Download or read book Development of Contextually Adapted Strategies to Manage Health Risks Related to Agricultural Irrigation with Treated Wastewater written by W. Raber and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the case of limited access to fresh water resources, particularly in peri-urban areas where urban and agricultural pressure on water resources is high, municipal wastewater becomes a viable asset as a source for irrigation water. Furthermore, urban wastewater management has the objective to dispose urban drainage while avoiding negative impacts on environment and public health. Irrigation with treated wastewater is an accepted option in wastewater management in increasing more countries. However, strict official regulations on effluent quality in combination with poor institutional, financial and infrastructural settings of low income countries often restrict construction and maintenance of required infrastructure to provide effluent quality as stipulated by legislation. An effect of this paralysed situation is indirect, uncontrolled, and partly illegal use of raw sewage or poorly treated wastewater for agricultural use, which poses a risk to the environment and health of producers and consumers of crops. The presented work gives impulses for contextual wastewater management design based on case specific requirements of agriculture and environment on water quality. The focus of the research lies on determination and evaluation of health risks for consumers of wastewater irrigated crops by Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) on basis of WHO Guidelines for wastewater use in agriculture from 2006. Possible health risk reduction measures along the production chain by on-farm practice or wastewater treatment are identified. Also risk for the agronomic system and environmental pollution risk by chemical water quality in wastewater irrigation is considered on basis of FAO guidelines, drinking water quality guidelines and additional literature. Contextual specific risks are identified and evaluated for the case of a wastewater irrigation project in Magabheni, South Africa. Revealed risk factors and particular on-farm health risk reduction measures were evaluated and negotiated with farmers during the planning and implementation of the agricultural system. Based on findings from the Magabheni case maximal concentrations for selected water quality parameters of irrigation water could be concluded and hypothetical wastewater management systems are presented. Contextual developed water quality and possible treatment systems are compared with those stipulated by national legislation revealing more flexible system design in contextual wastewater management.

Download or read book Treated Wastewater in Agriculture written by Guy Levy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-09 with total page 477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the world's population increases and the demand for water increases apace there is a rising demand for information concerning the reuse of wastewater, particularly for the irrigation of key food crops worldwide. This important new book addresses in detail the use of treated wastewater in agricultural situations, its impact on crops and the soil environment. Coverage includes the composition and treatment of wastewater, health considerations, regulations and economic aspects. Major sections of the book also concentrate on crop management and the soil environment. This book is an essential purchase for all those working in irrigation, water management and crop production worldwide. Use of Treated Wastewater (TWW) for irrigation is increasingly important as the world's population increases Chapters prepared by leading scientists in the field Comprehensive coverage of current knowledge and advances in the area of TWW Focus on possible environmental impacts (positive and negative)

Download or read book WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater Excreta and Greywater written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and greywater has been extensively updated to take account of new scientific evidence and contemporary approaches to risk management. The revised Guidelines reflect a strong focus on disease prevention and public health principles. This new edition responds to a growing demand from WHO Member States for guidance on the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture. Its target audience includes environmental and public health scientists, researchers, engineers, policy-makers and those responsible for developing standards and regulations. The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy and regulatory aspects Volume 2: Wastewater use in agriculture Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture Volume 1 of the Guidelines presents policy issues and regulatory measures distilled from the technical detail found in volumes 2 3 and 4. Those faced with the need to expedite the development of policies, procedures, and regulatory frameworks, at national and local government levels, will find the essential information in this volume. It also includes summaries of the other volumes in the series. Volume 2 of the Guidelines explains requirements to promote safe use concepts and practices including health-based targets and minimum procedures. It also covers a substantive revision of approaches to ensuring the microbial safety of wastewater used in agriculture. It introduces health impact assessment of new wastewater projects. Volume 3 of the Guidelines informs readers on the assessment of microbial hazards and toxic chemicals and the management of the associated risks when using wastewater and excreta in aquaculture. It explains requirements to promote safe use practices, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets. It puts trade-offs between potential risks and nutritional benefits in a wider development context. Volume 4 of the Guidelines focuses exclusively on the safe use of excreta and greywater in agriculture. Recent trends in sanitation, including ecological sanitation, are driven by rapid urbanization. The momentum created by the Millennium Development Goals is resulting in dramatic changes in human waste handling and processing. New opportunities enable the use of human waste as a resource for pro-poor agricultural development, particularly in periurban areas. Best practice to minimize associated health risks is at the heart of this volume

