Download or read book Development of a Human Body Model for the Analysis of Side Impact Automotive Thoracic Trauma electronic Resource written by Patrick A. Forbes and published by University of Waterloo. This book was released on 2005 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Occupant thoracic injury incurred during side impact automotive crashes constitutes a significant portion of all fatal and non-fatal automotive injuries. The limited space between the impacting vehicle and occupant can result in significant loads and corresponding injury prior to deceleration of the impacting vehicle. Within the struck vehicle, impact occurs between the occupant and various interior components. Injury is sustained to human structural components such as the thoracic cage or shoulder, and to the internal visceral components such as the heart, lungs, or aorta. Understanding the mechanism behind these injuries is an important step in improving the side impact crash safety of vehicles. This study is focused on the development of a human body numerical model for the purpose of predicting thoracic response and trauma in side impact automotive crash. The human body model has been created using a previously developed thoracic numerical model, originally used for predicting thoracic trauma under simple impact conditions. The original version of the thorax model incorporated three-dimensional finite element representations of the spine, ribs, heart, lungs, major blood vessels, rib cage surface muscles and upper limbs. The present study began with improvements to the original thorax model and furthered with the development of remaining body components such that the model could be assessed in side impact conditions. The improvements to the thoracic model included improved geometry and constitutive response of the surface muscles, shoulder and costal cartilage. This detailed thoracic model was complimented with a pelvis, lower limbs, an abdomen and a head to produce the full body model. These components were implemented in a simplified fashion to provide representative response without significant computational costs. The model was developed and evaluated in a stepwise fashion using experimental data from the literature including side abdominal and pelvic pendulum impact tests. The accuracy of the model response was investigated using experimental testing performed on post mortem human subjects (PMHS) during side and front thoracic pendulum impacts. The model produced good agreement for the side thoracic and side shoulder pendulum impact tests and reasonable correlation during the frontal thoracic pendulum impact test. Complex loading via side sled impact tests was then investigated where the body was loaded unbelted in a NHTSA-type and WSU-type side sled test system. The thorax response was excellent when considering force, compression and injury (viscous criterion) versus time. Compression in the thorax was influenced by the arm position, which when aligned with the coronal plane produced the most aggressive form of compressive loading possible. The simplified components provided good response, falling slightly outside experimental response corridors defined as one standard deviation from the average of the experimental PMHS data. Overall, the predicted model response showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data, while at the same time highlighting areas for future developments. The results from this study suggested that the numerical finite element model developed herein could be used as a powerful tool for improving side impact automotive safety.
Download or read book The Development of a Numerical Human Body Model for the Analysis of Automotive Side Impact Lung Trauma written by Kin F. Yuen and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoracic injury is the most dominant segment of automotive side impact traumas. A numerical model that can predict such injuries in crash simulation is essential to the process of designing a safer motor vehicle. The focus of this study was to develop a numerical model to predict lung response and injury in side impact car crash scenarios. A biofidelic human body model was further developed. The geometry, material properties and boundary condition of the organs and soft tissues within the thorax were improved with the intent to ensure stress transmission continuity and model accuracy. The thoracic region of the human body model was revalidated against three pendulum and two sled impact scenarios at different velocities. Other body regions such as the shoulder, abdomen, and pelvis were revalidated. The latest model demonstrated improvements in every response category relative to the previous version of the human body model. The development of the lung model involved advancements in the material properties, and boundary conditions. An analytical approach was presented to correct the lung properties to the in-situ condition. Several injury metric predictor candidates of pulmonary contusion were investigated and compared based on the validated pendulum and sled impact scenarios. The results of this study confirmed the importance of stress wave focusing, reflection, and concentration within the lungs. The bulk modulus of the lung had considerable influence on injury metric outcomes. Despite the viscous criterion yielded similar response for different loading conditions, this study demonstrated that the level of contusion volume varied with the size of the impact surface area. In conclusion, the human body model could be used for the analysis of thoracic response in automotive impact scenarios. The overall model is capable of predicting thoracic response and lung contusion. Future development on the heart and aorta can expand the model capacity to investigate all vital organ injury mechanisms.
Download or read book A Numerical Side Impact Model to Investigate Thoracic Injury in Lateral Impact Scenarios written by Brett M. Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there have been tremendous improvements in crash safety there has been an increasing trend in side impact fatalities, rising from 30% to 37% of total fatalities from 1975 to 2004 (NHTSA, 2004). Between 1979 and 2004, 63% of AIS[greq]4 injuries in side impact resulted from thoracic trauma (NHTSA, 2004). Lateral impact fatalities, although decreasing in absolute numbers, now comprise a larger percentage of total fatalities. Safety features are typically more effective in frontal collisions compared to side impact due to the reduced distance between the occupant and intruding vehicle in side impact collisions. Therefore, an increased understanding of the mechanisms governing side impact injury is necessary in order to improve occupant safety in side impact auto crash. This study builds on an advanced numerical human body model with focus on a detailed thoracic model, which has been validated using available post mortem human subject (PMHS) test data for pendulum and side sled impact tests (Forbes, 2005).
