Download or read book Determination of Nitrifying Bacteria in a Full scale Activated Sludge System Using Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization Fish Technique written by Özge Eyice and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book FISH Handbook for Biological Wastewater Treatment written by Per Halkjaer Nielsen and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2009-07-14 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The FISH Handbook for Biological Wastewater Treatment provides all the required information for the user to be able to identify and quantify important microorganisms in activated sludge and biofilms by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and epifluorescence microscopy. It has for some years been clear that most microorganisms in biological wastewater systems cannot be reliably identified and quantified by conventional microscopy or by traditional culture-dependent methods such as plate counts. Therefore, molecular biological methods are vital and must be introduced instead of, or in addition to, conventional methods. At present, FISH is the most widely used and best tested of these methods. This handbook presents all relevant information from the literature and, based on the extensive experience of the authors, advice and recommendations are given for reliable FISH identification and quantification. The overall purpose of the book is to help scientists, consultants, students, and plant operators to get an overview of important microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment and to explain how FISH can be used for detecting and quantifying these microbes. A proper and reliable identification of dominant microorganisms is of great importance for research and new developments in the wastewater treatment industry, and it is important for optimization and troubleshooting of operational problems in present wastewater treatment plants. The book encompasses an overview of dominant microorganisms present in the wastewater treatment systems, which oligonucleotide probes (gene probes) to select for detection of these microbes by FISH, how to perform FISH (detailed protocols), how to quantify the microbes, and how to solve common problems of FISH. The book addresses several functional groups: nitrifiers, denitrifiers, polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, glycogen-accumulating organisms, bacteria involved in hydrolysis and fermentation, filamentous bacteria from bulking sludge, and scum-forming bacteria. A comprehensive collection of FISH-images showing dominant representatives of these groups helps readers to use FISH in the context of wastewater treatment.
Download or read book Understanding of Nitrifying and Denitrifying Bacterial Population Dynamics in an Activated Sludge Process written by Tongzhou Wang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen removal from wastewater has been an important objective in treatment since the 1960s and is one of the most important biological processes used. The progression of knowledge has evolved in stages moving from simple stoichiometric equations into the modern activated sludge models of today. These models use surrogates such as volatile solids for biomass and outcome parameters such as nitrate and nitrite in the secondary effluent to simulate biological activity. Thus, even the most complex models fail to capture the cyclical nature of bacterial abundance and the operating parameters which drive these cycles in full-scale plants. Better understanding of microbial communities has been attempted through the application of florescent in situ hybridization (FISH), which has determined the presence of specific organisms and the distributions of nitrifying and denitrifying populations within a single grab sample. New techniques such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) allowed the identification and quantification of nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial populations over time in full- scale plants. This has permitted the determination of relationships between organisms and operating parameters, which is missing from the majority of earlier microbial studies of wastewater treatment processes.Intense monitoring of bacterial populations involved in nitrification and denitrification was used in this dissertation to identify and illustrate how application of these molecular tools can be used improve plant performance. The overall findings of this study showed that plant performance should be optimized seasonally for maximum nitrification and to maximize denitrification anoxic dissolved oxygen needs to be carefully monitored during the winter and spring to prevent excess oxygen from inhibiting denitrification activity. Furthermore, this study suggests that consortia of bacterial groups carried out denitrification and no one single group could be identified which represented more than 50% of the population. This latter finding suggests that interactions, of what might otherwise be considered as minor groups, become important in understanding overall influences on the denitrification process. This was shown by the inhibition of the abundance of denitrifying bacteria through the production of nitrite by a bulking organism (Thiothrix Eikelboomii ).In the first study, we determined the nitrifying populations (ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrospira spp.) and the total bacterial population were most affected by five of the major physicochemical parameters. Water temperature, nitrite produced, nitrate produced, solids retention time, and pH were found to be the major physicochemical parameters controlling these bacterial dynamics. Two clusters in Principal Component 1(PC1) reflected a seasonality shift at 26.9°C. Temperature was found to be the parameter most directly affecting all bacterial populations in the warmer seasons (July-December), while nitrite produced and pH showed direct