Download or read book WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wasterwater Excreta and Greywater written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of the WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater has been extensively updated to take account of new scientific evidence and contemporary approaches to risk management. The revised Guidelines reflect a strong focus on disease prevention and public health principles. This new edition responds to a growing demand from WHO Member States for guidance on the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture. Its target audience includes environmental and public health scientists, researchers, engineers, policy-makers and those responsible for developing standards and regulations. The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes: Volume 1: Policy and regulatory aspects Volume 2:Wastewater use in agriculture Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. Volume 1 of the Guidelines presents policy issues and regulatory measures distilled from the technical detail found in volumes 2, 3, and 4. Those faced with the need to expedite the development of policies, procedures, and regulatory frameworks, at national and local government levels, will find the essential information in this volume. It also includes summaries of the other volumes in the series. Volume 2 of the Guidelines explains requirements to promote safe use concepts and practices including health-based targets and minimum procedures. It also covers a substantive revision of approaches to ensuring the microbial safety of wastewater used in agriculture. It introduces health impact assessment of new wastewater projects. Volume 3 of the Guidelines informs readers on the assessment of microbial hazards and toxic chemicals and the management of the associated risks when using wastewater and excreta in aquaculture. It explains requirements to promote safe use practices, including minimum procedures and specific health-based targets. It puts trade-offs between potential risks and nutritional benefits in a wider development context. Volume 4 of the Guidelines focuses exclusively on the safe use f excreta and greywater in agriculture. Recent trends in sanitation, including ecological sanitation, are driven by rapid urbanization. The momentum created by the Millennium Development Goals is resulting in dramatic changes in human waste handling and processing. New opportunities enable the use of human waste as a resource for pro-poor agricultural development, particularly in periurban areas. Best practice to minimize associated health risks is at the heart of this volume.

Download or read book Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture written by Hiroshan Hettiarachchi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a broad and global level description of the current status of wastewater use in agriculture and then brings the readers to various places in the MENA Region and Europe to explain how some countries and regions have addressed the challenges during implementation. On a global scale, over 20 million hectares of agricultural land are irrigated using wastewater. This is one good, and perhaps the most prominent, example of the safe use potential of wastewater. Water scarcity and the cost of energy and fertilisers are among the main factors driving millions of farmers and other entrepreneurs to make use of wastewater. In order to address the technical, institutional, and policy challenges of safe water reuse, developing countries and countries in transition need clear institutional arrangements and more skilled human resources, with a sound understanding of the opportunities and potential risks of wastewater use. Stakeholders in wastewater irrigation who need to implement from scratch or improve current conditions, find it difficult to gather the necessary information on practical implementation aspects. The main objective of this book is to bridge that gap.

Download or read book Low cost options for reducing consumer health risks from farm to fork where crops are irrigated with polluted water in West Africa written by Amoah, Philip and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2011 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To identify interventions which reduce health risks of consumers where highly polluted irrigation water is used to irrigate vegetables in West Africa, scientists worked over 5 years with farmers, market traders and street food vendors in Ghana. The most promising low-cost interventions with high adoption potential were analyzed for their ability to reduce common levels of pathogens (counts of fecal coliforms and helminth eggs). The analysis showed the combination potential of various interventions, especially on-farm and during vegetable washing in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The tested market-based interventions were important to prevent new or additional contamination.

