Download or read book Development of a Rapid and In field Phenotyping Tool for Screening Protein Quality in Soybeans Glycine Max Using a Miniature Near Infrared Sensor written by Xin Rong Sia and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean is an economically important crop that is a major plant-based protein source for livestock diets, with the amino acid composition of soybeans being crucial for determining the quality of livestock feed. Although protein quality monitoring is important, conventional protein and amino acid analyses typically involve laborious and lengthy processes. Unsurprisingly, soybean growers and breeders have identified time-consuming wet chemistry analytical methods as a major bottleneck in improving their breeding practices, calling for faster techniques to analyze amino acids in soybeans. For instance, classical amino acid analysis methods such as ion-exchange chromatography with ninhydrin derivatization require 60 – 120 minutes of analysis time per sample and limited selectivity due to the use of optical detectors, which cannot resolve overlapping peaks. A faster alternative is the use of portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy equipment combined with chemometrics that allows for direct measurement of ground soybean and even intact soybean seeds in real-time. ¬¬Our objective was to develop and evaluate the feasibility of using a sensor-based method for in-field analysis of amino acid composition in soybeans. Twenty-two soybean samples of different cultivars and grown over a period of two years across the Midwest region were selected for analysis, in addition to nineteen soy isolates, concentrates and powders obtained via online retailers. In order to develop a reliable NIR prediction model, we first needed a reliable reference method for profiling the amino acid content of the soybeans, so propyl chloroformate derivatization (PCD) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to obtain the amino acid values of soybeans. GC-MS results showed high sensitivity with a LOQ of 1.1 – 14.0 ppm depending on the type of amino acid, high selectivity, and calibration curves with good linearity (R > 0.97 for most amino acids). External validation of our method with a classical amino acid analysis that uses ion-exchange chromatography with ninhydrin derivatization showed that our method is comparable in accuracy, with a correlation of R2 = 0.98, but precision needs to be improved. The largest sources of experimental errors originated from the solid-phase extraction, derivatization, and protein hydrolysis steps. Protein hydrolysis variables that had the most influence on amino acid yield was found to be the mass of samples, hydrolysis errors, and type of oxidation inhibitor used so it is recommended that these parameters are preferentially optimized. Our method demonstrated faster run times and higher selectivity than classical methods, allowing chromatographic analysis to be completed in as little as 10 mins per sample, and co-eluting peaks were successfully resolved due to the monitoring of mass fragments. Spectral collection was done using both ground soybeans and intact soybean seeds and analyzed by partial least squares regression (PLSR) to develop calibration models for predicting total protein and critical amino acid (lysine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, cysteine) levels in soybean. The miniature NIR device we used is the first handheld device on the market to provide a spectral scanning range of between 1350 – 2500 nm, covering most of the first overtones and combination bands. This is in contrast with other miniature devices which tend to scan at lower wavelengths and cover second overtone bands, which gives less specific chemical information about the food constituents scanned. Combining spectral information with reference amino acid values determined using the classical method allowed us to build prediction models that showed good linear correlation between spectra and amino acids (r > 0.97 for ground samples, r > 0.94 for intact seeds) with low standard error of cross-validation (1.630% for protein, 0.041 – 1.630% for amino acids). Our findings support that a miniature spectrometer combined with pattern recognition is capable of real-time monitoring of important amino acids in soybeans. We used a miniature device that employed Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology, resembling the quality of a Michelson interferometer with improved band resolution. The higher sensitivity and accuracy of MEMS is superior to some other miniature NIR spectrometers on the market and allowed us to successfully characterize the amino acid profile of soybeans in as little as 15 seconds.
