Download or read book Development and Application of Laser Microprobe Techniques for Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Silicates And Fluid rock Interaction During and After Granulite facies Metamorphism Highland Southwestern Complex Sri Lanka written by Donald William Elsenheimer and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oxygen Isotopes as Tracers and Stopwatches for Rock fluid Interaction in the Crust written by Maria Rosa Scicchitano and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metamorphism is the dominant transformation mechanism of rocks in most of the Earth's lithosphere and it is driven by variations in temperature, pressure, deformation and influx of chemically active fluids. Fluids play a crucial role in affecting many physical and chemical processes. It is therefore essential to unravel their nature and source(s) and the extent of their infiltration to fully understand crustal evolution. Oxygen isotopes are one of the most robust tools used to obtain such information. Because fluid-rock interactions can occur at different stages of metamorphism, metamorphic rocks often preserve complex textures. A thorough understanding of rock-fluid interactions is however limited by the ability to resolve oxygen isotopic variations recorded at the microscale and by the robustness of oxygen isotopic signatures measured in nature. This challenge is addressed in this study by presenting new analytical and experimental developments concerning oxygen isotopes at the microscale and with implications for serpentinisation processes and oxygen diffusion in garnet. Serpentinised peridotites are important in recycling fluids and elements from ocean floor to mantle through seafloor metamorphism and subduction. This project represents the first investigation of (i) oxygen isotopes in serpentine minerals by ion microprobes and (ii) matrix bias effects related to Mg/Fe variations in olivine during oxygen isotope analysis by SHRIMP. Serpentine isotopic measurements were calibrated against the oxygen compositions of chemically homogeneous samples of antigorite, chrysotile and lizardite analysed by laser fluorination. Each serpentine mineral was analysed by SHRIMP to assess its homogeneity compared to San Carlos olivine, and potential matrix bias and crystal orientation effects. Matrix bias between antigorite/olivine and antigorite/lizardite was up to +3% and -1%, respectively. Crystal orientation effects were identified only in chrysotile. Matrix bias effects in olivine were investigated by referencing isotopic measurements of ten chemically homogenous olivine standards (Fo74 to Fo100) to San Carlos olivine (Fo91). A matrix bias up to -2.0% was observed in olivine with Fo > Fo92. The new standards and protocols were used to unravel the nature and source(s) of serpentinising fluid(s) in (i) a UHP serpentinite with multiple serpentine generations, (ii) a serpentinised dunite with zoned olivine grains surrounded by lizardite. Variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of garnet can be used to unravel the P-T-t-fluid evolution of numerous crustal rocks. However, the correct interpretation of measured oxygen isotopic heterogeneities and the understanding of rates and timescales of rock-fluid interactions require the knowledge of oxygen diffusion rates in garnet, which are yet poorly constrained. This work presents new high-P piston cylinder experiments performed in dry and wet conditions (T = 900-1600°C, P = 1.0-2.5 GPa) and 1 atm dry experiments (T = 1500-1600°C) using YAG and pyrope garnets. The recovered crystals were analysed in step-scanning and depth profiling mode by SHRIMP and in step-scanning mode by nanoSIMS. Mixing and edge effects during SHRIMP depth profiling were evaluated. The obtained results suggest no effects of chemical composition and pressure on oxygen diffusivity in garnet. The Arrhenius relation determined in this study predicts oxygen diffusivities faster than any previous calibration.
Download or read book Petrochronology written by Matthew J. Kohn and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Petrochronology is a rapidly emerging branch of Earth science that links time (ages or rates) with specific rock-forming processes and their physical conditions. It is founded in petrology and geochemistry, which define a petrogenetic context or delimit a specific process, to which chronometric data are then linked. This combination informs Earth’s petrogenetic processes better than petrology or geochronology alone. This volume and the accompanying short courses address three broad categories of inquiry. Conceptual approaches chapters include petrologic modeling of multi-component chemical and mineralogic systems, and development of methods that include diffusive alteration of mineral chemistry. Methods chapters address four main analytical techniques, specifically EPMA, LA-ICP-MS, SIMS and TIMS. Mineral-specific chapters explore applications to a wide range of minerals, including zircon (metamorphic, igneous, and detrital/Hadean), baddeleyite, REE minerals (monazite, allanite, xenotime and apatite), titanite, rutile, garnet, and major igneous minerals (olivine, plagioclase and pyroxenes). These applications mainly focus on metamorphic, igneous, or tectonic processes, but additionally elucidate fundamental transdisciplinary progress in addressing mechanisms of crystal growth, the chemical consequences of mineral growth kinetics, and how chemical transport and deformation affect chemically complex mineral composites. Most chapters further recommend areas of future research.
