Download or read book Development of an Ultrasonic Sensing Technique to Measure Lubricant Viscosity in Engine Journal Bearing In Situ written by Michele Schirru and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-21 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents a novel ultrasonic instrument for non-invasive and in-situ characterization of journal bearing lubricant viscosity. In particular, the application to journal bearings is described by non-invasively measuring the viscosity and localized power losses throughout operation. This ultrasonic viscometer is based on the reflection of polarized shear waves from a thin resonating coating layer to increase the measurement sensitivity, in comparison to conventional ultrasonic methods. This instrument allows for a full engine oil viscoelastic characterization in-situ. The book investigates the effects of temperature, pressure and shear rate, and describes in detail the ultrasonic setup and method. Further, it demonstrates that the same technique can be applied similarly to monitor the lubrication of other engine components. As such, it offers a unique instrument that can drive the research of oil formulations to improve engine performance and fulfill the requirements of international fuel economy regulations.

Download or read book Ultrasonics written by Dale Ensminger and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-02-21 with total page 904 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Updated, revised, and restructured to reflect the latest advances in science and applications, the fourth edition of this best-selling industry and research reference covers the fundamental physical acoustics of ultrasonics and transducers, with a focus on piezoelectric and magnetostrictive modalities. It then discusses the full breadth of ultrasonics applications involving low power (sensing) and high power (processing) for research, industrial, and medical use. This book includes new content covering computer modeling used for acoustic and elastic wave phenomena, including scattering, mode conversion, transmission through layered media, Rayleigh and Lamb waves and flexural plates, modern horn design tools, Langevin transducers, and material characterization. There is more attention on process monitoring and advanced nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE), including phased array ultrasound (PAUT), long-range inspection, using guided ultrasonic waves (GUW), internally rotary inspection systems (IRIS), time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD), and acoustic emission (AE). These methods are discussed and applied to both metals and nonmetals using illustrations in various industries, including now additionally for food and beverage products. The topics of defect sizing, capabilities, and limitations, including the probability of detection (POD), are introduced. Three chapters provide a new treatment of high-power ultrasonics, for both fluids and solids, and again, with examples of industrial engineering, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and other process applications. Expanded coverage is given to medical and biological applications, covering diagnostics, therapy, and, at the highest powers, surgery. Key Features Provides an overview of fundamental analysis and transducer technologies needed to design and develop both measurement and processing systems Considers applications in material characterization and metrology Covers ultrasonic nondestructive testing and evaluation and high-power ultrasonics, which involves interactions that change the state of material Highlights medical and biomedical applications of ultrasound, focusing on the physical acoustics and the technology employed for diagnosis, therapy, surgery, and research This book is intended for both the undergraduate and graduate scientists and engineers, as well as the working professional, who seeks to understand the fundamentals together with a holistic treatment of the field of ultrasonics and its diversity of applications.

Download or read book Development of in Situ Oil Viscosity Monitoring Technique written by Shawn C. Dancik and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development of a Novel Ultrasonic Method for Non invasive Measurement of Oil Films in Piston Ring Contacts written by Emin Yusuf Avan and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Piston ring-liner contact in an internal combustion engine highly influences the amount of friction, oil consumption and wear that occurs. Proper lubrication of this contact is, therefore, necessary and is an important research area for the engine manufacturers to improve fuel efficiency and achieve the emission reduction targets proposed by authorities. However, the lubricant film formed in piston ring-liner contact is very thin and its measurement is challenging. Although the computer simulations, a low cost tool, are widely used to estimate the piston ring-liner interactions, they require a robust data for the validation of the mathematical models. In the past several techniques based on optical or electrical characteristics of the lubricant have been developed and applied to measure lubricant film thickness in piston rings, such as capacitance, resistance, eddy current and laser induced fluorescence methods. The main characteristic of these techniques is that they are invasive and require access to the piston ring-liner contact, and so penetrate the cylinder liner. Hence these measurement methods disturb the nature of the contact and influence ring lubrication. This thesis demonstrates the development of a novel ultrasonic method for non-invasive measurement of oil films within the piston ring contacts and the feasibility of the technique on a reciprocating test rig and a fired engine. After successful implementations of ultrasonic technique, the investigation results showed that the ultrasound technique can be used for the piston ring film thickness measurement. The ultrasonically measured film thickness values were consistent with those of other published data in the literature. The effects of load, speed and viscosity on the lubricant film formation were shown in the reciprocator tests. The investigation of the single cylinder engine test showed that the bespoke ultrasonic sensors could survive at high temperature that liner exterior surface experienced. The minimum lubricant films between the compression ring and liner were measured during the engine's power stroke and were typically less than 1 μm at TDC and ~4 μm at mid stroke. It has been shown that the ultrasonic technique demonstrates significant promise as a non-invasive and effective tool to assess the lubricant condition within the ring-liner contact. As being insensitive to test environment and more compact technique compared to the current measurement technologies, the ultrasonic method has a potential to be employed in a test vehicle.

Download or read book Ultrasonic Measurement of Lubricant Films Generated at the Piston cylinder Interface of Internal Combustion Engines written by Robin Mills and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Internal combustion engines are perhaps the most ubiquitous power source in the modern world. Their heavy use in the vehicle industry and the current impetus to improve efficiency whilst reducing emissions means that OEMs are driving research to provide cleaner and 'greener' engines. Though significant effort is being channelled into teasing out improvements in thermodynamic Efficiency by such methods as pressure boosting and power management. the nature of an engine means many moving parts contribute to parasitic frictional loss. Of these interfaces. the reciprocating contacts between cylinder. piston rings and skirt are arguably subject to the most demanding tribological conditions within an engine. required to seal against the high temperature' combustion gases whilst supporting the large side loading inherent to the system. Given that the piston of an engine may perform this action hundreds of millions of times in its lifespan. the lubrication strategy and component design is of key importance in minimising wear frictional losses. Though the use of numerical simulation tools for improving design has seen significant growth as computational capabilities improve and provide cost advantages to full scale testing. robust validation methods are required to guide the development of the underlying models. The aim of this project was to assess the suitability of an ultrasonic method to monitor the condition of lubrication at the aforementioned contacts by measuring film thickness. Though various techniques involving optical and electrical principles have been employed in the past they generally require the cylinder of the engine to be penetrated and implementation. for the most part. is limited to the test cell. The results of investigations at the piston ring contact have shown that the ultrasonic technique can be used to measure lubricant film thickness and have shown the influence of cylinder pressure and reciprocating speed. Measurements correlate well with work by other authors using the alternative methods mentioned. giving confidence in the robustness of the method. Film measurements at the skirt have been also been successful. not only in quantifying the minimum films present. but also in detailing the profile of the film over its surface and enabling some of the secondary motions of the piston to be deduced. It has been shown that the ultrasonic technique offers the ability and freedom to measure film thickness within an operational engine whilst having the distinct advantage of limiting the degree structural modification required. It shows promise as a research tool and with further development. offers the potential to be incorporated into a lubricant monitoring and control System to help reduce friction losses and emissions.

Download or read book Ultrasonic Techniques for Fluids Characterization written by Malcolm J.W. Povey and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1997-07-22 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive and practical guide to the use of ultrasonic techniques for the characterization of fluids. Focusing on ultrasonic velocimetry, the author covers the basic topics and techniques necessaryfor successful ultrasound measurements on emulsions, dispersions, multiphase media, and viscoelastic/viscoplastic materials. Advanced techniques such as scattering, particle sizing, and automation are also presented. As a handbook for industrial and scientific use, Ultrasonic Techniques for Fluids Characterization is an indispensable guide to chemists and chemical engineers using ultrasound for research or process monitoring in the chemical, food processing, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, biotechnology,and fuels industries. Appeals to anyone using ultrasound to study fluids Provides the first detailed description of the ultrasound profiling technique for dispersions Describes new techniques for measuring phase transitions and nucleation, such as water/ice and oil/fat Presents the latest ultrasound techniques for particle sizing in concentrated systems Explains new techniques for compressibility measurements in dispersions and fluids, including cell suspensions Contains a detailed treatment of ultrasound scattering theory Written by one of the leading researchers in the field Includes over 350 references to the primary literature