Download or read book Effects of Genotype Environment and Genotype by Environment Interaction on Soybean Protein and Amino Acid Content Using Near infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy written by Da Shi and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] protein and amino acid contents are important for soybean quality assessment. It is desirable to cultivate high protein soybean to meet the nutritional requirements for both animal and human. The current study evaluates the effects of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions on soybean protein and amino acid concentrations. A relatively new method named near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to measure crude protein and amino acid contents in soybean grain. The predictive ability of NIR calibration models and factors that influence the performance of the NIR system were estimated. The effects of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions on soybean protein and amino acid contents were significant (P 0.05). Among those factors, genotype explained the main part of variation for all traits. Protein and amino acids responded differently to various environments, but the favorable environments for soybean protein and amino acids accumulation were still unclear. The NIR calibration models for crude protein and most amino acids except for cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp), showed acceptable coefficients of determination (R2c = 0.605-0.952), while models for Cys, Met and Trp might be less accurate (R2c = 0.498-0.667 for Cys, R2c = 0.482-0.615 for Met and R2c = 0.406-0.481 for Trp). The grinding process and lipid extraction improved the R2c values of NIR calibration models for crude protein and most amino acid predictions. Strong correlations (R = 0.85-0.97) and no significant difference (P 0.05) were found between crude protein and amino acid contents predicted by two different types of NIR spectroscopy instrument: PerkinElmer DA 7250 and PerkinElmer FT 9700. This work has the potential to develop a faster way for measuring crude protein and amino acid contents in soybean grain and help soybean farmers to select the optimal soybean varieties based on different purposes.
Download or read book Development of High throughput Phenotyping Tools to Enhance Soybean Yields written by Valerio Hoyos-Villegas and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing yield is the primary objective of most crop breeding programs and yield is often the primary selection criterion. In drought-prone environments, progress is slowed by large genotype x environment interactions arising from unpredictable rainfall among seasons and locations. The assessment of traits associated with drought tolerance mechanisms can shape crop growth and yield under this stress. However, these traits are typically assessed by destructive sampling or wet chemistry methods, which are tedious and time-consuming to perform, especially when dealing with large segregating populations. Therefore, phenotyping tools that are easy, inexpensive, nondestructive and stable over a measurement period are necessary. To address this question three different studies are presented, the first study tested the usage of common digital cameras coupled with image analysis and statistical procedures as a potential phenotyping tool to predict yield and other crop traits in two soybean cultivars. This technique proved to effectively identify the dynamics of canopy growth and changes due to drought stress intensity and senescence; it also presented high correlation with several of the plant traits measured and yield. The second study validated the applicability of vegetation indices derived from multispectral aerial images as yield-prediction tools for soybean under different drought stress levels. This study found that the vegetation indices estimated are good predictors of soybean yield only under moderate drought or unstressed conditions, the regressions found were able to explain up to 80% of the data based on R2 values. The third study explored the genetic diversity in a group of soybean lines in terms of canopy chlorophyll concentration and tested the capabilities of vegetation indices derived from multispectral aerial images as predictors of this trait. In these experiments, a group of 21 high-Chlorophyll, high-yielding lines was found. The best predictor of chlorophyll was the Near-Infrared + Red vegetation index.
Download or read book Development of a Field based High throughput Mobile Phenotyping Platform written by Jared W. Barker (III.) and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to meet food, fiber, and bio-fuel needs of a growing world population, crop-breeding methods must be improved and new technologies must be developed. One area under focus is the decoding of the genetic basis of complex traits, such as yield and drought stress tolerance, and predicting these traits from genetic composition of lines or cultivars. In the last three decades, significant advances in genotyping methods have resulted in a wealth of genomic information; however, little improvement has occurred for methods of collecting corresponding plant trait data, especially for agronomic crops. This study developed a mobile, field-based, high-throughput sensor platform for rapid and repeated measurement of plant characteristics. The platform consisted of three sets of sensors mounted on a high-clearance vehicle. Each set of sensors contained two infrared thermometers (IRT), one ultrasonic sensor, one Crop Circle, and one GreenSeeker. Each sensor set measured canopy temperature, crop height, and spectral reflectance. In addition to the sensors, the platform was equipped with an RTK-GPS system that provided precise, accurate position data for georeferencing sensor measurements. Software for collecting, georeferencing, and logging sensor data was developed using National Instruments LabVIEW and deployed on a laptop computer. Two verification tests were conducted to evaluate the phenotyping system. In the first test, data timestamps were analyzed to determine if the system could collect data at the required rate of 10 Hz and 5 Hz for sensor data and position data, respectively. The determination was made that, on average, IRT, ultrasonic, and Crop Circle data are received in intervals of 100 ms (SD = 10 ms), GreenSeeker data are received in intervals of 122 ms(SD=10 ms), and position data are received in intervals of 200 ms (SD = 32 ms). The second test determined that a statistically significant relationship exists between sensor readings and ambient light intensity and ambient temperatures. Whether the relationship is significant from a practical stand point should be determined based on specific application of the sensors.