Download or read book Oxygen Isotope Microanalysis of Silicates with Application to Fluid Rock Interfaces written by Jens Fiebig and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development and Application of a Microfluorination Technique for Analysis of Biogenic Silica Oxygen Isotopes written by Anthony Joseph Menicucci and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxygen isotope analyses of biogenic minerals are an essential component of many paleoclimate and paleoceanographic studies. Calcium carbonate based microfossils are common in marine sediments, however, areas such as high latitude marine systems or continental limnetic environments may have minimal or no CaCO3 fossils, but are locations where measurements of [delta]18O would be an important source of paleoenvironmental information. Often, diatoms and other biogenic opal secreting organisms dominate the microfossil assemblage in these environments. However, there are two primary issues with analysis of [delta]18O[subscript diatom] first, is the removal of structural hydroxyl from the biogenic opal prior to any Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) analysis to avoid contamination of [delta]18O[subscript diatom], and second is the fundamental difficulty in conducting IRMS analyses of biogenic opal. This dissertation involves development of a new method for IRMS analysis of biogenic opal and other silicates that avoids the use of traditional and hazardous fluorination methodologies, and then explores the effect of hydroxyl removal of measured values of [delta]18O[subscript diatom] . Initially I developed a novel analytical method for analysis of [delta]18O[subscript diatom] called microfluorination. This new analytical method does not require fluorination reagents, and is widely applicable in many research laboratories. We use a mixture of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Teflon[trademark symbol] and graphite mixed into silver foil capsules along with cleaned and purified diatom samples. IRMS analysis of the diatom samples is done using a PYROcube TC/EA attached to a continuous flow IRMS. Results from this method are comparable to traditional fluorination methodologies, and produce data that are similarly precise and accurate as other laboratories using internationally accepted silicate [delta]18O standards, and fall within the range of recent interlaboratory comparisons. I then utilized the microfluorination technique to explore the persistence of biogenic opal structural hydroxyl and how it affects sample [delta]18O[subscript diatom] measurements, allowing diatoms from both sediment trap and sediment column samples to equilibrate with several waters of known [delta]18O[subscript equil. water] value at 90̊C, in order to determine if diatom hydroxyl continues to interact with the surrounding water after deposition. Using both microfluorination and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data, I found that diatom structural hydroxyl is persistent and detectable in diatom samples older than 30 kya, and that all samples exposed to the different [delta]18O[subscript equil. water] solutions exhibited alteration of measured [delta]18O[subscript diatom]. Structural hydroxyl appears to require millions of years for complete removal, and our experimental data indicate the alteration to [delta]18O[subscript diatom] measurements occurs during the dehydroxylation phase prior to IRMS analysis, altering the covalently bound oxygen in the biogenic opal. I also performed experiments detailing the exchange of diatom hydroxyl and surrounding water at a lower temperature of 21.2̊C for comparison to the data generated from 90̊C experiments. These experiments demonstrated that smaller masses of exchanged hydroxyl occur at ~21̊C, indicating the temperature sensitivity of this equilibration reaction. Diffusion of hydroxyl through the biogenic silica structure is also reduced in comparison to experiments at 90̊C , and these combined experimental data sets provide a method to calculate the original covalently bound oxygen isotope value of our samples. The experimental data from these temperatures also indicates that enrichment of the covalently bound oxygen in diatom opal occurs after deposition in the sediment column. I then applied our experimental results into a standardized sample pretreatment method called Secondary Hydroxyl Isotope Reaction (SHIR), in order to predictably alter our measured [delta]18O[subscript diatom] data so that they are on a common scale for use in previously published empirical calibrations to temperature. [delta]18O[subscript diatom] data obtained from a core in the Guaymas Basin was then compared to previously published [delta]18O[subscript diatom] and U[superscript k']37 SST data. Together, this multi-proxy data set suggests that the intensity of upwelling in the Guaymas Basin has reduced since over the last ~220 years.