Download or read book Development of ASTM Standard Test Methods for Measuring Engine Oil Viscosity Using Rotational Viscometers at High Temperature and High Shear Rates written by RB. Rhodes and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two ASTM standards have been developed for the measurement of engine oil viscosity at high temperature (150°C) and high shear rate (106 s-1) using rotational viscometers. Both methods resulted from significant international participation at the working group level. One test method resulted from work done primarily within ASTM Committee D-2, Subcommittee 7, using the tapered bearing simulator. The other resulted from work done within the Co-ordinating European Council (CEC) using the Ravenfield viscometer, herein called the tapered plug viscometer. The chronological development of each standard is reviewed, and test method and precision are compared. Expansion of measurement capabilities are discussed with regard to the study of lubricant rheology and engine performance.

Download or read book Oil Flow Studies at Low Temperatures in Modern Engines written by Hal Shaub and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2000 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists and engineers consider how the lower starting temperature of new engine designs will impact the flow of oil through them, and how new oil can be developed to address the changes. Seven of the 11 papers, presented to a June 1999 symposium in St. Louis, Missouri, report on a study by a comm

Download or read book A Radiometric Test to Determine the Lubricant Effect on Journal Bearing Load Capacity written by AO. DeHart and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Radiometric techniques have been developed and successfully applied to journal bearing studies in a unidirectional bearing test machine. These techniques, which involve the detection of wear debris from a radioactive (113Sn ) test bearing, were used to determine bearing load capacity with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian lubricants. Results indicate that the radiometric method can rapidly provide information that correlates with other laboratory and engine test data.

Download or read book Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control written by Lawrence C. Lynnworth and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engineers, scientists, and technologists will find here, for the first time, a clear and comprehensive account of applications of ultrasonics in the field of process control. Using numerous examples of high-volume, low-cost applications, the author illustrates how the use of new transducer materials and designs, combined with microprocessor-based electronics, make technical and financial sense for concepts that only a few years ago might have been of interest only to academicians. Some of the important topics covered include coupling, acoustic isolation, transducer and sensor design, and signal detection in the presence of noise.

Download or read book The Relationship of Journal Bearing Wear to Multigrade Engine Oil Viscometric Properties written by PA. Bennett and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A high speed road test procedure was developed to demonstrate performance of multigrade engine oils in journal bearing wear protection. High shear viscosities of test oils were approximated through use of a pump loop. A reasonable first approximation of critical viscosity for bearing failure is estimated by measurements at 149°C and about 5x105 sec -1 with the pass/fail limit being about 3.5 cSt.

Download or read book Wear Debris Detection and Oil Analysis Using Ultrasonic and Capacitance Measurements written by Matthew Paul Appleby and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Condition monitoring of lubricating oil is a preventive tool that can be used to schedule machine maintenance downtime and predict impending machine failure. Techniques and apparatus for continuous on-line debris detection and oil analysis are become more and more sought after in these modern times. During normal machine operation small wear debris particles of on the order of 1 to 10 microns are generated. When abnormal wear begins, large debris particles in the range of 10 to 150 microns are produced. The particle size and concentration will increase gradually until machine failure. Also, during prolonged or extreme usage conditions various forms of contamination and additive depletion can begin to degrade the physical properties of the lubricant to an unsatisfactory level. Therefore, continuous monitoring of wear debris and critical oil properties is essential to prevent catastrophic system failure of machines. This thesis demonstrates the development of a comprehensive procedure for detecting debris and analyzing physical parameters associated with lubricating oil degradation using ultrasonic and capacitance based measurements. It was found that both ultrasonic and capacitance measurements can detect particles as small as 1.75 mils (44.5 [micrometres]) in diameter. The ultrasonic system detects debris by measuring the decrease in ultrasonic intensity caused by scattering of the wave by the presence of debris in the oil. As lubricating oil is non-conductive, the capacitance based system monitors increases in the effective capacitance of the system brought on by the presence of conductive wear debris. In an effort to expand this technique to include analysis of critical oil properties, ultrasonic and capacitance measurements are done to examine changes in the viscosity and pH of the oil. Comparative viscosity measurements were taken using the ultrasound equipment. A relationship between differences in viscosity and the amplitude and transit time of an ultrasonic wave were developed. The data shows that increases in oil viscosity lead to increased acoustic velocity and attenuation. To analyze acid content levels in contaminated oil, the capacitance measurement system has been utilized to show the correlation between increases in lubricating oil's pH level and the increase in the capacitance of the system.

