Download or read book Development of a Cost benefit Model for a Landfill Gas Infrastructure Development written by Cristina Raventós Martín and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Landfilling solid urban waste is the prevailing method of solid waste disposal worldwide. Biodegradable waste is disposed of in landfills which then decompose often over many decades releasing landfill gas. This gas, is mainly composed of methane and carbon dioxide, both are greenhouse gases which actively contribute to global warming. Indeed, methane has a global warming potential 21 times more than CO2. These environmental problems associated with landfill gas demand for current energy needs highlights the potential of the recovery of landfill gas as a significant alternative to fossil fuels. This study sets out to determine the extent to which the economic value of power generation from landfill gas differs from the market value of the CO2 equivalent landfill gas. To achieve this purpose, a cost-benefit model has been created in order to identify the different capital, power generation and operational costs associated with a landfill operational site. In the same manner, the main sources of revenue have been determined: sales of electricity to the grid and carbon credits. Three different scenarios have been analyzed: small, medium and large landfill sites, all of them placed in the UK. The analysis had two different appraisals: economic and environmental. In the first one, the feasibility and profitability of the three scenarios have been evaluated. In the latter, the amount of tonnes of CO2 equivalent avoided to be pumped into the atmosphere has been calculated. The economic analysis indicates that the average capital costs for all the sites are notably higher. Particularly, for small sites, i.e. a capacity of 1MW, where landfill gas-to-energy projects were not profitable. On average, the Net Present Value (NPV) of small sites was less than 0. This factor indicated that the initial investment would not be recovered in a long period and therefore, the revenues achieved from the implementation of LFG Collection Systems were not enough for the operators to invest in these infrastructures. Not only from an economic point of view, but also considering an environmental appraisal, it can be stated that the price of selling electricity to the grid is below the real price of avoiding methane emissions (shadow price of the carbon). THE ANALYSIS DONE SUGGESTED THAT LARGE AND MEDIUM SITES PROJECTS WERE VIABLE (NPV>0) WITH REDUCED ROC SUPPORT. HOWEVER, FOR SMALLER PROJECTS MORE OPTIMISTIC REVENUES AND COST OF CAPITAL WERE REQUIRED IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE VIABILITY.

Download or read book Recovery Processing and Utilization of Gas from Sanitary Landfills written by Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Economic and Financial Aspects of Landfill Gas to Energy Project Development in California written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cost benefit Analysis for Gas infrastructure Projects written by Nico Keyaerts and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book From Landfill Gas to Energy written by Vasudevan Rajaram and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-12-15 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Converting old landfills to energy producing sites, while capturing emitted greenhouse gases, has faced numerous technical, financial and social challenges and developments lately. Also, the re-mining of landfills to recover useful land in dense urban areas and proper landfill closure has been a subject of discussion and investigation. Designed as an overview text for landfill management from cradle to grave, this volume’s content stretches from the fundamentals to the rather indepth details. By putting down their joint international experience, the authors have intended to both guide and inspire the user for his or her landfill project. Introducing the fundamental concepts of landfill gas management and its needs and importance in the present world energy scenario, this accessible reference volume presents key landfill gas management techniques at regional, national and global levels. In detail, it gives an account of the recent technologies available for landfill gas treatment and its utilization. It summarizes landfill gas prediction models developed in various parts of the world and details their adequacy in various field conditions. Covering both landfill remediation aspects and economic considerations while selecting a landfill gas to energy utilization project, the reader gets familiar with the practical aspects of converting a landfill site. Also, the challenges faced by municipalities and landfill operators in recovering landfill gas as an energy source are described, and solutions are suggested for solving them effectively. These include practical execution problems, governmental issues, and developing policies to encourage investment. The volume also includes various case studies of landfill gas-to-energy utilization projects from around the world, which can be reviewed and customized for the reader’s own application with the help of extensive reference section. Intended as an overview text for advanced students and researchers in the relevant engineering and technology fields (Environmental, Civil, Geotechnical, Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical), this book will also be particularly helpful to practitioners such as municipal managers, landfill operators, designers, solid waste management engineers, urban planners, professional consultants, scientists, non-governmental organizations and entrepreneurs.