Download or read book Farm based Measures for Reducing Microbiological Health Risks for Consumers from Informal Wastewater irrigated Agriculture written by Bernard Keraita and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This chapter presents farm-based measures that have been developed and tested in the informal irrigation sector to reduce microbiological health risks for consumers from wastewater irrigation of vegetables commonly eaten uncooked. The measures target poor smallholder farmers or farmer associations in developing countries as part of a multiple-barrier approach for health-risk reduction along the farm to fork pathway. Measures discussed include treatment of irrigation water using ponds, filters and wetland systems; water application techniques; irrigation scheduling; and crop selection. In addition, the chapter highlights some practical strategies to implement these measures, based largely on field experiences in Ghana. Although most measures discussed do not fully eliminate possible health risks, they can significantly complement other pathogen barriers. Which measures fit, either alone or in combination, will depend on local site characteristics and practices. Further studies are required to develop new measures or adapt them to other irrigation practices and systems in developing countries.

Download or read book Field Practices for Wastewater Use in Agriculture written by Vinod K. Tripathi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-03-15 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Practices for Wastewater Use in Agriculture discusses the growing importance of wastewater application in the field of agriculture. Addressing the tremendous need for the irrigation sector to reduce the demand for freshwater in agriculture, this volume looks at wastewater as a source for agricultural irrigation. The volume is divided into four sections: current and emerging issues in wastewater use in agriculture, wastewater management with biological systems, effective field practices for wastewater use, and case studies that provide information on scientific analytical studies on the environment under the influence of wastewater quality from different pollution sources. This book sheds light on the vast potential of wastewater use in agricultural irrigation while also considering safety of the agricultural products for human consumption. Much emphasis has also been given to technological aspects for the treatment of wastewater to protect our environment for better public health protection.

Download or read book Wastewater Reuse in Irrigated Agriculture written by Anne Louise Thebo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safe, equitable water reuse is a fundamental component of resilient water systems both in the western United States and around the world. As the dominant water user, agricultural water use is central to this discussion. Urban water infrastructure sits at the interface between health risk mitigation and the quantity and quality of water received by downstream agricultural water users. For the vast majority of the world, wastewater receives little to no treatment before being discharged to surface waters, often resulting in irrigation water quality that is far lower than the standards set for direct reuse schemes. Even when wastewater is treated, urban wastewater return flows can constitute a significant portion of the water available in a given region. In both instances, there is a great need for improved knowledge on both the extent of these practices and the efficacy of different risk mitigation strategies. The first portion of this dissertation addresses this knowledge gap through the development of a spatially explicit, global assessment of the extent and characteristics of wastewater use in irrigated agriculture. GIS-based models incorporating global data on irrigated croplands, hydrography, urban extents and populations, water and sanitation coverage, water availability, and terrain were used to develop these estimates. The first component of this analysis quantified the global extent of urban and peri-urban croplands, finding that 130 Mha or 60 percent of all irrigated croplands are located within 20 km of urban extents. Thirty-five percent of these croplands are irrigated compared to 17.7 percent of non-urban croplands. Cropping intensity in these urban croplands was also 32 percent higher than non-urban croplands, alluding to the potential economic significance of these croplands. The degree of health risks posed via the indirect or de facto reuse of wastewater depends on concentrations of pathogens in the irrigation water. However, global water quality monitoring data is scant and current water quality models are both coarse and uncertain. Given these considerations, this analysis instead opted to use wastewater return flows and levels of wastewater treatment as proxies for wastewater dependence and irrigation water quality. This analysis found that nearly 26 percent (35.9 Mha) of irrigated croplands are located in a catchment where wastewater return flows constitute more than twenty percent of available water. Of these wastewater dependent irrigated croplands, 29.3 Mha are located in countries where less than 75 percent of wastewater receives some form of treatment. These same catchments are home to some 1.37 billion urban residents. These figures provide some of the first global-scale estimates of the magnitude of the role wastewater reuse plays in meeting the water and food needs of people around the world and will hopefully contribute to the on-going discussion on resource recovery and reuse and the scale-up of wastewater treatment in rapidly urbanizing cities. While understanding the scale of agricultural water reuse is important in the guidance of planning decisions, the health risks associated with this practice are realized on farms and in markets and households. The second component of this dissertation focuses on a case study in Dharwad, India to better understand the relationship between irrigation water quality, food and farmer safety. This study interviewed 29 vegetable growers and collected 330 water, soil, and produce samples from their farms and local markets. These samples were analyzed for both culturable E. coli and five diarrheagenic E. coli pathotype gene targets. Selected farms were divided roughly evenly amongst those using wastewater versus those using borewell water. Culturable E. coli were detected in all sample types except borewell water. This suggests the presence of additional sources of contamination beyond irrigation water source on farms. At least one pathotype gene target was detected in all sample types from farms irrigating with wastewater, but only on produce samples from farms using borewell water for irrigation. Greens were the most contaminated class of crops on both types of farms. Enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli were the two most common strains of diarrheagenic E. coli detected. Concentrations of culturable E. coli showed a strong positive association with the detection of ETEC and the count of pathotype gene targets detected in water, soil, and greens samples, suggesting that, in this context, E. coli was a good indicator of the presence of at least some pathotypes of diarrheagenic E. coli. These findings provide new insights into how exposure to diarrheagenic E. coli varies on farms and forms the basis of future risk assessment modeling work. These findings also allude to a need for further characterization of concentrations of actual pathogens, particularly on different types of produce, and the role of non-irrigation related sources of contamination on farms such as inadequate sanitation facilities, livestock, and wildlife. Access to wastewater for irrigation makes important contributions to global crop production, but can introduce exposure to health risks when levels of treatment are low. This dissertation provides initial insights into the scale of agricultural water reuse and explores the heterogeneity of exposure that occurs on farms and in markets. As the Sustainable Development Goals emphasize, safe disposal, treatment, and reuse are all important components of complete access to sanitation. This dissertation examines the scale and diversity of ways in which agricultural water reuse is practiced. Planning practices incorporating the vast existing indirect reuse of wastewater are an important component of safe, equitable management of scarce water resources and complete sanitation.

