. This book will serve as a valuable reference source for university faculty, graduate students, research scientists, agricultural and wood engineers, international organization advocators and government agency regulators who work and deal with enhanced utilization of agricultural and forest products and byproducts.

Download or read book Research Progress on Formaldehyde Free Wood Adhesive Derived from Soy Flour written by Chengsheng Gui and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soy-based adhesives have been regarded as the most suitable candidates for wood industry. For a widespread use of soy-based adhesives, new technologies need to be developed to improve the water resistance. An overview on the methods to improve water resistance of soy-based adhesives is presented. Denaturants were once considered necessary to modify soy protein. However, water-resistant soy adhesives could be prepared by simply removing water-soluble carbohydrates and low molecular peptides from soy flour. In addition, proper grafting and cross-linking agents help to prepare water-resistant soy-based adhesives, which are used widely to bond interior wood composites. In particular, a new type of polyamidoamine (PADA) resin and an itaconic acid-based polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (IA-PAE) resin were synthesized to perform as cross-linking agents for soy-based adhesives. This review concludes that soy-based adhesives have great potential for use in numerous applications. However, future work is still needed to make soy-based adhesives more competitive with synthetic adhesives.

Download or read book Green Adhesives written by Inamuddin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-03 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Adhesives: Preparation, Properties and Applications deals with the fabrication methods, characterization, and applications of green adhesives. It also includes the collective properties of waterborne, bio, and wound-healing green adhesives. Exclusive attention is devoted to discussing the applications of green adhesives in biomedical coatings, food, and industrial applications.

Download or read book Adhesives written by Anna Rudawska and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents some information regarding adhesives which have applications in industry, medicine and dentistry. The book is divided into two parts: "Adhesives Applications in Medicine and Dentistry" and "Properties of Adhesive." The aim of such a presentation is to present the usage in very different aspects of application of the adhesives and present specific properties of adhesives. Adhesives' advantageous properties and relatively uncomplicated processing methods contribute to their increasing application and their growing popularity in the industry, medicine and other branches. Some adhesives represent properties superior to those of most adhesive materials, due to their excellent adhesion and chemical resistance. A wide variety of adhesives' considerable flexibility in modification of properties of adhesives allows adjusting the composition to particular applications.

Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Oriented Strandboard Bonded with Soy based Formaldehyde free Adhesives written by Matthew John Schwarzkopf and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthetic adhesives like phenol formaldehyde (PF) and isocyanates dominate the wood based structural panel market. The raw materials that makeup these adhesives are based on petroleum and natural gas. The sustainability and the continued success of the wood based structural panel industry will benefit from the development of alternative adhesives from renewable materials. In this study, we developed two soybased formaldehyde free adhesives. The first adhesive is a formaldehyde-free soy flour (SF)-curing agent (CA) adhesive and was investigated for making randomly oriented strandboard (R-OSB) and oriented strandboard (OSB). Two methods (the wet method and the dry method) were investigated for applying the SF-CA adhesive onto wood flakes. The wet methodincluded the thorough mixing of SF and CA to form an adhesive mixture and then spraying the adhesive mixture onto wood flakes. The SF:CA weight ratio, the adhesive add-on rate, hot-press conditions were optimized in terms of enhancing internal bond strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the resulting R-OSB panels. The highest IB, MOR and MOE were obtained at the 1:1 SF:CA weight ratio. The IB, MOR and MOE of the R-OSB panels that were made at the adhesive add-on rate of >_ 7%, a hot-press temperature between 170 °C and 220 °C, and a hot-press time of >_ 4 min exceeded the minimum industry requirements. The dry method included spraying aqueous CA solution onto a mixture of SF and wood flakes. The dry method was able to increase the SF:CA ratio up to 7:1 where the strengths of the resulting R-OSB panels still exceeded the minimum industry requirements. OSB panels made with the SF-CA adhesive had their strengths higher than or comparable to those commercial OSB panels purchased at a local Home Depot. The second adhesive investigated was a formaldehyde-free adhesive using soy flour (SF) and was investigated for use in randomly oriented strandboard (R-OSB) and oriented strandboard (OSB). The main ingredients of this adhesive included SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), maleic anhydride (MA), and sodium hydroxide. The application included spraying an aqueous solution of PEI, MA, and sodium hydroxide onto a mixture of wood flakes and SF. The adhesive hot-press conditions and add-on rate were optimized in terms of enhancing internal bond strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the resulting R-OSB and OSB panels. The highest IB, MOR and MOE of the R-OSB and OSB panels was achieved at a hot-press temperature of 170 °C, a hot-press time of 4-5 min, and an adhesive addon rate of 7% which exceeded the minimum industry requirements. Wax was added to PEI bonded OSB panels. Comparisons of IB, MOR, and MOE with PEI and commercial OSB panels were made. An addition of 1% wax (dry basis wood flakes) showed comparable results to the PEI panels with no wax.

