Download or read book Development of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Based Thin Film Solar Cells by PVD and Chemical Based Processes written by Markus Neuschitzer and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays mono- and multicrystalline silicon have the highest market share of all PV technologies but thin film solar cells based on CdTe or Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorbers recently show promising high power conversion efficiency values and due to their short energy payback time, minimal use of high purity material and low cost, they attract more and more attention. However, one concern of thin film PV based on CdTe or CIGS is the use of scare elements like tellurium or indium and gallium which could become a bottleneck if the technology wants to scale up to the terawatt level. Therefore, there is a high interest to replace these scare elements by more abundant ones and find suitable earth abundant photovoltaic absorbers. Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) or Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and its sulphur-selenide solid solution are promising candidates to replace CIGS as absorber material due to its composition of more earth abundant elements. In literature CZTSe and CZTS are referred to as kesterite due to its crystal structure. However, there is still a large gap between power conversion efficiencies of solar cells based on kesterite absorber material and more established thin film solar cells, thus intensive research is still necessary to close this gap. The main goal of this thesis was to develop and optimize heterostructure solar cells based on Cu2ZnSnSe4 absorbers, by cost effective physical vapour deposition (PVD) and chemical based processes. Special focus is put on an improved understanding of the influence of the surface properties of kesterite absorbers on device performance and furthermore to optimize the front interface, i.e. buffer layer as well as the kesterite absorber layer itself. A detailed study investigating the influence of the surface chemistry on device performance is presented. After a chemical etching to remove unwanted ZnSe secondary phases formed during CZTSe absorber synthesis a low temperature post deposition annealing at 200ðC of the full solar cell is necessary to improve device efficiencies from below 3% to over 8%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis showed that this post deposition annealing promotes the diffusion of Zn towards the surface and Cu towards the bulk resulting in a Zn enriched and Cu depleted surface region, which is crucial for high device performance. Additionally experimental surface treatments confirm the necessity of a Cu-poor and Zn-rich surface and the reason for this beneficial surface composition are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the CdS buffer layer which is typically used in kesterite based heterostructures solar cells was optimized and allowed improvements in device performance of 1% absolute. This optimization was further extended to Cd-free ZnS(O, OH) buffer layer. Efficiencies close to that of CdS reference solar cells could be achieved using optimized ZnS(O, OH) buffer layer. Additionally to the front interface optimization, a Ge assisted crystallization process for nanocrystalline CZTSe precursors was developed which largely increase grain growth and boost open circuit voltages (Voc) to promising high values due to the elimination of deep defects. Since the low Voc values is identified of one of the main bottlenecks of kesterite technology, the improvements achieved are highly promising and give important insight for further possible optimizations.

Download or read book Thin Film Solar Cells From Earth Abundant Materials written by Subba Ramaiah Kodigala and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-11-14 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental concept of the book is to explain how to make thin film solar cells from the abundant solar energy materials by low cost. The proper and optimized growth conditions are very essential while sandwiching thin films to make solar cell otherwise secondary phases play a role to undermine the working function of solar cells. The book illustrates growth and characterization of Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 thin film absorbers and their solar cells. The fabrication process of absorber layers by either vacuum or non-vacuum process is readily elaborated in the book, which helps for further development of cells. The characterization analyses such as XPS, XRD, SEM, AFM etc., lead to tailor the physical properties of the absorber layers to fit well for the solar cells. The role of secondary phases such as ZnS, Cu2-xS,SnS etc., which are determined by XPS, XRD or Raman, in the absorber layers is promptly discussed. The optical spectroscopy analysis, which finds band gap, optical constants of the films, is mentioned in the book. The electrical properties of the absorbers deal the influence of substrates, growth temperature, impurities, secondary phases etc. The low temperature I-V and C-V measurements of Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 thin film solar cells are clearly described. The solar cell parameters such as efficiency, fill factor, series resistance, parallel resistance provide handful information to understand the mechanism of physics of thin film solar cells in the book. The band structure, which supports to adjust interface states at the p-n junction of the solar cells is given. On the other hand the role of window layers with the solar cells is discussed. The simulation of theoretical efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S1-xSex)4 thin film solar cells explains how much efficiency can be experimentally extracted from the cells. - One of the first books exploring how to conduct research on thin film solar cells, including reducing costs - Detailed instructions on conducting research

Download or read book Thin Film Solar Cells written by Jef Poortmans and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-10-02 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thin-film solar cells are either emerging or about to emerge from the research laboratory to become commercially available devices finding practical various applications. Currently no textbook outlining the basic theoretical background, methods of fabrication and applications currently exist. Thus, this book aims to present for the first time an in-depth overview of this topic covering a broad range of thin-film solar cell technologies including both organic and inorganic materials, presented in a systematic fashion, by the scientific leaders in the respective domains. It covers a broad range of related topics, from physical principles to design, fabrication, characterization, and applications of novel photovoltaic devices.