negative impacts on the bacterial populations in the cooler seasons (January-June) in the principal component analysis plot. PC1 and PC2 together accounted for 59.8% of the total variance, and the first six Principal Components accounted for 90.2% of total variance. Nitrifying and total bacterial abundance were strictly dependent on temperature in the summer time and inhibited by pH and nitrite in the winter season. This study found SRT needs to be extended by approximately 3.6 days to achieve optimum nitrification and the reduction of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: nitrite-oxidizing bacteria ratio of 9.5:1 to 2:1, because the SRT is too short for the Nitrobacter spp. and Nitrospira spp. growth rates.In the second study, two major denitrifying microbial groups, Thauera-like bacteria and Zoogloea-Methyloversatilis-like bacteria, which accounted for 34% on average of the total bacterial community measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR), were investigated in relation to the denitrification ability in a full scale plant. In this study of 11-months in warm wastewater (23-28.6 °C), dissolved oxygen (DO) in the anoxic zone was the most important parameter that determined denitrification efficiency when the temperature was below 27°C. Zoogloea-Methyloversatilis -like bacteria correlated significantly with denitrification ( r= 0.52, p
Download or read book Diversity Assessment of Nitrifying Bacterial Populations in Wastewater Activated Sludge written by Slil Siripong and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, regulations often mandate removal of ammonium from wastewater discharges, and failure of nitrification cannot be allowed. Fortunately molecular methods are becoming available to detect nitrifiers in environmental samples. Thus, my research focuses on using new molecular tools to identify the specific types of nitrifiers in activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in order to understand the microbial structure of these essential, but hard-to-culture microbial communities. I use a polyacrylamide-gel-based DNA oligonucleotide microarray and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis as comparative tools to study nitrifier diversity. I enhance the detection sensitivity of the DNA microarray by hybridizing the pre-amplified RNA so that I am able to detect the dominant nitrifiers, e.g., Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrospira, in the activated sludge. Using T-RFLP, I can detect various lineages of Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira, as well Nitrobacter and Nitrospira, in all samples from all 7 water reclamation plants (WRPs) in the Chicago area. This work confirms the coexistence of several nitrifier species, indicating functional redundancy of these microorganisms, a factor that could be vital for the stability of nitrification. I also use a mathematical model to interpret plant-operating data in ways related to my structural analyses. Using the model, I find that most nitrogen coming into all WRPs is nitrified, but I do not find a strong correlation of the effluent NH3-N with temperature and solids retention time, both of which vary widely among the WRPs. Despite the differences in nitrifying community functions determined by modeling analysis, all WRPs harbored Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira, apparently the backbone of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in full-scale municipal WRPs. Although nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the genera Nitrobacter and Nitrospira coexisted in all WRPs, the community structures exhibited diversity among the 7 plants.
Download or read book The MBR Book written by Simon Judd and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-18 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The MBR Book
Download or read book Research on Nitrification and Related Processes Part A written by Martin G. Klotz and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-01-10 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State-of-the-art update on methods and protocols dealing with the detection, isolation and characterization of macromolecules and their hosting organisms that facilitate nitrification and related processes in the nitrogen cycle as well as the challenges of doing so in very diverse environments. Provides state-of-the-art update on methods and protocols Deals with the detection, isolation and characterization of macromolecules and their hosting organisms Deals with the challenges of very diverse environments
Download or read book Biomass Determination a New Technique for Activated Sludge Control written by Biospherics Incorporated and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aerobic Granular Sludge written by S. Bathe and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2005-03-31 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerobic Granular Sludge has recently received growing attention by researchers and technology developers, worldwide. Laboratory studies and preliminary field tests led to the conclusion that granular activated sludge can be readily established and profitably used in activated sludge plants, provided 'correct' process conditions are chosen. But what makes process conditions 'correct'? And what makes granules different from activated sludge flocs? Answers to these question are offered in Aerobic Granular Sludge. Major topics covered in this book include: Reasons and mechanism of aerobic granule formation Structure of the microbial population of aerobic granules Role, composition and physical properties of EPS Diffuse limitation and microbial activity within granules Physio-chemical characteristics Operation and application of granule reactors Scale-up aspects of granular sludge reactors, and case studies Aerobic Granular Sludge provides up-to-date information about a rapidly emerging new technology of biological treatment.
