Download or read book Determinants of Public Expenditure on Infrastructure written by Susan Randolph and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Randolph, Bogetic, and He ...
Download or read book Determinants of Public Expenditure on Infrastructure written by Susan Randolph and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determinants of Public Expenditure on Infrastructure Transportation and Communication written by Susan Randolph and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: October 1996 Governments that are not committed to alleviating poverty - or that are extremely committed to it - spend less from the central budget on infrastructure. Governments with only limited commitment to alleviating poverty adopt strategies to increase the productivity of the poor by investing in infrastructure. But as their commitment intensifies, their strategy shifts to improving human capital or strengthening the social safety net, and funding for social programs competes with funding for infrastructure. Randolph, Bogetic, and Heffley empirically study factors that influence public investment in transportation and communication infrastructure. Using pooled cross-national and time-series data for 1980-86 for 27 low- and middle-income economies, they assess the influence on public infrastructure spending of a government's objectives (especially its commitment to poverty alleviation), the nature of the domestic economy, and the flow (and composition) of external assistance. Their findings: * Per capita spending on infrastructure responds most strongly to changes in the level of development, the urbanization rate, and the labor force participation rate. * Spending is greater in countries with large foreign sectors and is positively influenced by sectoral imbalances between rural and urban areas (reflected in migration rates). Moreover, as the stock of infrastructure increases, so does per capita spending on it. * If total flows of foreign savings increase, there is a small positive response in per capita spending. The composition of foreign savings matters: when commercial bank flows represent proportionately more of such flows, infrastructure spending is greater. * With higher population densities, consolidated government spending declines. Central government spending increases initially, but decreases as population densities rise. * Central budget spending is positively associated with improved institutional development, whereas consolidated budget spending falls as institutional development improves (when levels of institutional development are low). * The size of the budget deficit appears not to influence central budget spending but is positively associated with consolidated budget spending. * Greater outward orientation is positively associated with increased consolidated budget spending but seems to bear no relationship to central budget spending on infrastructure. * Governments that are not committed to alleviating poverty, or that are extremely committed to it, spend less from the central budget on infrastructure. Governments with only limited commitment to alleviating poverty adopt strategies to increase the productivity of the poor by investing in infrastructure. But as their commitment intensifies, their strategy shifts to improving human capital or strengthening the social safety net, and funding for those social programs competes with funding for developing infrastructure. This paper - a product of the Country Operations Division, Europe and Central Asia, Country Department I - is part of a larger effort in the department to analyze public expenditure issues. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Enhancing Urban Productivity: Determinants of Optimal Expenditure on Infrastructure, Human Resources, and Public Consumption Goods (RPO 677-66).
Download or read book World Development Report 1994 written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1994 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World Development Report 1994 examines the link between infrastructure and development and explores ways in which developing countries can improve both the provision and the quality of infrastructure services. In recent decades, developing countries have made substantial investments in infrastructure, achieving dramatic gains for households and producers by expanding their access to services such as safe water, sanitation, electric power, telecommunications, and transport. Even more infrastructure investment and expansion are needed in order to extend the reach of services - especially to people living in rural areas and to the poor. But as this report shows, the quantity of investment cannot be the exclusive focus of policy. Improving the quality of infrastructure service also is vital. Both quantity and quality improvements are essential to modernize and diversify production, help countries compete internationally, and accommodate rapid urbanization. The report identifies the basic cause of poor past performance as inadequate institutional incentives for improving the provision of infrastructure. To promote more efficient and responsive service delivery, incentives need to be changed through commercial management, competition, and user involvement. Several trends are helping to improve the performance of infrastructure. First, innovation in technology and in the regulatory management of markets makes more diversity possible in the supply of services. Second, an evaluation of the role of government is leading to a shift from direct government provision of services to increasing private sector provision and recent experience in many countries with public-private partnerships is highlighting new ways to increase efficiency and expand services. Third, increased concern about social and environmental sustainability has heightened public interest in infrastructure design and performance.