Download or read book Development of Non vacuum and Low cost Techniques for Cu In Ga Se S 2 Thin Film Solar Cell Processing written by Christopher J. Hibberd and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar photovoltaic modules provide clean electricity from sunlight but will not be able tocompete on an open market until the cost of the electricity they produce is comparable to thatproduced by traditional methods. At present, modules based on crystalline silicon wafer solarcells account for nearly 90% of photovoltaic production capacity. However, it is anticipatedthat the ultimate cost reduction achievable for crystalline silicon solar cell production will besomewhat limited and that thin film solar cells may offer a cheaper alternative in the longterm. The highest energy conversion efficiencies reported for thin film solar cells have beenfor devices based around chalcopyrite Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 photovoltaic absorbers. The most efficient Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 solar cells contain absorber layers deposited by vacuumco-evaporation of the elements. However, the cost of ownership of large area vacuumevaporation technology is high and may be a limiting factor in the cost reductions achievablefor Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 based solar cells. Therefore, many alternative deposition methods areunder investigation. Despite almost thirty companies being in the process of commercialisingthese technologies there is no consensus as to which deposition method will lead to the mostcost effective product. Non-vacuum deposition techniques involving powders and chemical solutions potentiallyoffer significant reductions in the cost of Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 absorber layer deposition ascompared to their vacuum counterparts. A wide range of such approaches has beeninvestigated for thirty years and the gap between the world record Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 solarcell and the best devices containing non-vacuum deposited absorber layers has closedsignificantly in recent years. Nevertheless, no one technique has demonstrated its superiorityand the best results are still achieved with some of the most complex approaches. The work presented here involved the development and investigation of a new process forperforming one of the stages of non-vacuum deposition of Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 absorber layers. The new process incorporates copper into an initial Group III-VI precursor layer, e.g. indiumgallium selenide, through an ion exchange reaction performed in solution. The ion exchangereaction requires only very simple, low-cost equipment and proceeds at temperatures over1000?C lower than required for the evaporation of Cu under vacuum. In the new process, indium (gallium) selenide initial precursor layers are immersed insolutions containing Cu ions. During immersion an exchange reaction occurs and Cu ionsfrom the solution exchange places with Group III ions in the layer. This leads to theformation of an intimately bonded, laterally homogeneous copper selenide? indium (gallium)selenide modified precursor layer with the same morphology as the initial precursor. These modified precursor layers were converted to single phase chalcopyrite CuInSe2 andCu(In, Ga)Se2 by annealing with Se in a tube furnace system. Investigation of the annealingtreatment revealed that a series of phase transformations, beginning at low temperature, leadto chalcopyrite formation. Control of the timing of the Se supply was demonstrated toprevent reactions that were deemed detrimental to the morphology of the resultingchalcopyrite layers. When vacuum evaporated indium (gallium) selenide layers were used asinitial precursors, solar cells produced from the absorber layers exhibited energy conversionefficiencies of up to 4%. While these results are considered promising, the devices werecharacterised by very low open circuit voltages and parallel resistances. Rapid thermal processing was applied to the modified precursor layers in an attempt tofurther improve their conversion into chalcopyrite material. Despite only a small number ofsolar cells being fabricated using rapid thermal processing, improvements in open circuitvoltage of close to 150mV were achieved. However, due to increases in series resistance andreductions in current collection only small increases in solar cell efficiency were recorded. Rapid thermal processing was also used to demonstrate synthesis of single phase CuInS2from modified precursor layers based on non-vacuum deposited indium sulphide. Non-vacuum deposition methods provide many opportunities for the incorporation ofundesirable impurities into the deposited layers. Analysis of the precursor layers developedduring this work revealed that alkali atoms from the complexant used in the ion exchangebaths are incorporated into the precursor layers alongside the Cu. Alkali atoms exhibitpronounced electronic and structural effects on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 layers and are beneficial in lowconcentrations. However, excess alkali atoms are detrimental to Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cellperformance and the problems encountered with cells produced here are consistent with theeffects reported in the literature for excess alkali incorporation. It is therefore expected thatfurther improvements in solar cell efficiency might be achieved following reformulation ofthe ion exchange bath chemistry.