Download or read book Field Geology of High Grade Gneiss Terrains written by Cees W. Passchier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although there are numerous publications on the geology of high-grade gneiss terrains, few descriptions exist of how to map and carry out structural analysis in these terrains. Textbooks on structural geology concentrate on technIques appli cable to low-grade terrains. Geologists who have no experience of mapping high-grade gneisses are often at a loss as to how to apply techniques to high grade rocks that were developed for low to medium grade metamorphic terrains. Any study of deep crustal processes and their development through time should begin with examination of the primary data source - outcrops of high grade metamorphic terrains. We feel that the urge to apply advanced techniques of fabric analysis, petrology, geochemistry, isotope geochemistry and age deter mination to these rocks often results in brief sampling trips in which there is little, if any analysis of the structural and metamorphic history revealed by outcrop patterns. Many studies of the metamorphic petrology and geochemistry of high-grade gneiss terrains make ineffective use of available field data, often because the authors are unaware of structural complexities and of the ways to recognise and use them. This is unfortunate, because much data can be collected in the field at minimal cost that cannot easily, if at all, be obtained from material in the laboratory. The primary igneous or sedimentary nature of a rock, the relative age of intrusive veins, and the sequence of deformation that they under went, can usually best be determined by straightforward observation in the field.
Download or read book Tectonics of the Indian Subcontinent written by A.K. Jain and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-07 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This books documents the salient characters of the tectonic evolution of the Indian subcontinent. It showcases the well investigated subcontinent of Gondwana. The book is linked to an updated geological and tectonic map of this region on 1:12,000,000 in scale. The Indian subcontinent displays almost uninterrupted and unique the geological history since about Eo-Archean (~3800 Ma) to recent, with the development of many Proterozoic deformed and metamorphosed fold belts around Archean nuclei, and enormously thick undeformed platform deposits. After their stabilization during late Proterozoic, the subcontinent underwent Paleozoic rifting and deposition of coal-bearing thick sequences, followed by enormously-thick outpouring of Deccan volcanics as a consequence of huge mantle plume. The youngest event in its evolution is the Cenozoic Himalayan Orogenic Mountains, spanning the area between Nanga Parbat and Namcha Barwah; a part of which extends both in Pakistan and Myanmar.
Download or read book Evaporites written by John K. Warren and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-18 with total page 1822 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The monograph offers a comprehensive discussion of the role of evaporites in hydrocarbon generation and trapping, and new information on low temperature and high temperature ores. It also provides a wealth of information on exploitable salts, in a comprehensive volume has been assembled and organized to provide quick access to relevant information on all matters related to evaporites and associated brines. In addition, there are summaries of evaporite karst hazards, exploitative methods and problems that can arise in dealing with evaporites in conventional and solution mining. This second edition has been revised and extended, with three new chapters focusing on ore minerals in different temperature settings and a chapter on meta-evaporites. Written by a field specialist in research and exploration, the book presents a comprehensive overview of the realms of low- and high-temperature evaporite evolution. It is aimed at earth science professionals, sedimentologists, oil and gas explorers, mining geologists as well as environmental geologists.
Download or read book Introduction to Metamorphic Textures and Microstructures written by A. J. Barker and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introduction to the thin section description and interpretation of metamorphic rocks, their textures, and microstructures, for advanced undergraduate and graduate geology students. Sections cover some of the broader aspects of metamorphism and metamorphic rocks, the basics of description and interpretation of the textural/microstructural features from the simplest to the more complex, and advanced interpretations in polydeformed and polymetamorphosed rocks. Also available in paper (02414-2), $29.95. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Download or read book Magmatism and Geodynamics written by O A Bagatikov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-03-09 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magnatism is the only true endogenic process for generating new material on the Earth's surface. Obviously, magmatism and tectonic movements are reflections of geodynamics, that is, physical processes which occur in deep-seated environments. What are the interrelationships between magmatism and tectronics? How did the character of terrestrial magmatism change through time and are there any irregularities in this process?