Download or read book Cost Benefit Analysis of Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion from Landfill written by Mehrnaz Rohani and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Landfill Management Practices for Maximum Energy and Environmental Benefits written by Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Efficiency and Alternative Energy Technology Branch and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study presents guidelines for optimizing landfill gas production and minimizing the effects associated with its direct release to the environment. The feasibility of adapting these guidelines to a new or existing site is also examined. A three-phase investigation was conducted aimed at defining landfill practices leading to maximum energy and environmental benefit. Phase 1 involved the collection of material on ways to optimize landfill gas production and on the potential impacts of its uncontrolled release on the environment; Phase 2 involved researching or the development of methods to minimize the environmental effect and an assessment of the practicality of applying the methods of optimizing gas production while minimizing its harmful effects at active, closed, and future landfill sites; and Phase 3 summarized the benefits of controlling landfill gas and utilizing it.

Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2015 Department of Energy Environmental Management FY 2015 budget applied energy funding FY 2015 budget science FY 2015 budget written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 1564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Landfill gas yield enhancement written by B. J. W. Manley and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 2011 Dept of Energy fiscal year 2011 justifications written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 1732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Development of a Framework for Assessing Sustainability Benefits of Landfill Gas Clean Development Mechanism CDM Projects written by Alick Bulala Muvundika and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE Phase Two written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-08-17 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its inception in 1977 from an amalgam of federal authorities, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has administered numerous programs aimed at developing applied energy technologies. In recent years, federal oversight of public expenditures has emphasized the integration of performance and budgeting. Notably, the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) was passed in 1993 in response to questions about the value and effectiveness of federal programs. GPRA and other mandates have led agencies to develop indicators of program performance and program outcomes. The development of indicators has been watched with keen interest by Congress, which has requested of the National Research Council (NRC) a series of reports using quantitative indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of applied energy research and development (R&D). The first such report took a retrospective view of the first 3 years of DOE R&D programs on fossil energy and energy efficiency. The report found that DOE-sponsored research had netted large commercial successes, such as advanced refrigerator compressors, electronic lighting ballasts, and emission control technology for flue gas desulfurization. However, some programs were judged to be costly failures in which large R&D expenditures did not result in a commercial energy technology. A follow-up NRC committee was assigned the task of adapting the methodology to the assessment of the future payoff of continuing programs. Evaluating the outcome of R&D expenditures requires an analysis of program costs and benefits. Doing so is not a trivial matter. First, the analysis of costs and benefits must reflect the full range of public benefits that are envisioned, accounting for environmental and energy security impacts as well as economic effects. Second, the analysis must consider how likely the research is to succeed and how valuable the research will be if successful. Finally, the analysis must consider what might happen if the government did not support the project: Would some non-DOE entity undertake it or an equivalent activity that would produce some or all of the benefits of government involvement? This second report continues to investigate the development and use of R&D outcome indicators and applies the benefits evaluation methodology to six DOE R&D activities. It provides further definition for the development of indicators for environmental and security benefits and refines the evaluation process based on its experience with the six DOE R&D case studies.

Download or read book Prospective Evaluation of Applied Energy Research and Development at DOE Phase One written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-07-27 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2001, the National Research Council (NRC) completed a congressionally mandated assessment of the benefits and costs of DOE's fossil energy and energy efficiency R&D programs, Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It? The Congress followed this retrospective study by directing DOE to request the NRC to develop a methodology for assessing prospective benefits. The first phase of this projectâ€"development of the methodologyâ€"began in December 2003. Phase two will make the methodology more robust and explore related issues, and subsequent phases will apply the methodology to review the prospective benefits of different DOE fossil energy and energy efficiency R&D programs. In developing this project, three considerations were particularly important. First, the study should adapt the work of the retrospective study. Second, the project should develop a methodology that provides a rigorous calculation of benefits and risks, and a practical and consistent process for its application. Third, the methodology should be transparent, should not require extensive resources for implementation, and should produce easily understood results. This report presents the results of phase one. It focuses on adaptation of the retrospective methodology to a prospective context.

Download or read book Analysis of Changes in Landfill Gas Output and the Economic Potential for Development of a Landfill Gas Control Prototype written by David Justin Harrill and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Economic and Technical Review of Generating Electricity from Landfill Gas written by DIANE Publishing Company and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1993-06 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the feasibility of generating electricity using the methane gas from landfills in Minnesota. The analysis includes an examination of the methane generation process, state & federal rules which affect the economics of producing electricity, a technical description of the energy conservation operation & the potential energy recovery from the landfills in Minnesota. The report also examines the theoretical electrical capacity estimates, the various factors affecting project economics & the future technological potential.