Download or read book Advances in Thin Film Solar Cells written by I. M. Dharmadasa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-05 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar energy conversion plays a very important role in the rapid introduction of renewable energy, which is essential to meet future energy demands without further polluting the environment, but current solar panels based on silicon are expensive due to the cost of raw materials and high energy consumption during production. The way forward is to move towards thin-film solar cells using alternative materials and low-cost manufacturing methods. The photovoltaic community is actively researching thin-film solar cells based on amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and dye-sensitised and organic materials. However, progress has been slow due to a lack of proper understanding of the physics behind these devices. This book concentrates on the latest developments and attempts to improve our understanding of solid-state device physics. The material presented is mainly experimental and based on CdTe thin-film solar cells. The author extends these new findings to CIGS thin-film solar cells and presents a new device design based on graded bandgap multi-layer solar cells. This design has been experimentally tested using the well-researched GaAs/AlGaAs system, and initial devices have shown impressive device parameters. These devices are capable of absorbing all radiation (UV, visible and infra-red) within the solar spectrum and combine "impact ionisation" and "impurity photovoltaic" effects. The improved device understanding presented in this book should impact and guide future photovoltaic device development and low-cost thin-film solar panel manufacture. This new edition features an additional chapter besides exercises and their solutions, which will be useful for academics teaching in this field.

Download or read book Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Thin Film Solar Cells Using and Alloy based Processing Strategy written by Teoman Taskesen and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cu In1 xGax Se2 Based Thin Film Solar Cells written by Subba Ramaiah Kodigala and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides valuable contents about the fabrication and characterization of chalcopyrite Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 based thin film solar cells and modules. The growth of chalcopyrite Cu(In1-xGax)(S1-ySey)2 absorbers, buffers, window layers, antireflection coatings, and finally metallic grids, which are the sole components of solar cells, is clearly illustrated. The absorber, which contains multiple elements, segregates secondary phases if the growth conditions are not well optimized i.e., the main drawback in the fabrication of solar cells. More importantly the solutions for the growth of thin films are given in detail. The properties of all the individual layers and single crystals including solar cells analyzed by different characterization techniques such as SEM, AFM, XPS, AES, TEM, XRD, optical, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy are explicitly demonstrated. The electrical analyses such as conductivities, Hall mobilities, deep level transient spectroscopy measurements etc., provide a broad picture to understand thin films or single crystals and their solar cells. The book clearly explains the working principle of energy conversion from solar to electrical with basic sciences for the chalcopyrite based thin film solar cells. Also, it demonstrates important criteria on how to enhance efficiency of the solar cells and modules. The effect of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, aging etc., on the devices is mentioned by citing several examples. · Illustrates a number of growth techniques to prepare thin film layers for solar cells · Discusses characterization techniques such as XRD, TEM, XPS, AFM, SEM, PL, CL, Optical measurements, and Electrical measurements · Includes I-V, C-V measurements illustrations · Provides analysis of solar cell efficiency · Presents current trends in thin film solar cells research and marketing

Download or read book New Processing Approaches for Cu2ZnSnSe4 based Solar Cells written by Simón López Mariño and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present thesis focuses on the promising semiconductor material kesterite, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4, known as CZTS(e), which is used in the second generation of solar cells, generally known as thin film photovoltaics (PV). This material relies on earth-abundant, low-cost and low toxic elements which certainly attract the interest of both research community and industry. Kesterite could replace its well known and already commercialised thin film counterpart, CuIn(1-x)Gax(SySe1-y)2 (CIGS), since it has similar structural and optoelectronic properties and also cell architecture, but does not rely on scarce elements such as In and Ga. In order to achieve a commercial stage kesterite research needs to increase its still limited efficiency (12.6%), which is currently below the 15-18% required value. To achieve this goal, new tailored and customized processing solutions, dealing with major problems of this technology should be investigated and implemented. Moreover, increasing the potential market penetration of kesterite by diversifying its possible applications range can also be an appealing and interesting driver for the industry. This work focuses on the pure Selenium kesterite, CZTSe, using a versatile and simple sequential two step process to synthesize this absorber. Sputtering and reactive thermal annealing are the techniques chosen to produce CZTSe based solar cells. In addition, two different substrates