Download or read book An Introduction to the Rock forming Minerals written by William Alexander Deer and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this edition of Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals, most of the commonly occurring minerals of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are discussed in terms of structure, chemistry, optical and other physical properties, distinguishing features and paragenesis. Important correlations between these aspects of mineralogy are emphasized wherever possible. The content of each section has been updated where needed in the light of published research over the 21 years between editions.
Download or read book Fluids in the Crust written by K. Shmulovich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1994-12-31 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For much of the 20th century, scientific contacts between the Soviet Union and western countries were few and far between, and often super ficial. In earth sciences, ideas and data were slow to cross the Iron Curtain, and there was considerable mutual mistrust of diverging scient ific philosophies. In geochemistry, most western scientists were slow to appreciate the advances being made in the Soviet Union by os. Korz hinskii, who put the study of ore genesis on a rigorous thermodynamic basis as early as the 1930s. Korzhinskii appreciated that the most fun damental requirement for the application of quantitative models is data on mineral and fluid behaviour at the elevated pressures and temper atures that occur in the Earth's crust. He began the work at the Institute of Experimental Mineralogy (IEM) in 1965, and it became a separate establishment of the Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka in 1969. The aim was to initiate a major programme of high P-T experimental studies to apply physical chemistry and thermodynamics to resolving geological problems. For many years, Chernogolovka was a closed city, and western scient ists were unable to visit the laboratories, but with the advent of peres troika in 1989, the first groups of visitors were eagerly welcomed to the IEM. What they found was an experimental facility on a massive scale, with 300 staff, including 80 researchers and most of the rest pro viding technical support.
Download or read book Radioactive and Stable Isotope Geology written by H.-G. Attendorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accelerating progress in the application of radioactive and stable isotope analysis to a varied range of geologicla and geochemical problems in geology has required a complete revision of Isotopes in the Earth Sciences, published in 1988. This new book comprises four parts: the first introduces isotopic chemistry and examines mass spectroscopic methods; the second eeals with radiometric dating methods. Part Three examines the importance of isotopes in climato-environmental studies, and increasingly significant area of research. The last part looks at extra-terrestrial matter, geothermometry and the isotopic geochemistry of the Earth's lithosphere. Post-graduate and post-doctoral researchers in geochemistry, as well as final year undergraduates in the earth and environmental sciences, will find Radioactive and Stable Isotope Geology an invaluable, uo-to-date and thorough treatment of the theory and practice of isotopie geology.
Download or read book Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Gems written by Panagiotis Voudouris and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gems have been used in the manufacture of jewellery and as ornaments since antiquity. Considering gems, recent statistics have shown that about 15 billion Euros are annually at stake. Nowadays, gemmology, i.e., the study of gem materials, is one of the most expanding fields in the earth sciences, positioned between academia and industry. As an applied science, in gemmology, the instruments used should be non- or microdestructive, and their cost should be reasonable both in terms of equipment and time consumption. Gemmology can also be used contribute to the development of pure science and in some cases, destructive techniques may have to be used. Taking into account the fact that gems are albeit rarely available for scientific research, this compilation of 20 articles by around 100 researchers from over 30 different institutions situated in 20 countries from around the globe, presented in the Special Issue entitled “Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Gems”, offers very good examples on the application of various methods for their study which will hopefully contribute to our better understanding of gem formation in general and will enhance scientific debates attracting more scientists from various disciplines to get involved in this field.
Download or read book Mind Over Magma written by Davis A. Young and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2003-07-22 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation This book fulfills the lack of a modern analysis of the history of igneous petrology and will be a significant contribution. The author is a well-known igneous petrologist who appreciates the extent to which many geological questions are still awaiting definitive answers.