Download or read book The Effects of Renewable Energy Policies on Landfill Gas to energy Project Development written by Han Kyul Yoo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the call for greenhouse gas mitigation becomes more and more urgent, both in the United States and in many other countries, landfill owners are encouraged to contribute to emission reduction by developing Landfill Gas-to-Energy (LFGE) projects. Since the first LFGE electricity generation project in 1982 and with the increased support for renewable sources of energy, LFGE projects have increased in number. This study examines the influence of state policies, including state grants, production tax credits, investment tax credits, and Renewable Portfolio Standards, on landfill owners' and developers' decisions to build LFGE projects. This question is addressed using econometric models such as linear probability models and various logit models. The four policy variables are shown to have no significant effect on LFGE project adoption according to the logit estimations. Variables such as the gas price, public ownership, landfill age, and amount of waste are shown to have a significant effect on increasing project adoption. The linear probability model, despite its flaws in addressing the issue, produces positive and significant results for the effects of the RPS and state grant policies on project adoption. iii.

Download or read book Landfill Gas to Energy written by Hamid R. Amini and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Municipal solid waste (MSW) management strategies typically include a combination of three approaches, recycling, combustion, and landfill disposal. In the US approximately 54% of the generated MSW was landfilled in 2008, mainly because of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, landfills remain a major concern due to potential landfill gas (LFG) emissions, generated from the chemical and biological processes occurring in the disposed waste. The main components of LFG are methane (50-60%) and carbon dioxide (40-50%). Although LFG poses a threat to the environment, if managed properly it is a valuable energy resource due to the methane content. Currently there are over 550 active LFG to energy (LFGTE) facilities in the US, producing renewable energy from LFG. A major challenge in designing/operating a LFGTE facility is the uncertainty in LFG generation rate predictions. LFG generation rates are currently estimated using models that are dependent upon the waste disposal history, moisture content, cover type, and gas collection system, which are associated with significant uncertainties. The objectives of this research were to: (1) Evaluate various approaches of estimating LFG generation and to quantify the uncertainty of the model outcomes based on case-study analysis, (2) Present a methodology to predict long-term LFGTE potential under various operating practices on a regional scale, and (3) Investigate costs and benefits of emitting vs. collecting LFG emissions with regards to operation strategies and regulations. The first-order empirical model appeared to be insensitive to the approach taken in quantifying the model parameters, suggesting that the model may be inadequate to accurately describe LFG generation and collection. The uncertainty values for the model were, in general, at their lowest within five years after waste placement ended. Because of the exponential nature, the uncertainty increased as LFG generation declined to low values decades after the end of waste placement. A methodology was presented to estimate LFGTE potential on a regional scale over a 25-year timeframe with consideration of modeling uncertainties. The methodology was demonstrated for the US state of Florida, and showed that Florida could increase the annual LFGTE production by more than threefold by 2035 through installation of LFGTE facilities at all landfills. Results showed that diverting food waste could significantly reduce fugitive LFG emissions, while having minimal effect on the LFGTE potential. Estimates showed that with enhanced landfill operation and energy production practices, LFGTE power density could be comparable to technologies such as wind, tidal, and geothermal. More aggressive operations must be considered to avoid fugitive LFG emissions, which could significantly affect the economic viability of landfills. With little economic motivation for US landfill owners to voluntarily reduce fugitive emissions, regulations are necessary to increase the cost of emitting GHGs. In light of the recent economic recession, it is not likely that a carbon tax will be established; while a carbon trading program will enforce emission caps and provide a tool to offset some costs and improve emission-reduction systems. Immediate action establishing a US carbon trading market with carbon credit pricing and trading supervised by the federal government may be the solution. Costs of achieving high lifetime LFG collection efficiencies are unlikely to be covered with revenues from tipping fee, electricity sales, tax credits, or carbon credit trading. Under scenarios of highly regulated LFG emissions, sustainable landfilling will require research, development, and application of technologies to reduce the marginal abatement cost, including: (1) Diverting rapidly decomposable waste to alternative treatment methods, (2) Reducing fugitive emissions through usage daily/intermediate covers with high oxidation potential, (3) Increasing the lifetime LFG collection efficiency, and (4) Increasing LFG energy value - for instance by producing high-methane gas through biologically altering the LFG generation pathway.