Download or read book Development of Biobased Phenolic Adhesives for Engineered Wood Products written by Somayyeh Kalami and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phenolic adhesives are widely used in the production of engineered wood products due to their exceptional moisture and thermal resistance, chemical stability, and bonding strength. The phenolic adhesive is currently produced through condensation polymerization of two fossil fuel-derived compounds: phenol and formaldehyde. However, due to fluctuations in the price of phenol and formaldehyde with the price of oil, environmental and health issues associated with using these compounds, there is a strong interest in finding alternative renewables feedstocks. Lignin is a natural polyphenolic compound with excellent potential to substitute phenol in phenolic adhesive formulations. Lignin is produced as byproducts during pulp and bioethanol processes. On the other hand, biobased aldehydes such as glyoxal have recently gained a lot of attention for replacing the toxic formaldehyde in production of environmentally friendly wood products. In this study, a wide range of lignin samples from different resources (hardwood, softwood, wheat straw, and corn stover), and isolated via various processes (kraft, organosolv, soda, sulfite, and enzymatic hydrolysis), were used to formulate 100% lignin-based phenolic adhesives. In a separate work, formaldehyde-free phenolic adhesives were also developed using either glyoxal or gossypol (a dialdehyde from cotton seed) in combination with phenol. Chemical, physical, and thermal properties of lignin samples and developed phenolic resins and adhesive were measured using advanced analytical techniques and appropriate ASTM standard test methods.Based on two-way ANOVA analysis results of shear strength data, a biorefinery corn stover lignin that had the highest p-hydroxyphenyl and p-coumaric acid content was the most suitable lignin for replacing 100% of phenol in phenolic adhesive formulation. In addition, the developed lignin-based adhesive (formulated with biorefinery corn stover lignin) showed similar dry and wet adhesion strengths as that of commercially formulated phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive. On weight basis, the formaldehyde consumption in the developed lignin-based adhesive was 50% lower than the formaldehyde used in phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. Moreover, two formaldehyde-free formulated adhesives using glyoxal and gossypol (renewable feedstocks) had very similar physico-chemical properties to phenol formaldehyde adhesive.

Download or read book Biobased Adhesives written by Manfred Dunky and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-04-27 with total page 772 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biobased Adhesives Unique and comprehensive book edited by acknowledged leaders on biobased adhesives that will replace petroleum-based adhesives. This book contains 23 chapters covering the various ramifications of biobased adhesives. The chapters are written by world-class scientists and technologists actively involved in the arena of biobased adhesives. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1: Fundamental Aspects; Part 2: Classes of Biobased Adhesives; and Part 3: Applications of Biobased Adhesives. Topics covered include: an introduction to biobased adhesives; adhesion theories and adhesion and surface issues with biobased adhesives; chemistry of adhesives; biorefinery products as biobased raw materials for adhesives; naturally aldehyde-based thermosetting resins; natural crosslinkers; curing and adhesive bond strength development in biobased adhesives; mimicking nature; bio-inspired adhesives; protein adhesives; carbohydrates as adhesives; natural polymer-based adhesives; epoxy adhesives from natural materials; biobased polyurethane adhesives; nanocellulose-modified adhesives; debondable, recyclable, and biodegradable biobased adhesives; 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural-based adhesives; adhesive precursors from tree-derived naval stores; and applications in various diverse arenas such as wood bonding, controlled drug delivery, and wearable bioelectronics. Audience This book will interest materials scientists, adhesionists, polymer chemists, marine biologists, food and agriculture scientists, and environmentalists. R&D personnel in a slew of wide-ranging industries such as aviation, shipbuilding, railway, automotive, packaging, construction, wood bonding, and composites should find this book a repository of current and much-needed information.