were used, soda lime glass (SLG) and flexible and light-weight stainless steel (SS) foils. The thesis scope is divided into two interrelated parts: The first one deals with the proposal of novel and customized approaches to improve CZTSe-based devices performance, mainly using glass substrates. Three innovative processing solutions are developed, proven and included in this work. Two of them deal with the critic Mo back contact region and the third one focuses on the absorber surface. As a result, two original ways to control the decomposition of the back contact interface and the excessive generation of MoSe2 (overselenization) during the thermal treatment along with a chemical passivation route for the CZTSe surface are reported. Intermediate and thin i-ZnO layers and Mo multilayer configurations combined with nanometric MoO2 layers are introduced at the back interface. Likewise, KMnO4/H2SO4 + Na2S aqueous solutions capable of removing ZnSe while passivating the absorber surface are successfully implemented. The second part of this thesis focuses on the use of flexible and light-weight substrates alternative to conventional and rigid glass based ones. The use of these substrates add an extra value to the already mentioned advantages that kesterite accounts for. A biggest application niche, such as building integration photovoltaics (BIPV), portable consumer electronics, car chassis integration, space applications¿ etc., along with high throughput roll-to-roll (R2R) industrial manufacturing compatibility, could definitively ease kesterite commercialization. SS foils have been used successfully in this work, producing the first CZTSe flexible device ever reported in the literature. This thesis includes a detailed optimization of Cr impurity diffusion barriers and Mo back contacts in order to minimize the detrimental effects of metallic substrate impurities in the devices performance. Additionally, a comparison of different extrinsic alkali doping methods to effectively introduce Na and/or K in flexible and light-weight CZTSe solar cells is also reported. Na doped Mo targets (MoNa), SLG pieces introduced during the annealing, NaF and KF pre-absorber synthesis evaporation (PAS) and post deposition evaporation (PDT) were investigated. We report for the first time a detailed optimization for the use of MoNa layers combined with CZTS(e) technology. In regard to the K investigation, the work developed in this thesis can also be considered as pioneer in the field.

Download or read book Fundamental Materials Research and Advanced Process Development for Thin film CIS based Photovoltaics written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fabrication Of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Thin Film Solar Cells By A Two Stage Process written by Yejiao Wang and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The properties of CZTSe thin-films and the performance of CZTSe thin-film solar cells have been characterized using techniques, including J-V, Raman spectroscopy, spectral response, and SEM/EDS. The best performance CZTSe thin-film solar cell that have been accomplished, has an open circuit voltage of 0.42 volt, shirt circuit current densities of 14.5 mA/cm2, fill factor of 47%, and efficiency of 2.86%.

Download or read book Solution Processing for Copper Indium Sulfide Solar Cells written by Stephen Thacker Connor and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the field of photovoltaics has become increasingly important due to rising energy demand and climate change. While most solar cells are currently composed of crystalline silicon, devices with thinner films of inorganic absorber materials might allow production at a greater scale due to their lower materials cost. In particular, thin films of CuInS2 are promising solar absorber materials due to their high efficiencies and low required thicknesses. However, the fabrication of thin film solar cells currently requires expensive vacuum techniques. As an alternative, solution-based deposition techniques have been proposed as a route to low-cost and high-throughput electronic device fabrication. I have studied how film growth depends on solutuion deposited precursor film quality, with the goal of producing large grained films of CuInS2 through solution processing. In the first approach, we used solvothermal decomposition of organometallic precursors at moderate temperatures to produce nanoparticles of CuInS2. Thin films of these nanoparticles were cast onto molybdenum coated glass and further processed to create CuInS2 solar cells. We found that performance was dependent on film porosity, grain size, and stoichiometry of the nanoparticles. Films with grain sizes of ~200nm were attained, from which 1.3% efficient solar cells were made. In addition, we showed that this synthesis could be extended to produce CuInS2 nanoparticles with partial substitution of Fe, Zn, and Ga. In the second approach, we synthesized an air-stable hybrid organometallic/nanoparticle ink at room temperature in ambient conditions through a vulcanization reaction. This ink could be coated onto substrates in smooth layers, and further reactive annealing formed large grained CuInS2 films. This process was characterized, and a correlation between residual carbon and grain growth was found. Additionally, the chemical transformation between precursor layers and final sulfide thin film was analyzed, with an emphasis on the difference between sulfurization and selenization. We demonstrated that the sulfurization process was producing morphological defects due to its nucleation limited growth mechanism. However, it was modified to more closely resemble the diffusion limited selenization mechanism, thus producing flat films of CuInS2 with grain sizes of ~500nm.