Download or read book Toward a more harmonious planning and governance of agricultural water reuse written by Nassif, Marie-Helene and published by IWMI. This book was released on 2022-11-14 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Al-Hamdi, M.; AbuZeid, K. (Eds.). Water reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: a sourcebook. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).

Download or read book Assessing and Mitigating Wastewater related Health Risks in Low income Countries written by Robert Bos and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In and around urban areas pollution of natural water bodies is on the rise. As a result, wastewater irrigation is an increasingly common reality around most cities in the developing world. For reasons of technical capacity or economics, effective treatment may not be available for years to come; therefore, international guidelines to safeguard farmers and consumers must be practical and offer feasible risk management options. This chapter provides an introduction to microbiological hazards. These can be addressed best in a step-wise risk assessment and management approach starting with wastewater treatment where possible, and supported by different pathogen barriers from farm to fork. A major change in the most recent WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture (WHO, 2006) agriculture is the focus on a holistic approach to achieving health-based targets, instead of prescribing irrigation water quality threshold levels that are often unattainable. The health-based targets should not be read as absolute values but as goals to be attained in the short, medium or long term depending on the country's technical capacity and institutional or economic conditions. Local standards and actual implementation should progressively develop as the country moves up the sanitation ladderhealth riskalthrisk assessments are recommended to identify entry points for risk reduction and health-based targets, the Guidelines also offer shortcuts in situations where research capacities and data are constrained.