Download or read book A Numerical Side Impact Model to Investigate Thoracic Injury in Lateral Impact Scenarios written by Campbell. Brett M. and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there have been tremendous improvements in crash safety there has been an increasing trend in side impact fatalities, rising from 30% to 37% of total fatalities from 1975 to 2004 (NHTSA, 2004). Between 1979 and 2004, 63% of AIS[greq]4 injuries in side impact resulted from thoracic trauma (NHTSA, 2004). Lateral impact fatalities, although decreasing in absolute numbers, now comprise a larger percentage of total fatalities. Safety features are typically more effective in frontal collisions compared to side impact due to the reduced distance between the occupant and intruding vehicle in side impact collisions. Therefore, an increased understanding of the mechanisms governing side impact injury is necessary in order to improve occupant safety in side impact auto crash. This study builds on an advanced numerical human body model with focus on a detailed thoracic model, which has been validated using available post mortem human subject (PMHS) test data for pendulum and side sled impact tests (Forbes, 2005).
Download or read book Investigation of Thorax Response and Potential for Injury in Side Impacts Using Integrated Detailed Human and Vehicle Finite element Models written by Donata Gierczycka and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Car accidents are amongst the most common causes of fatalities for a younger population in developed countries and world-wide. While research using Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) has led to improvements in frontal impact occupant protection, epidemiological data on the effectiveness of devices for side impact protection remains inconclusive. Current regulatory physical side impact tests are limited to standardized full-vehicle Moving Deformable Barrier and rigid pole impacts, only one seating position of the occupant, and a unidirectional occupant surrogate (side impact ATD). To address some limitations of the existing research methods, and expand the understanding of the occupant response and potential for injury, numerical Human Body Models (HBMs) have been developed as repeatable, biofidelic, omni-directional, and frangible occupant surrogates. The overall goal of this study was to improve the understanding of the underlying sources of conflicting epidemiological and physical test data on thoracic response in side impacts. This study applied two highly detailed HBMs in parametric investigations with simple to complex impact scenarios ranging from a pendulum, rigid-wall side sled, to a full-vehicle lateral impact and an accident reconstruction. Subsequently, a thoracic side airbag and three-point seatbelt models were developed and integrated with the vehicle model to study the effect of occupant pre-crash position on the potential for injury. Occupant response assessment included global criteria (chest deflection and viscous criterion), local measurements at different thorax levels, spine kinematics, and prediction of rib fracture locations and lung response. This research identified limitations in current analysis methods, demonstrating effects on occupant response of pre-crash arm position, which is known to vary widely among occupants. The magnitude of the arm effect was dependent on the lateral impact scenario, where the occupant response demonstrated the highest sensitivity to arm orientation in the full vehicle impact. The arm position effect was more significant than changes in response to four restraint combinations, where the assessment of the restraint performance was also dependent on the thoracic response measurement locations and method. A parametric study using detailed HBM, vehicle and restraint models provided new understanding of occupant response in side impact crash scenarios.
Download or read book Human Impact Response written by W. King and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of a Side Impact Finite Element Human Thoracic Model written by Hui-Chang Kevin Wang and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Injury Analysis and Treatment Planning with Virtual Human Body Models written by Fuhao Mo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-07-25 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life-saving medical and scientific research-based interventions are extending people's lives and saving the lives of people who have suffered from diseases and injuries. This has led to an increased need for the development of technical and medical devices for the prevention, rehabilitation, and treatment of injuries. With the development of computer technology, more and more virtual models of the human body have been developed for biomedical and biomechanical research and application. Reliable virtual body models can efficiently improve injury prediction and rehabilitation, as well as disease diagnosis and treatment. For the past decade, biomechanical virtual human body models have experienced major advancements in terms of development methods, model biofidelity, availability, and applications.
Download or read book Automotive Side impact Simulations and Comparison of Dummy and Human Body Model Crash Dynamic Responses According to Regulatory Standards written by Durga Venkata Suresh Koppisetty and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), side-impact car accidents are the second leading cause of fatalities in the United States. Compared to all other accidents, side-impact crashes are quite dangerous to the occupants because of their limited ability to absorb the crash energy and less space for intrusion. NHTSA and IIHS have developed safety standards to prevent fatalities by conducting several experiments using anthropomorphic test dummies (ATDs). Although the regulations are based on the use of crash dummies, there might be differences between actual human crash performance and dummy crash performance. In recent years, technology has improved in such a way that crash scenarios can be modeled in various computational software, and human dynamic responses can be studied using active human body models, which are a combination of rigid bodies, finite elements, and kinematic joints, thus making them flexible to use in all crash test scenarios. In this research, nearside occupants were considered because they are more likely to be injured in a side-impact crash. Vehicle side-impact crash simulations were carried out using LS-DYNA finite element (FE) software, and the occupant response simulations were conducted with Mathematical Dynamic Models (MADYMO) software. Because the simulation of an entire FE model of a car and occupant is quite time consuming and expensive, a prescribed structural motion (PSM) technique was utilized and applied to the side-door panel with an occupant positioned in the driver seat of the car using the MADYMO code. Regular side-impact deformable barrier and pole test simulations were performed with belted and unbelted occupant models considering two different target vehicles—a mid-size sedan and a small compact car. Responses from dummy and human body models were compared in order to quantify the noticeable differences between the two performances in nearside-impact accidents.