Download or read book Comparitive Analysis of Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria Populations in Different Wastewater Treatment Processes Using Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization written by Glenn W. Tranowski and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Membranes Technology ebook Collection written by Rajindar Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-09-08 with total page 1287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Membranes Technology ebook Collection contains 4 of our best-selling titles, providing the ultimate reference for every filtration and separation engineer’s library. Get access to over 1500 pages of reference material, at a fraction of the price of the hard-copy books. This CD contains the complete ebooks of the following 4 titles:Singh, Hybrid Membrane Systems for Water Purification: Systems Design and Operations Technology, 9781856174428 Judd, The MBR Book: Principles and Applications of Membrane Bioreactors for Water and Wastewater Treatment , 9781856174817 Judd, Membranes for Industrial Wastewater Recovery and Re-use, 9781856173896 Hoffman, Membrane Separations Technology, 9780750677103 Four fully searchable titles on one CD providing instant access to the ULTIMATE library of engineering materials for filtration and separation professionals 1500 pages of practical and theoretical membranes information in one portable package Incredible value at a fraction of the cost of the print books
Download or read book Applied and Environmental Microbiology written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Prokaryotes written by Edward F. DeLong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Prokaryotes is a comprehensive, multi-authored, peer reviewed reference work on Bacteria and Achaea. This fourth edition of The Prokaryotes is organized to cover all taxonomic diversity, using the family level to delineate chapters. Different from other resources, this new Springer product includes not only taxonomy, but also prokaryotic biology and technology of taxa in a broad context. Technological aspects highlight the usefulness of prokaryotes in processes and products, including biocontrol agents and as genetics tools. The content of the expanded fourth edition is divided into two parts: Part 1 contains review chapters dealing with the most important general concepts in molecular, applied and general prokaryote biology; Part 2 describes the known properties of specific taxonomic groups. Two completely new sections have been added to Part 1: bacterial communities and human bacteriology. The bacterial communities section reflects the growing realization that studies on pure cultures of bacteria have led to an incomplete picture of the microbial world for two fundamental reasons: the vast majority of bacteria in soil, water and associated with biological tissues are currently not culturable, and that an understanding of microbial ecology requires knowledge on how different bacterial species interact with each other in their natural environment. The new section on human microbiology deals with bacteria associated with healthy humans and bacterial pathogenesis. Each of the major human diseases caused by bacteria is reviewed, from identifying the pathogens by classical clinical and non-culturing techniques to the biochemical mechanisms of the disease process. The 4th edition of The Prokaryotes is the most complete resource on the biology of prokaryotes. The following volumes are published consecutively within the 4th Edition: Prokaryotic Biology and Symbiotic Associations Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology Prokaryotic Physiology and Biochemistry Applied Bacteriology and Biotechnology Human Microbiology Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria Other Major Lineages of Bacteria and the Archaea
Download or read book Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation of Activated Sludge Systems written by Jacek Makinia and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2020-03-02 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation of Activated Sludge Systems – Second Edition provides, from the process engineering perspective, a comprehensive and up-to-date overview regarding various aspects of the mechanistic (“white box”) modelling and simulation of advanced activated sludge systems performing biological nutrient removal. In the new edition of the book, a special focus is given to nitrogen removal and the latest developments in modelling the innovative nitrogen removal processes. Furthermore, a new section on micropollutant removal has been added. The focus of modelling has been shifting in the last years to models that can describe the performance of a whole plant (plant-wide modelling). The expanded part of this new edition introduces models describing the most important processes interrelated with the mainstream activated sludge systems as well as models describing the energy balance, operating costs and environmental impact. The complex process evaluation, including minimization of energy consumption and carbon footprint, is in line with the present and future wastewater treatment goals. By combining a general introduction and a textbook, this book serves both intermediate and more experienced model users, both researchers and practitioners, as a comprehensive guide to modelling and simulation studies. The book can be used as a supplemental material at graduate and post-graduate levels of wastewater engineering/modelling courses.
Download or read book Fine scale Microbial Analysis on Denitrifying Bacteria for the Improved Control of Wastewater Treatment written by Cheng-Yao Tsai and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The activated sludge process is the foundation of liquid waste management practice which removes soluble nutrients such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nutrients (e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus) from the wastewater. Nutrient removal efficiency depends on the bacterial composition and population. There are a number of operational parameters that may manipulate the microbial community and consequently change the process efficiency. Of these parameters, mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) is the quantitative operating parameter that represents the living bacterial biomass in full-scale water reclamation plants. However, it is only a crude estimation of the sum of bacterial biomass, and this simplification resulted in a poor indication of the actual treatment performance outcome. The advancement in molecular techniques allowed us to characterize the bacterial community within the MLVSS and to better understand the relationship between the bacterial composition and the treatment process. In this dissertation, I have used nitrate reduction as an example to demonstrate that microbial biomarkers are a better representation of biomass and correlate better between the wastewater operation and bacterial functionality. The research started with developing effective biomarkers based on 16S rRNA genes and functional genes (dissimilatory nitrate reductases) that would be responsive to environmental variables and operational parameters. After validating the captured sequences from the water reclamation plants with the developed primers and probes, we evaluated the bacterial composition in two water reclamation plants. Bacterial composition varied seasonally and from one plant to another. The bacterial composition of the complete nitrifying plant was mainly denitrifying bacteria, but in the incomplete nitrifying plant it was mainly carbon oxidizing bacteria. Also, we applied the biomarkers to address the link between nitrate reduction and operational parameters such as temperature, solids retention time (SRT), pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the anoxic zone at both plants. The increase of temperature and SRT positively correlated with the number of targeted functional genes, but the pH and DO inversely correlated with the number of functional genes. narG has shown positive correlation with nitrate reduction in the complete nitrifying plant. Additionally, Paracoccus was also shown to be a better indicator of nitrate reduction in this plant. These findings provided a better understanding of microbial composition responding to the operational controls in activated sludge, and the biomarkers proved to be a useful indicator representing the biomass to project nutrient removal efficiency.