Download or read book Health Guidelines for the Use of Wastewater in Agriculture and Aquaculture written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aandacht voor het gebruik van huishoudelijk afvalwater in de landbouw en viskweek, bezien vanuit het oogpunt van volksgezondheid; richtlijnen en maatregelen ten aanzien van de bestrijding van verspreiding van infectieuze ziektes; aanbevelingen voor onderzoek

Download or read book Water Allocation for Agricultural Use Considering Treated Wastewater written by Ahmed Aljuaidi and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2010-08-30 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing demand on limited water resources calls for more efficient and improved approaches to maximize the benefits of water use. Typically, agricultural water use has the largest share among all water use sectors. Therefore, finding the best agricultural water management alternatives to maximize profit and reduce financial and other related risks under limited water availability is essential. Treated wastewater is an important alternative source of agricultural water which has the potential to reduce the stress on freshwater sources from urban and industrial sectors. Thus, further research on optimal agricultural water management is needed to find the best management alternatives that address profitability, reduce stress on freshwater supplies, and related risks by considering the potential use of treated wastewater when available.

Download or read book Irrigation Induced Water Quality Problems written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-02-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When waterfowl began to die from selenium poisoning at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in California's San Joaquin Valley, considerable alarm arose among environmental and agricultural specialists. This new volume suggests that Kesterson is not a unique problem and the events there offer important lessons for the future. Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems uses the San Joaquin experience to suggest how we can prepare for similar problems elsewhere. As one committee member put it, "There will be elsewheres"â€"trace elements and organic contaminants are being concentrated by irrigation in many river basins. This book addresses how the Kesterson crisis developed, how irrigation can endanger water quality, and how economic, legal, and other factors impede our ability to respond to water quality problems. The committee explores how to study these problems, unraveling complex issues and clarifying the varying perspectives of farmers, environmentalists, scientists, and other key figures. This dispassionate analysis of a controversial topic will be useful to policymakers, resource managers, and agricultural specialists and farmers, as well as specialists in hydrology, water quality, irrigation, law, and environmental quality. It will also be useful as a case study in the environmental policy classroom.

Download or read book Challenging Conventional Approaches to Managing Wastewater Use in Agriculture written by Frans Huibers and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In developing countries urban wastewater management often fails to cope with increasing wastewater generation. Financial, technical and institutional limitations force authorities to discharge substantial amounts of untreated or partially treated wastewater into surface waters. Consequently, uncontrolled use of polluted water is increasingly common in the downstream peri-urban areas. Although wastewater use bears a significant risk on human health, such use is also productive and an asset for many. Agricultural use of wastewater is a strong manifestation of the urban-rural connection and transfers a waterborne risk from the wastewater disposal system to the food chain, requiring a paradigm shift in the approaches applied to risk minimization. Conventional models for urban wastewater treatment and management are based on top-down, mechanically driven approaches that do not, or do not sufficiently, consider the links between the social, economic and health aspects. This situation is understandable from historical and technological points of view, but does not provide innovative solutions to current problems in developing country cities. A different approach is required, one that rethinks conventional wastewater system design and management. By adopting a systems approach to analysing both the water and food chains, one discovers the interactions of different stakeholders that treat and use (or abuse) water, the impacts on overall productivity and the risks. Governance systems to manage wastewater use in agriculture must incorporate decentralization to accommodate thinking at the bottom layer, encourage stakeholder engagement and provide coordination and policy cohesion for managing risks jointly from both the water and food chains.

Download or read book Climate Change 2022 Impacts Adaptation and Vulnerability written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-22 with total page 3070 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies, and integrates across the natural, ecological, social and economic sciences. It emphasizes how efforts in adaptation and in reducing greenhouse gas emissions can come together in a process called climate resilient development, which enables a liveable future for biodiversity and humankind. The IPCC is the leading body for assessing climate change science. IPCC reports are produced in comprehensive, objective and transparent ways, ensuring they reflect the full range of views in the scientific literature. Novel elements include focused topical assessments, and an atlas presenting observed climate change impacts and future risks from global to regional scales. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Download or read book Quality Control of Wastewater for Irrigated Crop Production written by D. W. Westcot and published by Australian Geographic. This book was released on 1997 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: