Download or read book Determinants of Body Weight Status in Pre school Children with a Focus on the Built Environment and Social Factors written by Yusheng Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Influence of Social Determinants of Health and the Built Environment on the Weight Status of Preschoolers in Alberta written by Jessica Wijesundera and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background Underweight, overweight, and obesity in early childhood can compromise health over the life course. Underweight, an indicator of undernutrition, can lead to higher morbidity, restricted growth, and delayed development. Overweight and obesity can lead to health conditions such as cardiovascular stress, skeletal stress, and asthma at an early age. Contextual factors in a child's upbringing, such as social determinants of health (SDH) and the built environment, impact health inequities and may have protective or harmful effects towards developing underweight, overweight and obesity in early childhood. My thesis has two objectives: (a) to examine associations between social determinants of health and weight status in preschool children in Edmonton and Calgary, Canada and (b) to examine relationships between built environment variables related to physical activity and excess weight status in preschoolers in Edmonton and Calgary, Canada. Methods In Chapter 2, I conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine associations between social determinants of health, including ethnicity, maternal immigration status, neighborhood-level income, urban versus rural residence, and material and social deprivation on weight status in preschool children in Edmonton and Calgary. I ran three multinomial regression models, where the outcome variable was child weight status. The first model studied associations between child ethnicity, maternal immigration status, neighborhood-level income, and residence with child weight status. The second and third models individually estimated associations 3 between material and social deprivation and child weight status. In Chapter 3, I conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine associations between the distance to nearest playground, distance to nearest major park, distance to nearest school, number of street intersections, number of major parks, number of major playgrounds, and weight status in preschoolers in Edmonton and Calgary. I ran three binomial logistic regression models, where the outcome variable was child weight status examined in 2 categories (normal weight and excess weight[overweight and obesity]). The first model examined individual associations between each of the built environment variables and the likelihood of excess weight. The second model examined combined associations between all built environment variables and the likelihood of having excess weight. The third model examined combined associations between all built environment variables and odds of having excess weight, while additionally adjusting for child sex, age at BMI measurement, ethnicity, annual neighborhood-level income, and city. Results In Chapter 2(n=169,465), I found that children with Chinese ethnicity were less likely to have overweight (Relative Risk Ratio[RRR]: 0.63) and obesity (RRR: 0.47) and children with South Asian ethnicity were more likely to have underweight (RRR: 3.95) and obesity (RRR: 1.38). Children with mothers who immigrated to Canada were less likely to have underweight (RRR: 0.70) and obesity (RRR: 0.70). Every $10,000 increase in income was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of children having overweight (RRR: 0.94) and obesity (RRR: 0.87). Relative to the least deprived quintile, children in the most materially deprived quintile were more likely to have underweight (RRR: 1.98), overweight (RRR: 1.56) and obesity (RRR: 3.32). Children in the most socially deprived quintile were more likely to have overweight (RRR: 1.25) and obesity 4 (RRR: 1.40) (all p
Download or read book U S Health in International Perspective written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-12 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries examined whether the U.S. health disadvantage exists across the life span, considered potential explanations, and assessed the larger implications of the findings. U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage.
Download or read book Weight Management written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-12-01 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the U.S. Armed Forces has always been to select individuals best suited to the physical demands of military service, based on the assumption that proper body weight and composition supports good health, physical fitness, and appropriate military appearance. The current epidemic of overweight and obesity in the United States affects the military services. The pool of available recruits is reduced because of failure to meet body composition standards for entry into the services and a high percentage of individuals exceeding military weight-for-height standards at the time of entry into the service leave the military before completing their term of enlistment. To aid in developing strategies for prevention and remediation of overweight in military personnel, the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command requested the Committee on Military Nutrition Research to review the scientific evidence for: factors that influence body weight, optimal components of a weight loss and weight maintenance program, and the role of gender, age, and ethnicity in weight management.
Download or read book Social and Environmental Disparities in Physical Activity and Childhood Obesity in 2 5 year old Children written by Alexis Jones and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social and environmental factors are important determinants of physical activity (PA) and childhood obesity. The purposes of this study were to 1) explore associations of social-demographics (i.e., ethnicity, social-economic status [SES], gender), PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and BMI percentile with social/built environment and 2) explore SES disparities in environmental determinants of health. This cross-sectional study recruited 40 preschoolers (Mage=3.55 years; 75% girls; 17.5% low SES; 30% Hispanic; 10% overweight/obese). Parent-report surveys measured social-demographics, PA outcomes, and social/built environment. Results indicated higher SES children engaged in more PA and less SB than low-SES peers. SES significantly associated with PA, obesity, crime safety, inside space, stimulation variety, and fine and gross motor toys (r’s range from -0.5 to 0.57; p.05). Obesity significantly associated with inside space (r=-.54; p
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-31 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood obesity is a serious health problem that has adverse and long-lasting consequences for individuals, families, and communities. The magnitude of the problem has increased dramatically during the last three decades and, despite some indications of a plateau in this growth, the numbers remain stubbornly high. Efforts to prevent childhood obesity to date have focused largely on school-aged children, with relatively little attention to children under age 5. However, there is a growing awareness that efforts to prevent childhood obesity must begin before children ever enter the school system. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies reviews factors related to overweight and obese children from birth to age 5, with a focus on nutrition, physical activity, and sedentary behavior, and recommends policies that can alter children's environments to promote the maintenance of healthy weight. Because the first years of life are important to health and well-being throughout the life span, preventing obesity in infants and young children can contribute to reversing the epidemic of obesity in children and adults. The book recommends that health care providers make parents aware of their child's excess weight early. It also suggests that parents and child care providers keep children active throughout the day, provide them with healthy diets, limit screen time, and ensure children get adequate sleep. In addition to providing comprehensive solutions to tackle the problem of obesity in infants and young children, Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies identifies potential actions that could be taken to implement those recommendations. The recommendations can inform the decisions of state and local child care regulators, child care providers, health care providers, directors of federal and local child care and nutrition programs, and government officials at all levels.
Download or read book Study of Taste Genetics and Maternal Factors on Weight Status in Preschool Children written by Poornima Shankar and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetic and environmental factors are important determinants of food intake and weight status children. Our laboratory has previously shown that weight status in high SES, Caucasian children is influenced by maternal eating attitudes (dietary restraint & disinhibition), child feeding practices and genetic taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) a trait that is controlled, in part, by the bitter taste receptor gene, TAS2R38 (Keller, 2004; Goldstein, 2007). The present study was undertaken to determine if these same or related factors play a role in lunchtime energy intake and adiposity in a cohort of low-income, Hispanic children at risk for overweight. A total of 78 children (51.8 +/- 0.6 mo; 82 +/- 2.0 BMI%-ile) and their mothers (BMI 27.2 +/- 0.6kg/m2) from a local "Head-Start" preschool participated. PROP status was measured in both mothers and children. Mothers completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire and the Dutch Eating Questionnaire for restraint, external and emotional eating. Children's food intake at lunch, were recorded during two observations on separate days at the preschool. Results showed that overweight children (>85th BMI%-ile) of mothers who were overweight themselves (p
Download or read book Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity written by Transportation Research Board and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2005-01-11 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRB Special Report 282: Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity? Examining the Evidence reviews the broad trends affecting the relationships among physical activity, health, transportation, and land use; summarizes what is known about these relationships, including the strength and magnitude of any causal connections; examines implications for policy; and recommends priorities for future research.
Download or read book Obesity Place and Environment written by Julie Franzon and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The issue of overweight and obesity in childhood has received a great deal of recent attention in both the academic literature and popular media. These discussions have tended to concentrate on individual responses to behavioural and nutritional choices, with limited exploration of how the wider social and economic environment might influence weight outcomes. However there is a growing body of research which has identified area level effects on health outcomes, and this suggests that location should be an important consideration in obesity research. Currently, very little formal investigation of weight status has been conducted among children of preschool age and location is not routinely considered in obesity research, especially at the small area level and particularly with reference to children. Given that childhood overweight is known to persist into adulthood and that behavioural change may be easier to effect in preschoolers, it is appropriate to focus research attention on this age group. This study explores an administrative data set containing over 120 000 individual records collected over ten years and supplied by the South Australian Children, Youth and Women's Health Service. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are used to determine the prevalence, distribution and area-level correlates of obesity in South Australian four year old children between 1995 and 2003. It aims to determine if there has been significant variation in the spatial distribution of obesity prevalence between different communities over this time period, and to detect relationships between weight status, socio-economic variables and environmental attributes at a small scale which may be able to explain some of the discrepancy. These are investigated in conjunction with the data items available for the individual children in this data set. A univariate analysis approach using cross-tabulation and chi square testing has been used to explore the relationships between the obesity prevalence of the study population and selected socio-demographic and environmental variables at a small area level. The Australian Census of Population and Housing is the primary source of socio-demographic data, but other variables including housing characteristics, proximity to fast food outlets, proximity to recreational areas and the walkability of neighbourhoods have also been examined. Analysis of this data set reveals an increase in obesity prevalence over time, in line with national and international trends. For individual children, birth weight, ethnicity and breastfeeding history appear to be particularly influential in the development of overweight at four years of age, but there is nevertheless a distinct spatial patterning of obesity prevalence throughout the state, and also within the metropolitan Adelaide area. While there is generally a positive association between socio-economic status and obesity, these relationships are not necessarily straightforward and the area-level physical and social environmental variables actually show a varying relationship with obesity prevalence in different communities. This study has clearly identified neighbourhood characteristics as an important component in the complex etiology of obesity development in even very young children. It has shown that aspects of environment such as ethnicity and disadvantage should be taken into account when targeting and tailoring public health initiatives to combat the development of obesity in these populations. The exploration of this unique, administrative data set with reference to location has illustrated the complexity of the relationship between biology and environment in the development of overweight and obesity in young children. This has implications for policy development across many spheres of government.