Download or read book Near Infrared Technology written by Phil Williams and published by AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. This book was released on 2019-09-01 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imagine an analytical technique that uses no chemicals, gives accurate and precise results in minutes or even continuously, and is simple to install and safe to use. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) supplies this dream. This book covers all of the essential features for successful NIRS application in a practical and easily understandable format. The driving force behind compiling this book is to provide knowledge on all aspects of NIRS to potential users, and to users who would like to delve a little deeper into the technology. We have assembled the book, mainly to help in the application of near-infrared (NIR) instruments and technology in industry.
Download or read book The Soybean written by Guriqbal Singh and published by CABI. This book was released on 2010 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The soybean is a crop of global importance and is one of most frequently cultivated crops worldwide. It is rich in oil and protein, used for human and animal consumption as well as for industrial purposes. Soybean plants also play an important role in crop diversification and benefit the growth of other crops, adding nitrogen to the soil during crop rotation. With contributions from eminent researchers from around the world, The Soybean provides a concise coverage of all aspects of this important crop, including genetics and physiology, varietal improvement, production and protection technology, utilization and nutritional value.
Download or read book Development of Soybean Knowledge Base SoyKB a Multi omics Data Integration Web Resource for Bridging Molecular Breeding and Translational Genomics in Glycine Max written by Trupti Joshi and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many genome-scale data are available in soybean (Glycine Max) including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics datasets, together with growing knowledge of soybean in gene, microRNAs, pathways, and phenotypes. This represents rich and resourceful information which can provide valuable insights, if mined in an innovative and integrative manner. To achieve this we have developed Soybean Knowledge Base (SoyKB), a comprehensive all-inclusive web resource for soybean translational genomics and breeding. SoyKB handles the management and integration of soybean genomics and multi-omics data along with gene function annotations, biological pathway and trait information. It has many useful tools including Missouri Breeding Program, gene family search, multiple gene/metabolite analysis, motif analysis tool, protein 3D structure viewer and Cyber Studio system. It has a user-friendly web interface together with genome browser and pathway viewer, which display data in an intuitive manner to the soybean researchers, breeders and consumers. SoyKB can be publicly accessed at http://soykb.org.
Download or read book Mutant Unveiled written by Mel Teshco and published by Mel Teshco. This book was released on 2020-10-02 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A mutant tortured and barely alive. A woman restrained by a society she no longer trusts. When Khalisa first sets eyes on the barely conscious mutant, Zielle, she isn’t prepared for the anguish within at seeing firsthand what the scientists in the Dome’s facility are doing to the ‘monsters’ who live outside the air-cleansed compound. But then she’s always rebelled against the rules. Always questioned and defied everything she’s been told since she and her brother, Dwight, were captured and saved from outside, where the chemical fallout would have turned them mutant too. What she and her brother don’t know is that they are dormant mutants whose powers are yet to be triggered. They are also the last hope of saving a mutant clan, whose leader, Zielle, volunteers to be captured by the evil humans so that he can find and rescue the mutant siblings. But it’s only Khalisa he can free, and on the run from the humans who’d do anything possible to recapture them, he has to convince Khalisa that he’s on her side…and that the sizzling chemistry between them is just an added bonus.
