Download or read book Development of a Background Document on the Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity and Reproductive Toxicity Including the Related Respective Mode of Action of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additivity of substances in a mixture with known toxicity and classified for the same endpoint is applied for certain endpoints in the classification criteria of the UN GHS and the EU CLP Regulation. This is applied in cases where data on the mixture itself is not available, and classification is based on the classification of substances. This approach has been explicitly described for acute toxicity, corrosion/irritation to skin, serious eye damage/eye irritation and, under certain conditions, for Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT). This is based on the assumption that all substances exerting this hazardous effect contribute to the overall hazard of the mixture in proportion to their concentration and potency. A mixture is classified as hazardous when the sum of the concentrations of such substances present in the mixture above the specified cut-off value (applying a weighting factor for potency where appropriate) exceeds the applicable concentration limit specified in the regulatory text. For these hazard classes, additivity applies irrespective of the mode of action of the various substances as long as the hazard endpoint is the same for the ingredient substances. Following Article 11(1) of CLP, such an approach is equally applicable for substances containing constituents displaying the above hazard property. It is currently being explored whether the principle of additivity is applicable in certain cases when classifying mixtures (or complex substances) for other hazard endpoints, especially for CMR endpoints where classification is to be based on available information for the substances rather than for the whole mixture. In this context, the objective of this project was to conduct a detailed scientific assessment to provide the information base for the assessment and selection of different options for how the principle of additivity Additivity of substances in a mixture with known toxicity and classified for the same endpoint is applied for certain endpoints in the classification criteria of the UN GHS2 and the EU CLP Regulation. This is applied in cases where data on the mixture itself is not available, and classification is based on the classification of substances. This approach has been explicitly described for acute toxicity, corrosion/irritation to skin, serious eye damage/eye irritation and, under certain conditions, for Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT). This is based on the assumption that all substances exerting this hazardous effect contribute to the overall hazard of the mixture in proportion to their concentration and potency. A mixture is classified as hazardous when the sum of the concentrations of such substances present in the mixture above the specified cut-off value (applying a weighting factor for potency where appropriate) exceeds the applicable concentration limit specified in the regulatory text. For these hazard classes, additivity applies irrespective of the mode of action of the various substances as long as the hazard endpoint is the same for the ingredient substances. Following Article 11(1) of CLP, such an approach is equally applicable for substances containing constituents displaying the above hazard property. It is currently being explored whether the principle of additivity is applicable in certain cases when classifying mixtures (or complex substances) for other hazard endpoints, especially for CMR endpoints where classification is to be based on available information for the substances rather than for the whole mixture. In this context, the objective of this project was to conduct a detailed scientific assessment to provide the information base for the assessment and selection of different options for how the principle of additivity could be applied to carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) PAH constituents of petroleum and coal (PetCo) substances. In order to support the European Commission and the ECHA Risk Assessment Committee (RAC) in the preparation of options for potential PAH additivity, the current study focused on the following activities: - Task 1 - Compile available additional scientific information on the CMR toxicity of PAH constituents of petroleum and coal-derived UVCB (unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products or of biological materials) and multi-constituent substances registered under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation and their modes of action (MoA). - Task 2 - Identify groups of PAHs for which additivity could potentially be applied. PAHs included in the scope of this project have the following characteristics: - PAHs which only contain carbon and hydrogen (homocyclic). Heterocyclic PAHs have not been included. - Unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs with 2-7 rings and, in the case of alkylated PAHs, a maximum chain length of 4 carbons. PAHs substituted with non-alkyl groups have not been included.
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Download or read book WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2010 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of public health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazardousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmental exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards.
Download or read book The Carcinogenic Effects Of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Andreas Luch and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2005-08-22 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview on the molecular mode of action of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are by-products arising from incomplete combustion of organic matter that are frequently released into our environment, and thus are ubiquitously detectable. Many PAHs are strong carcinogens in rodent bioassays and have been linked to increased incidences of various types of cancer in humans. The present book covers all aspects of PAH-induced carcinogenesis; it is a collection of articles written by some of the most recognizable PAH researchers, reviewing the present knowledge in this field. The topics include: exposure to and biomonitoring of PAHs in the human population; metabolic activation of PAHs; genotoxicity and repair of PAH-induced DNA damage; and factors modulating individual susceptibility to the deleterious effects of PAHs.
Download or read book Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Bjorseth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1985-12-06 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume concerns sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), their emission factors, and relative importance. It deals with exposure, uptake, metabolism, and detection of PAH in the human body. The volume contains an update of information in environmental and biochemical studies of PAH.
Download or read book Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-02-12 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite increasing knowledge of human nutrition, the dietary contribution to cancer remains a troubling question. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens assembles the best available information on the magnitude of potential cancer riskâ€"and potential anticarcinogenic effectâ€"from naturally occurring chemicals compared with risk from synthetic chemical constituents. The committee draws important conclusions about diet and cancer, including the carcinogenic role of excess calories and fat, the anticarcinogenic benefit of fiber and other substances, and the impact of food additive regulation. The book offers recommendations for epidemiological and diet research. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens provides a readable overview of issues and addresses critical questions: Does diet contribute to an appreciable proportion of human cancer? Are there significant interactions between carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the diet? The volume discusses the mechanisms of carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties and considers whether techniques used to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of synthetics can be used with naturally occurring chemicals. The committee provides criteria for prioritizing the vast number of substances that need to be tested. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens clarifies the issues and sets the direction for further investigations into diet and cancer. This volume will be of interest to anyone involved in food and health issues: policymakers, regulators, researchers, nutrition professionals, and health advocates.
Download or read book Science and Decisions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-24 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.
Download or read book PAHs written by Peter E. T. Douben and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-07-25 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), or polyarenes, are one of the largest and most structurally diverse class of organic molecules known. High percentages of polyarenes, representing a wide range of molecular sizes and structural types, are present in coal tars and petroleum residues. The major sources of PAHs are crude oil, coal and oil shale. The fuels produced from these fossil sources constitute the primary source of energy for the industrial nations of the world, and the petrochemicals from these raw materials are the basis of the synthetic fibre and plastics industries. PAHs are however, widespread pollutants and their impact on the environment and human health must be monitored and controlled. This book will review and assess our scientific understanding of the ecological exposure and effects PAHs have in different environments and habitats. It will accomplish this by taking the recipients of the pollution in the environment as starting points and working its way back through pathways to access what is required for our understanding of effects and rationale for control. Although this book will concentrate on ecological exposure of PAHs, the general impacts of PAHs on human populations will be touched upon. It is thought to be the first book to focus on the ecological aspects of PAHs.
Download or read book Coal Tar Creosote written by C. Melber and published by WHO. This book was released on 2004 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On cover: IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC)
Download or read book Deposition of Air Pollutants to the Great Waters written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Drinking Water and Health written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1986-02-01 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most recent volume in the Drinking Water and Health series contains the results of a two-part study on the toxicity of drinking water contaminants. The first part examines current practices in risk assessment, identifies new noncancerous toxic responses to chemicals found in drinking water, and discusses the use of pharmacokinetic data to estimate the delivered dose and response. The second part of the book provides risk assessments for 14 specific compounds, 9 presented here for the first time.
Download or read book Mixture Toxicity written by Cornelis A. M. van Gestel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology an
Download or read book Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Cancer Molecular and cell biology written by Harry Victor Gelboin and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Utilization of Bioremediation to Reduce Soil Contamination Problems and Solutions written by Václav Sasek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditional reliance on chemical analysis to understand the direction and extent of treatment in a bioremediation process has been found to be inadequate. Whereas the goal of bioremediation is toxicity reduction, few direct, reliable measures of this process are as yet available. Another area of intense discussion is the assessment of market forces contributing to the acceptability of bioremediation. Finally, another important component is a series of lectures and lively exchanges devoted to practical applications of different bioremediation technologies. The range of subjects covers a wide spectrum, encompassing emerging technologies as well as actual, full-scale operations. Examples discussed include landfarming, biopiling, composting, phytoremediation and mycoremediation. Each technology is explored for its utility and capability to provide desired treatment goals. Advantages and limitations of each technology are discussed. The concept of natural attenuation is also critically evaluated since in some cases where time to remediation is not a significant factor, it may be an alternative to active bioremediation operations.
Download or read book Marine Anthropogenic Litter written by Melanie Bergmann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-01 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how man-made litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.