Download or read book Nitrification Process in Integrated Fixed film Activated Sludge IFFAS System written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ammonia released from wastewater is a key factor in detrimental environment concerns such as eutrophication. Nitrogenous waste is most commonly removed from wastewater through biological means, typically involving the use of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and denitrifying bacteria (DEN). This study looked at alternative nitrification processes, including anaerobic ammonia oxidiation (anammox) reactions that may be innately present in an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFFAS). Due to the unique characteristics of IFFAS configuration, the biofilm component allowed for anoxic zones, as well as higher biomass retention, both factors favouring the growth of anammox bacteria. One of the main goals of this thesis project was to look for the presence of anammox bacteria, which could be a group of microorganism that is involved in removal of ammonia and nitrite, in addition to the conventional nitrifiers found in the IFFAS system. Through the use of batch experiments, the different forms of nitrogen in the microbial nitrogen cycle (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate) were measured over the course of the IFFAS reaction period, under aerated and non-aerated conditions. Subsequently, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were utilized to confirm anammox presence. Although, initial data from the batch experiment was strongly suggestive of anaerobic ammonia oxidation in the IFFAS system, the FISH experiments did not detect anammox bacteria. Incorporating data from a parallel experiment, it was possible that a different group of bacteria, known as Rhodanobacter, may be responsible for the AOB to NOB imbalance rather than anammox bacteria. Certain species of Rhodanobacter are able to utilize nitrite and nitrate as oxidizers in the denitrification process under anoxic conditions, which may be present in the biofilms of the IFFAS system. Therefore, it is possible that Rhodanobacter is involved in the removal of any excess nitrite produced by the higher levels of AOB in the IFFAS reactors.
Download or read book Activated Sludge 100 Years and Counting written by David Jenkins and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-31 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Activated Sludge - 100 Years and Counting covers the current status of all aspects of the activated sludge process and looks forward to its further development in the future. It celebrates 100 years of the Activated Sludge process, from the time that the early developers presented the seminal works that led to its eventual worldwide adoption. The book assembles contributions from renowned world leaders in activated sludge research, development, technology and application. The objective of the book is to summarise the knowledge of all aspects of the activated sludge process and to present and discuss anticipated future developments. The book comprises invited papers that were delivered at the conference "Activated Sludge...100 Years and Counting!", held in Essen, Germany, June 12th to 14th, 2014. Activated Sludge - 100 Years and Counting is of interest to researchers, engineers, designers, operations specialists, and governmental agencies from a wide range of disciplines associated with all aspects of the activated sludge process. Authors: David Jenkins, University of California at Berkeley, USA, Jiri Wanner, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
Download or read book Activated Sludge Separation Problems written by Valter Tandoi and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-15 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Activated Sludge Separation Problems: Theory, Control Measures, Practical Experiences, Second Edition, describes the most common activated sludge separation problems and explains the main reasons for the growth of the different filamentous microorganisms in activated sludge. The book summarizes the identification techniques for important groups of activated sludge microorganisms both based on conventional microscopic analysis and using the biological molecular tools available today (FISH and PCR). This new edition, with 70% new and updated material, also provides explanation of basic activated sludge process principles and of parameters necessary for process control and operation. The theory of secondary clarifies is described to the extent necessary for understanding the construction and operation of secondary clarifiers. The activated sludge reactor and secondary clarifies are treated as one system and the interactions are explained. The wide range of experiences around the world is documented and the methods to avoid the proliferation of these organisms are presented and critically reviewed. Activated Sludge Separation Problems consists of six chapters, presenting up-to-date technical and scientific aspects of these processes. The new edition also features an extended list of literature references for further reading. The book will be a valuable help for students of environmental engineering, wastewater specialists, plant operators and designers of activated sludge plants. It is also useful for specialists in wastewater operation laboratories, especially for those studying activated sludge separation properties.