Download or read book The Future of Transportation and Communication written by Roland Thord and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We all know that networks are fundamental prerequisites for prosperity and production. Transportation and communication are indispensible to society, they are the elements which bind all economic systems together. Without networks and communica tion all social and economic life will be reduced to isolated phenomena. Therefore, transportation can't be assessed in the same way as other services. A smoothly functioning system of communications is also a prerequistite for social and economic integration between separate geographical regions. The modernization of the infrastructure is therefore an urgent task and a precondition for carrying out the whole of Europe's ambitious political, economic and social agenda. Since the need for communication and transportation does not know any national borders, the functioning of the networks needs to be adopted to this new economic and political geography. Congestions of cities, highways, railroads, airways and tele communications must be tackled, if precious working, commuting and leisure time is not to be wasted and heavy burdens on the environment avoided. European traffic, is for example, expected to double within the next twenty years. In certain transport modes the growth is expected to be even faster - air passenger transport doubled in 10 years and goods transport on roads doubled in 15 years.
Download or read book World Bank Research Program written by World Bank and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government expenditures in Kenya 1950 2014 Determinants and agricultural growth effects written by Benin, Samuel and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2018-11-29 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annual data on Kenya from 1950 to 2014 are used to analyze the determinants of the level and composition of government expenditures and estimate the agricultural-output returns to the different types of government expenditures. The paper analyzes expenditures for six functions (general administration, defense, education, health, agriculture, and other economic functions—transport, communications, etc.) as well as the capital-to-recurrent expenditure ratios within each of the six functions. Simultaneous equations modeling methods are employed, and different diagnostic tests are used to check for and address issues with stationarity, causality, and autocorrelation. Different model specifications are used to assess the sensitivity of the results to using different measures and combinations of the conceptual variables that are hypothesized to affect the composition of government expenditures and agricultural production.
Download or read book Nations Conglomerates and Empires written by Branko Milanovic and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book International Capital Flows written by Punam Chuhan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Indonesian Labor Legislation in a Comparative Perspective written by Reema Nayar and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1956 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book From Learning to Partnership written by Giorgio Barba Navaretti and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Public Expenditure in Nepal written by Dilli Raj Khanal and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Study Addresses Itself Essentially To Examining The Growth And Pattern Of Public Expanditure, Explaining Its Growth In Terms Of Both Demand And Supply Factors, Studying, Its Impact On The Economy, And Determining Policy Implications Of Short-Term Economic Stabilization And Long-Term Development. Stamped On The Title Page, Ex-Libris, Condition Good.
Download or read book Unproductive Public Expenditures written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2005-04-04 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public expenditure policy, together with efforts to raise revenue,is at the core of efficient and equitable adjustment. Public expenditureproductivity has critical implications for fiscal adjustment, particularly as the competition for limited public resources intensifies.By providing a framework for defining and analyzing public expenditureproductivity and unproductive expenditures, this pamphlet discusseshow economic policymakers may approach these issues.
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book Evaluating Public Spending written by Sanjay Pradhan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: World Bank Discussion Paper No. 318. Analyzes the condition needed for achieving sustainable private sector growth in the Visegrad countries--the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. The analysis focuses on the legal and regulatory framework and institutional capacity, the privatization of state enterprises, and private sector development.
Download or read book Public Expenditures for Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa written by Tewodaj Mogues and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-03-15 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whereas there is plenty of work looking at macroeconomic effect of public spending on growth and poverty in Africa as well as studies of the impact of spending or investment in one economic sector on outcomes in that sector or on broader welfare measures, this book fills a much needed gap in the research looking how the composition of public spending affects key development outcomes in the region. The book brings together recent analysis on the trends in, and returns to, public spending for agricultural growth and rural development in Africa. Case studies of selected African countries provide insights on the contributions of different types of public expenditures for poverty, growth and welfare outcomes, as well as insights into the constraints in gaining development mileage from investments in the agricultural sector.
Download or read book World Bank Policy Research Bulletin written by World Bank and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