Download or read book Evaluation of New Formaldehyde free Soy Flour based Wood Adhesives for Making Particleboard written by Kai Gu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formaldehyde-based adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol-formaldehyde (PF) are widely applied in wood-based composite industry. However, these adhesives are all petrochemical-based and could not sustain in a long term due to a limited reserve of oil and natural gas. Moreover, these adhesives emit carcinogenic formaldehyde in the production or use of wood composite panels, thus reducing indoor air quality and posing a health risk to human beings. Soy flour (SF) is an abundant, readily available, renewable, and inexpensive material and is mainly used for food application at present. Its potential for industrial applications has not been fully realized. In this study, we evaluated two SF-based formaldehyde-free wood adhesives for making M-2 Grade particleboard panels. The first adhesive was composed of SF, polyethylenimine (PEI), maleic anhydride (MA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The weight ratio of SF/PEI/MA/NaOH was 7/1.0/0.32/0.1. The hot-press temperature, hot-press time, panel density and adhesive usages were optimized in terms of enhancing the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and internal bond (IB) of the particleboard panels. It was found that the MOR, MOE and IB exceeded the minimum industrial requirements of M-2 particleboards under the following variables and conditions: hot-press temperature, 170 °C; hot-press time, 270 s; the adhesive usage of surface particles, 10 wt%; the adhesive usage of the core particles, 8 wt%; and the targeted particleboard density, 0.80 g/cm3. The second adhesive consisted of SF, a new curing agent (CA) and NaOH. Effects of the weight ratio of adhesive components on strengths of the particleboard panels were investigated. It was found that this adhesive resulted in the highest strengths at the SF/NaOH/CA weight ratio of 9/0.3/1. Effects of hot-press temperature and hot-press time on strengths of the panels were also investigated. The MOR, MOE and IB met the minimum industrial requirements of M-2 particleboard panels under the following variables and conditions: hot-press temperature, 190 °C; hot-press time, 270 s; the adhesive usage of surface particles, 12 wt%; the adhesive usage of the core particles, 10 wt%; and the targeted particleboard density, 0.80 g/cm3.

Download or read book Adhesives and Finishes for Wood written by Moon G. Kim and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-08-04 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adhesives and Finishes for Wood Understand the science of joining wood with this comprehensive guide Long seen as an old-fashioned material with narrowing modern applications, wood has seen increased popularity as a material in building and manufacturing in recent years. This has been driven by the need for sustainable resources and environmentally friendly materials. As a result of increased emphasis on wood, however, there is a corresponding need to understand the wood adhesives, the crucial materials in wood-based manufacture and craftsmanship. Adhesives and Finishes for Wood meets this need with a comprehensive but accessible introduction to the chemistry and applications of wood adhesives. Its easy-to-follow presentation nonetheless presents wood adhesives and finishes in significant detail. Ideal for readers without considerable preexisting knowledge in chemistry, this book includes everything the reader needs to understand and apply wood adhesives in their work or industry. Adhesives and Finishes for Wood readers will also find: Coverage ranging from the fundamentals of wood adhesive polymer chemistry to the properties of specific wood structures and resins A presentation suitable for both academic students and wood manufacture professionals An author with decades of experience in both academia and industry Adhesives and Finishes for Wood is a useful reference for advanced students and professionals in industries or manufacturing disciplines that incorporate wood, as well as for chemists, materials scientists, vocational school instructors, and more.