Download or read book Children s Health the Nation s Wealth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-10-18 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's health has clearly improved over the past several decades. Significant and positive gains have been made in lowering rates of infant mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases and accidental causes, improved access to health care, and reduction in the effects of environmental contaminants such as lead. Yet major questions still remain about how to assess the status of children's health, what factors should be monitored, and the appropriate measurement tools that should be used. Children's Health, the Nation's Wealth: Assessing and Improving Child Health provides a detailed examination of the information about children's health that is needed to help policy makers and program providers at the federal, state, and local levels. In order to improve children's health-and, thus, the health of future generations-it is critical to have data that can be used to assess both current conditions and possible future threats to children's health. This compelling book describes what is known about the health of children and what is needed to expand the knowledge. By strategically improving the health of children, we ensure healthier future generations to come.
Download or read book Obesogenic Environments written by Amelia Lake and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-09 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world where obesity has now reached epidemic proportions, a thorough understanding of the underlying causes of the problem is essential if society, public health initiatives and government policies are to successfully address the issue. The obesogenic environment describes all the possible influences that our environment presents which encourage overweight and obesity in individuals and populations. Beginning with an overarching introduction to obesity and its implications for health and wellbeing, the book will move on to consider such crucial areas as eating behaviours and food environments, physical activity and the environment, the urban environment, methods, policy and future research directions. Brings together expertise from across a range of disciplines Written by a truly multidisciplinary team of international authors Presents some of the most innovative thinking in the battle against obesity This groundbreaking book brings together for the first time the knowledge of experts with backgrounds in nutrition and dietetics, policy, epidemiology, environmental sciences, medical sciences, town planning and urban design, transport, geography and physical activity in order to offer a multidisciplinary approach to public health, suggesting new and exciting ways to shape our environment to better support healthful decisions.
Download or read book Genes Behavior and the Social Environment written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-12-07 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, we have made great strides in reducing rates of disease and enhancing people's general health. Public health measures such as sanitation, improved hygiene, and vaccines; reduced hazards in the workplace; new drugs and clinical procedures; and, more recently, a growing understanding of the human genome have each played a role in extending the duration and raising the quality of human life. But research conducted over the past few decades shows us that this progress, much of which was based on investigating one causative factor at a time—often, through a single discipline or by a narrow range of practitioners—can only go so far. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment examines a number of well-described gene-environment interactions, reviews the state of the science in researching such interactions, and recommends priorities not only for research itself but also for its workforce, resource, and infrastructural needs.
Download or read book Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Relation to Selected Factors Characterizing the Family Environment written by Laura Smail Sims and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Educating the Student Body written by Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-11-13 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.
Download or read book Child Development written by Ganie DeHart and published by McGraw-Hill Companies. This book was released on 2004 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MP Child Develop+ Pweb+Multimed.
Download or read book Multi System Endocrine Disruption written by Jean-Pierre Bourguignon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-31 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endocrine disruption is an expanding field due to the numerous chemicals involved and, as evidenced more recently, the variety of homeostatic systems that they can alter throughout life. The gathering of experts from all over the world should help to identify health disorders that are possibly or likely related to exposure to endocrine disrupters. The research needs have been discussed as well as recommendations prioritizing target groups and following the precautionary principle.