Download or read book Side Impact Occupant Protection written by Patrick Michael Miller and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Performance Comparison of Human and Dummy Models in Various Vehicle Frontal Crash Scenarios Based on Federal Regulatory Standards written by Nitheesh Sasikumar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant advancements in enhancing passenger safety and vehicle structures have been made in the automotive industry to protect the occupants and to minimize the injuries during crash events. Variety of crash tests, based on federal regulatory standards, have been performed with an end goal to examine the occupant kinematics and potential injury responses. Among different automotive crash scenarios, the frontal impact is the most common type of accident, which has been considered in this study. In recent years, computer-aided engineering tools have been extensively utilized in modeling, analysis and design of vehicle structures and occupant safety systems. The primary reason for the development and use of simulation models is to reduce the number of full-scale sled tests performed, which require vast flow time and are associated with significant cost. This thesis entirely focuses on the comparison of dynamic responses of human body models versus the crash dummy models in various vehicle frontal federal regulatory standards. For this reason, a ford taurus car representing a typical sedan has been considered as a medium. The simulation tests are conducted for the full frontal impact, small offset overlap impact and oblique impact configurations. A car interior environment is developed in MADYMO code, in which the human and dummy models are placed in. The acceleration acquired from the finite element analysis of frontal crash scenarios and the driver seat node are then input into the MADYMO code for both human and dummy models, and their kinematic responses are then compared. Per regulations, chest injury is considered to be a prominent factor in frontal crashes. Hence, the variations of chest deflection, chest acceleration and viscous criteria are investigated. The results from this study illustrate the potential difference between the human and dummy dynamic performances in various frontal crash scenarios. In particular, the differences in chest acceleration, chest deflection, and flexibility of spine are quantified.
Download or read book Biomechanical Design Considerations for Improving Occupant Protection in Side Impact Motor Vehicle Collisions written by Laura Lynn Liptai and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biofidilety of Human Body Models and Comparison to Dummy Models in Side Impact Crash Scenarios written by Naresh Nekkadapu and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Author's abstract] Over the past few years, the computer aided engineering tools have focused on the occupant safety and comfort. Wide ranges of crash tests have been performed in order to study the occupant kinematics and injury response. Similar models were built with the help of simulation tools and validated with the crash test data. The main purpose of building the simulation models is to reduce the number of full scale sled tests which require large flow time and are associated with significant costs. Moreover the Sled tests are typically not repeatable. Therefore this research is mainly focused on building the simulation models, which are aimed at performing the same results as the sled tests. Crash test dummies are widely used in automotive safety research and design. Hence it is logical that the first Hybrid dummy models developed were based on the crash dummies. These models have the same differences that exist between crash dummies and the real human body. Considering the growing demand to improve the occupant safety and comfort for an ever wider range of crash situations than those covered by the current regulation, Human Body Models were introduced in the occupant safety. In general it is of interest and importance to study the dynamic behavior and potential injuries to a real human being than a crash test dummy, and to obtain difference or correlation between the two. Several models describing sub systems of the human body have been developed in the past, but few models describe the response of the entire human body in impact conditions. Also these models are usually restricted to one of the three loading directions: frontal, lateral or rear. Taking into consideration all these facts, an "omni directional" human body model representing the average age male is developed. In this thesis, occupant response and injury parameters of the HBM (Human Body Model) are studied and compared to SID H3 and EUROSID I dummies. All the models were tested for FMVSS 214 regulation and IIHS Crash Testing procedures. The study is further extended to FMVSS 214 and IIHS with Chevy Pick up as a striking car instead of Moving Deformable Barrier ("MBD") as in earlier case) with relaxed regulations, for side impact crash. The results from this study indicates that the response of the Human Body Model (HBM) is more similar to a real human being when compared to dummy models SID H3 and EUROSID 1, however there are few recommendations which can make the response even better.
Download or read book Mathematical Modeling of Side Impact Head Dynamics written by Laura Lynn Liptai and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Depth a Relationship Between Side Impact Thoracic Injury and Vehicle Design written by H. C. Gabler and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of Dummy and Injury Index for NHTSA s Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program written by Rolf H. Eppinger and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