Download or read book Soybean Protein and Oil Percentages Determined by Infrared Analysis written by United States. Agricultural Research Service and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Seed Proteins written by Peter R. Shewry and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 892 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seeds provide more than half of the world's intake of dietary protein and energy and thus are of immense economic, cultural and nutritional importance. Proteins can account for up to 40% of the dry weight of various types of seeds, thereby making a large contribution to the nutritional quality and processing properties of seeds. It is, therefore, not surprising that seed proteins were among the first plant components to be systematically studied, some 250 years ago, and have been a major focus of research over the past 100 years. The properties and behaviour of seed proteins pervade modem life in numerous ways. For example, legume and cereal proteins are used'in the production of a wide range of meat-free foods; the process of bread-making is dep~ndent on the physical chemical properties of wheat seed proteins; and in developed, as well as developing, countries, nutritional deficiencies among vegetarian diets are avoided through balancing legume and cereal seeds as sources of dietary proteins. Understanding seed proteins, in order to improve their composition and properties and to increase their concentrations, will thus continue to be an important research objective for the future. The present volume represents the culmination of a long-discussed plan of the editors, to bring together the best international authorities in order to compile a definitive monograph on biological, biochemical, molecular and genetic aspects of seed proteins.
Download or read book Genomic Regions Involved in Seed Protein Oil and Carbohydrate Concentration in Soybean written by Samantha J. McConaughy and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are processed for their high-quality vegetable oil and protein meal for feed, food, and industrial applications but, because of the high negative correlations between seed protein and oil concentration, it has been difficult to develop soybean lines with concomitant increases in both protein and oil. Previous studies considered only seed protein or oil concentration. This study is unique in that populations were developed using parental lines that differed in their protein, oil, and total carbohydrate concentrations in the mature seed. Two soybean populations were developed using soybean accession PI 547827 with lower total sugars as a common parent, crossed to two different soybean lines with modified protein and oil concentrations. The objectives were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to seed protein, oil, and carbohydrate concentration as well as for individual sugars sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. For each of the two crosses, F4-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) were developed through single seed descent resulting in 526 and 404 RILs, respectively. Genotypes were determined for F4 plants by genotyping-by-sequence (GbS), resulting in 1,650 to 2,850 polymorphic SNPs used for QTL analyses. Populations were grown in an augmented design in two Nebraska and one Puerto Rico environment to evaluate seed composition, yield, and maturity. The QTL analyses identified 23 novel QTL across all seed composition traits, protein, oil, sum(p+o) or carbohydrate concentration, and each of the sugars on 17 different linkage groups. Ninety nine percent of the lines in the high protein cross, and 100% of the lines in the high oil cross exceeded processor targets of 11 pounds of oil per bushel and a soybean meal with greater than 47.5% protein. Correlations between yield and the sum(p+o) were either zero or slightly positive, indicating that it should be possible to identify high-yielding lines with increased seed protein and oil concentration. Populations like these, and the QTL identified here, will be useful in achieving those objectives to provide more value for both the processor and producer.
Download or read book Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing written by Claudia Kuenzer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field of thermal infrared remote sensing. Temperature is one of the most important physical environmental variables monitored by earth observing remote sensing systems. Temperature ranges define the boundaries of habitats on our planet. Thermal hazards endanger our resources and well-being. In this book renowned international experts have contributed chapters on currently available thermal sensors as well as innovative plans for future missions. Further chapters discuss the underlying physics and image processing techniques for analyzing thermal data. Ground-breaking chapters on applications present a wide variety of case studies leading to a deepened understanding of land and sea surface temperature dynamics, urban heat island effects, forest fires, volcanic eruption precursors, underground coal fires, geothermal systems, soil moisture variability, and temperature-based mineral discrimination. ‘Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing: Sensors, Methods, Applications’ is unique because of the large field it spans, the potentials it reveals, and the detail it provides. This book is an indispensable volume for scientists, lecturers, and decision makers interested in thermal infrared technology, methods, and applications.