Download or read book Study of Effect of a Non Newtonian Oil on Friction and Eccentricity Ratio of a Plain Journal Bearing written by G. B. DuBois and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development of an ASTM Standard Test Method for Measuring Engine Oil Viscosity Using Capillary Viscometers at High Temperature and High Shear Rates written by JM. Demko and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of a standard ASTM test method for measuring engine oil viscosity at high temperature (150°C) and high rate of shear (106 S-1) is discussed. A review is provided of the ASTM interlaboratory program that incorporated several different viscometer designs to evaluate a single generalized procedure for viscosity determination. A statistical analysis for ASTM repeatability and reproducibility resulted in a level of precision that approached that of rotational high-temperature, high-shear viscometers. Excellent correlation between capillary viscometers and rotational instruments is also demonstrated. The method is applicable to existing high-temperature, high-shear viscosity requirements in the European Committee of Common Market Automobile Constructors (CCMC) specification as well as individual high-temperature, high-shear specifications established by original equipment manufacturers.

Download or read book Multicylinder Test Sequences for Evaluating Automotive Engine Oils written by ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. Technical Division B on Automotive Lubricants. Section I on Engine Oils and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1977 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Development of European Test Methods for the Measurement of Engine Oil Viscosities at Low Temperatures written by MA. Vickars and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the Society of Automotive Engineers' (SAE) desire to introduce cold-cranking viscosity limits measured at temperatures specified for each W-grade of engine oil, the Co-ordinating European Council (CEC) joined ASTM in 1982 in determining a precision statement for the so-called "Multi-Temperature CCS Method". In 1990, CEC again collaborated with ASTM in a similar round-robin test which this time yielded a precision sufficiently encouraging for ASTM to ballot for Standard Test Method status. Two new techniques (differential scanning calorimetry and gas chromatography simulated distillation) differentiated between a limited population of good and poor industry pumpability reference oils. These techniques indicated that some model SAE 10W-30 oils blended from "critical" base oils could be potential pumpability problem oils despite acceptable borderline pumping viscosities in the Brookfield viscometric using the TP-1 cooldown cycle. The DSC and GC techniques are recommended as screening tests when developing new formulations. The development of a low-temperature oil pumpability test method employing the Brookfield viscometer in conjunction with the cooling cycle adopted in ASTM D4684-86 is described. Reference is made to a new, European-designed, high-precision viscometer for the measurement of low-temperature cranking viscosities.

Download or read book The Application of Sensors for In Situ Measurements of In Service Grease Rheology written by Rich Wurzbach and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The in-service application of greases requires a careful consideration of the viscometrics of the fluid. Often this property is measured by the consistency of the grease using a cone penetrometer. This technique presents challenges related both to sample size and the suitability of this test for evaluating in-service grease performance. This paper describes the application of an on-line sensor designed for the measurement of lube oil viscosity to study grease fluid properties. Utilizing this in situ tool, the temperature effects of the apparent viscosity of the grease were studied. The temperature effects were evaluated in both static and dynamic environments. The study initially varied the temperature of the grease into which the sensor was immersed, and then progressed to placing the measurement tool into an operating environment to observe the dynamic response and viscometric changes of in-service operation. The non-Newtonian behavior of the grease provided a non-typical temperature-viscosity relationship. The conditions of dynamic flow also provided a measureable sensor response to give insight into flow mechanics and sensor placement for future measurements.