Download or read book Development of Silicon Recrystallization and Thin film Solar Cell Processes written by Spire Corporation and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development of Flexible Cu In Ga Se2 Thin Film Solar Cell by Lift Off Process written by Yasuhiro Abe and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fabrication and Analysis of CIGS Nanoparticle based Thin Film Solar Cells written by Parvin Ghane and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fabrication and analysis of Copper Indium Gallium di-Selenide (CIGS) nanoparticles-based thin film solar cells are presented and discussed. This work explores non-traditional fabrication processes, such as spray-coating for the low-cost and highly-scalable production of CIGS-based solar cells. CIGS nanoparticles were synthesized and analyzed, thin CIGS films were spray-deposited using nanoparticle inks, and resulting films were used in low-cost fabrication of a set of CIGS solar cell devices. This synthesis method utilizes a chemical colloidal process resulting in the formation of nanoparticles with tunable band gap and size. Based on theoretical and experimental studies, 100 nm nanoparticles with an associated band gap of 1.33 eV were selected to achieve the desired film characteristics and device performances. Scanning electron microcopy ΔΚ� αλγ πζφδ κδαπροδκδλϟ ζλπϟορκδλϟπ �Φδϟαπζφδο� ςδοδ ρπδγ ϟμ πϟργυ ϟϝδ πζφδ αλγ πϝανδ με ϟϝδ λαλμναοϟζϐιδπ� Διδϐϟομλ γζπνδοπζσδ πνδϐϟομπϐμνυ �ΔΓΠ� οδπριϟπ ϐμλεζοκδγ ϟϝδ νοδπδλϐδ με ϟϝδ εμρο διδκδλϟπ� �μννδο ��ρ�� Ζλγζρκ �Ζλ�� Ϛαιιζρκ �Ϛα�� αλγ Πδιδλζρκ �Πδ� ζλ ϟϝδ πυλϟϝδπζφδγ λαλμναοϟζϐιδπ� ςϝζιδ Τ�οαυ γζεεοαϐϟζμλ �ΤΟΓ� οδπριϟπ ϐμλεζοκδγ ϟϝδ ϟδϟοαϛμλαι ϐϝαιϐμνυοζϟδ ϐουπϟαι πϟορϐϟροδ� Ϟϝδ ριϟοασζμιδϟ�σζπζβιδ�λδαο ζλεοα�οδγ �ΡΣ�Σζπ�ΛΖΟ� πνδϐϟομνϝμϟμκδϟου οδπριϟπ με ϟϝδ λαλμναοϟζϐιδπ γδνζϐϟδγ ιζϛϝϟ αβπμοβαλϐδ ϐϝαοαϐϟδοζπϟζϐπ ςζϟϝ ϛμμγ μσδοιαν αϛαζλπϟ ϟϝδ πμιαο ζοοαγζαλϐδ πνδϐϟορκ� Ϟϝδ γδνμπζϟζμλπ με ϟϝδ λαλμναοϟζϐιδπ ςδοδ νδοεμοκδγ ρπζλϛ πνοαυ�ϐμαϟζλϛ ϟδϐϝλζξρδπ� Λαλμναοϟζϐιδ ζλθ γζπνδοπδγ ζλ δϟϝαλμι ςαπ πνοαυδγ ρπζλϛ α πζκνιδ αζοβορπϝ ϟμμι� Ϟϝδ ϟϝζϐθλδππδπ με ϟϝδ γδνμπζϟδγ εζικπ ςδοδ ϐμλϟομιιδγ ϟϝομρϛϝ σαοζαϟζμλπ ζλ ϟϝδ γδνμπζϟζμλ πϟδνπ� πρβπϟοαϟδ ϟμ πνοαυ�λμφφιδ γζπϟαλϐδ� πζφδ με ϟϝδ λμφφιδ� αλγ αζο νοδππροδ� Προεαϐδ εδαϟροδπ αλγ ϟμνμιμϛυ με ϟϝδ πνοαυ�γδνμπζϟδγ εζικπ ςδοδ αλαιυφδγ ρπζλϛ αϟμκζϐ εμοϐδ κζϐομπϐμνυ �ΑΕΚ�� Ϟϝδ γδνμπζϟδγ εζικπ ςδοδ μβπδοσδγ ϟμ βδ οδιαϟζσδιυ ρλζεμοκ ςζϟϝ α κζλζκρκ ϟϝζϐθλδππ με ʹ«« λκ� Νμπϟ�αλλδαιζλϛ με ϟϝδ εζικπ αϟ σαοζμρπ ϟδκνδοαϟροδπ ςαπ πϟργζδγ εμο ϟϝδ νϝμϟμδιδϐϟοζϐ νδοεμοκαλϐδ με ϟϝδ γδνμπζϟδγ εζικπ� �ροοδλϟ γδλπζϟυ αλγ σμιϟαϛδ �Η�Σ� ϐϝαοαϐϟδοζπϟζϐπ ςδοδ κδαπροδγ ρλγδο ιζϛϝϟ ζιιρκζλαϟζμλ αεϟδο αλλδαιζλϛ αϟ γζεεδοδλϟ ϟδκνδοαϟροδπ� Ζϟ ςαπ μβπδοσδγ ϟϝαϟ ϟϝδ ϝζϛϝδπϟ νϝμϟμδιδϐϟοζϐ δεεδϐϟ οδπριϟδγ ζλ αλλδαιζλϛ ϟδκνδοαϟροδπ με »͵«�“͵« γδϛοδδ ϐδλϟζϛοαγδ ρλγδο αζο αϟκμπνϝδοδ� Ϟϝδ γδσδιμνδγ �ΖϚΠ εζικπ ςδοδ ζκνιδκδλϟδγ ζλ πμιαο ϐδιι γδσζϐδπ ϟϝαϟ ζλϐιργδγ �αγκζρκ Πριεζγδ ��γΠ� αλγ Φζλϐ Μτζγδ �ΦλΜ� ιαυδοπ� Ϟϝδ �γΠ εζικ πδοσδγ απ ϟϝδ λ�ϟυνδ ιαυδο ϟμ εμοκ α νλ ηρλϐϟζμλ ςζϟϝ ϟϝδ ν�ϟυνδ �ΖϚΠ ιαυδο� Ζλ α ϟυνζϐαι γδσζϐδ� α ”«« λκ �γΠ ιαυδο ςαπ γδνμπζϟδγ ϟϝομρϛϝ ϐϝδκζϐαι βαϟϝ γδνμπζϟζμλ μλ α » �ơκ ϟϝζϐθ �ΖϚΠ εζικ� Α ϟϝζλ ιαυδο με ζλϟοζλπζϐ ΦλΜ ςαπ πνοαυ ϐμαϟδγ μλ ϟϝδ �γΠ εζικ ϟμ νοδσδλϟ πϝμοϟζλϛ ςζϟϝ ϟϝδ ϟμν ϐμλγρϐϟμο ιαυδο� »�͵ �ơκ πνοαυ�γδνμπζϟδγ αιρκζλρκ γμνδγ ΦλΜ ιαυδο� Α πδϟ με εαβοζϐαϟδγ γδσζϐδπ ςδοδ ϟδπϟδγ ρπζλϛ α Θδζϟϝιδυ πδκζϐμλγρϐϟμο ϐϝαοαϐϟδοζφαϟζμλ ζλπϟορκδλϟ αλγ κζϐομκαλζνριαϟμο νομβδ πϟαϟζμλ� Ϟϝδ ϝζϛϝδπϟ κδαπροδγ γδσζϐδ δεεζϐζδλϐυ ςαπ »�ʹ��̓ Ϟϝδ ϐμλπζγδοδγ πμιαο ϐδιι γδσζϐδπ ςδοδ πζκριαϟδγ ζλ ΑΓΔΝϞ “�« πμιαο ϐδιι πζκριαϟμο βαπδγ μλ ϟϝδ ϛζσδλ εαβοζϐαϟζμλ αλγ δτνδοζκδλϟαι ναοακδϟδοπ� Ϟϝδ πζκριαϟζμλ κμγριδ γδσδιμνδγ ςαπ πρϐϐδππεριιυ ϐαιζβοαϟδγ ςζϟϝ ϟϝδ δτνδοζκδλϟαι οδπριϟπ� Ϟϝζπ κμγριδ ϐαλ βδ ρπδγ εμο ερϟροδ γδσδιμνκδλϟ με ϟϝδ ϛζσδλ ςμοθ�

Download or read book Growth and Characterisation of Cu In Ga Se2 Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications written by E. Ahmed and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fully Solution processed Copper Chalcopyrite Thin Film Solar Cells written by Choong-Heui Chung and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chalcopyrite solar cells have attracted a lot of attention due to their highest power conversion efficiency among all thin film solar cells. However, significant cost reductions as well as large scale production are necessary to compete with conventional electrical power generation. The development of new deposition technologies for the absorber layer as well as the conducting window layer that are compatible with atmospheric deposition on a manufacturing-scale are urgently required to significantly offset production costs. This dissertation demonstrates the development of fully solution-processed high performance CuIn(Se, S)2 photovoltaic devices based on a hydrazine processed absorber layer and metal nanowire composite window layer. Furthermore, the included studies present a deep understanding of the materials chemistry involved in the formation of the CuIn(Se, S)2 precursor molecules and thin films, as well as material design for metal nanowire composite window layers, and the charge transport mechanism in the fully solution-processed high performance CuIn(Se, S)2 photovoltaic devices. Chapter 2 presents the identification of the molecular precursor species present in hydrazine CuIn(Se, S)2 solutions, and precise control of energy band gap of CuIn(Se, S)2 by tailoring the bonding environment of the molecular species present in precursor solutions. Chapter 3 investigates secondary phase formation at the Mo/CuIn(Se, S)2 