Download or read book Use of Molecular Markers Agronomical and Related Attributes on Diversity Analysis of Soybean Glycine Max Genotypes written by Keitumetse Kujane and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important leguminous crops grown globally for food, oil and animal feed. It is undoubtedly of a great economic and social importance worldwide. Soybean provides about 64 percent of the world’s oilseed meal supply and is the major source of oil, accounting for about 28 percent of total production. Studies have revealed that South Africa is the leading producer of soybean in Africa and very few small-holder farmers practice soybean production. The characterisation of diverse soybean genotypes using agronomic, molecular markers and nutritional quality traits have not been fully utilised in order to achieve breeding, conservation and management goals. The objectives of the study were to: (i) determine the presence of genetic diversity among the soybean genotypes using agro-morphological traits; (ii) assess the level of genetic diversity present among the soybean genotypes using nutritional quality traits; and (iii) to determine the presence of genetic diversity among the soybean genotype making use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Thirty soybean genotypes were randomly selected from the Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crop (ARC) gene bank and were grown in a growth chamber until they reached the 4th leaf stage. The leaves were then collected and freeze-dried, then subjected to genotyping using 20 polymorphic SSR markers. The SSR analysis revealed extensive variation among the soybean genotypes. The genotypes Santa Rosa and PR 165-52 had the closest distance (similarity), whereas B 66 S 31, 69 S 7 and R-5-4-2 M showed the highest dissimilarity index. The number and size of alleles rangedfrom 4 to 22bp and 2 to 33bp, respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) variedbetween 0.46 and 0.85; while the heterozygosity data points ranged between 0.50 and 0.87.The second trial was carried out with 30 single lines of soybean of 3m each in row lengthwere planted in a non-controlled environment and replicated 3 times using a completerandomized block design. The soybean genotypes were subjected to characterization usingagro-morphological traits. Principal component analysis revealed that the three mostimportant components contributed 21.3%, 14.9% and 9.1% to the total variation in the fieldtrial where 30 lines of soybean were evaluated for agro-morphological traits and nutritional quality. The traits that contributed most to the variation were pod weight before threshing, number of branches per plant, pod number per plant, and yield per plant. These were further analysed for nutritional quality using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). The genotypes that had a higher protein and oil contents were Columbia M8A (37.54%) and B 66 S 256 (17.83%). Overall, the study found considerable levels of genetic variability among the soybean germplasm found at the Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crop gene bank using agro-morphological, SSR markers and nutritional quality traits. The selected lines should be useful for future breeding programmes while the knowledge of the genetic diversity can be used to direct efforts to conserve the diversity of soybean germplasm present locally and globally.
Download or read book Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Soybean Production written by Mohammad Miransari and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Soybean Production: Soybean Production Volume One presents the important results of research in both field and greenhouse conditions that guide readers to effectively manage the chemical, physical, and biological factors that can put soybean production at risk. Including the latest in genetics, signaling, and biotechnology, the book identifies these types of stresses, their causes, and means of avoiding, then addresses existing stresses to provide a comprehensive overview of key production yield factors. By presenting important insights into the historical and emerging uses for soybean, the book educates readers on the factors for consideration as new uses are developed. It is an ideal complement to volume two, Environmental Stress Conditions in Soybean Production, that work together to provide valuable insights into crop protection. Presents insights for the successful production of soybean based on chemical, physical and biologic challenges Includes the latest specifics on soybean properties, growth, and production, including responses to different stresses and their alleviation methods Offers recent advancements related to the process of N fixation and rhizobium, including signaling pathways and their practical use Explores the production of rhizobium inoculums at large-scale levels
Download or read book The Alcohol Textbook written by K. A. Jacques and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies Legumes written by Jameel M. Al-Khayri and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the development of innovative modern methodologies towards augmenting conventional plant breeding, in individual crops, for the production of new crop varieties under the increasingly limiting environmental and cultivation factors to achieve sustainable agricultural production, enhanced food security, in addition to providing raw materials for innovative industrial products and pharmaceuticals. This is Vol 7, subtitled Legumes, focuses on advances in breeding strategies using both traditional and modern approaches for the improvement of individual legume crops. Included in this volume are Adzuki bean, Black gram, Chickpea Cluster bean, Common bean, Cowpea, Faba bean, Hyacinth bean, Lentil, Mung bean, Pigeonpea and Soybean. This volume is contributed by 57 internationally reputable scientists from 9 countries. Each chapter comprehensively reviews the modern literature on the subject and reflects the authors own experience.
Download or read book Factors for Converting Percentages of Nitrogen in Foods and Feeds Into Percentages of Proteins written by David Breese Jones and published by . This book was released on 1931 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