interface as well as a strategy for achieving a large grained CuIn(Se, S)2 film structure with demonstrated photovoltaic device performance using a sputtered metal oxide window layer. Chapter 4 focuses on the development of transparent conductors composed of solution processed silver nanowires composite window layers demonstrating better optoelectronic and mechanical properties than conventionally sputtered indium tin oxide films. Chapter 5 centers on the complete replacement of sputtered metal oxides by metal nanowires embedded in conductive nanoparticle window layer without any sacrifices in device performance, elucidate the role of each component of the window layers by probing spatially resolved carrier collection, and presents a detailed study of band alignment in fully solution-processed high performance CuIn(Se, S)2 photovoltaic devices by investigating current-voltage characteristics in the dark and under illumination from several controlled wavelength ranges. Thin film chalcopyrite solar cells employing solution-processed absorber layers combined with metal nanowire-metal oxide nanoparticle composite window layers are anticipated to effectively serve as a renewable energy source with reduced fabrication costs and competitive device performance.

Download or read book Printable Solar Cells written by Nurdan Demirci Sankir and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-04-25 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Printable Solar Cells The book brings together the recent advances, new and cutting edge materials from solution process and manufacturing techniques that are the key to making photovoltaic devices more efficient and inexpensive. Printable Solar Cells provides an overall view of the new and highly promising materials and thin film deposition techniques for printable solar cell applications. The book is organized in four parts. Organic and inorganic hybrid materials and solar cell manufacturing techniques are covered in Part I. Part II is devoted to organic materials and processing technologies like spray coating. This part also demonstrates the key features of the interface engineering for the printable organic solar cells. The main focus of Part III is the perovskite solar cells, which is a new and promising family of the photovoltaic applications. Finally, inorganic materials and solution based thin film formation methods using these materials for printable solar cell application is discussed in Part IV. Audience The book will be of interest to a multidisciplinary group of fields, in industry and academia, including physics, chemistry, materials science, biochemical engineering, optoelectronic information, photovoltaic and renewable energy engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical and manufacturing engineering.