Download or read book Defining the Mechanisms of Uncoupling Protein 3 induced Thermogenesis and Metabolism in Brown Adipose Tissue written by Sonya Maria Veron and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) constitute a highly conserved subset of mitochondrial solute carriers. Discovered in small rodents in the early 1970's, UCPs and their homologs have since been found in nematodes, plants, birds, and, most recently, in significant depots within humans (Krauss et al. 2005, Van marken Lichtenbelt 2009). Following activation by long chain fatty acids (LCFA, e.g. oleic acid) and reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g. 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE)), UCPs form a proton channel within the inner mitochondrial membrane and permit the influx of hydrogen ions from the inter membrane space into the mitochondrial matrix. UCPs effectively uncouple oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS) from ATP generation, resulting in increasing oxygen consumption and dissipating the chemical energy in the form of heat. Found primarily in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of small hibernating mammals, the canonical role of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in mammalian adaptive thermogenesis has been thoroughly studied. However, UCP1 is not the only member of the uncoupling family found within BAT. Also playing a key role in this tissue is uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), which is a close homolog to UCP1. However, in spite of the fact that UCP3 shares more than 50% amino acid homology and tissue localization with UCP1, the true function UCP3 is very poorly elucidated. Part of the difficulty in determining this function lies in the expression levels of the UCP3 protein, which are hundreds of folds less than UCP1 in this tissue. In addition, their homologous structure makes teasing apart UCP3-specific phenomena from UCP1-mediated mechanisms very difficult using conventional techniques in cell and molecular biology. While UCP1 is almost exclusively found in BAT, UCP3 is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle (SKM), which lacks UCP1 completely (Krauss et al. 2005). Because UCP3 is so enriched in SKM, many studies have focused on its role in that tissue and have then tried to transpose these functions into BAT. As a result, UCP3 has been implicated in facilitating numerous biological processes, including non-adaptive facultative thermogenesis, affecting SKM oxidative capacity by modulating LCFA export, and ameliorating elevated levels of ROS-mediated stress within the tissue via glutathionine (GSH) interacting moieties. Ultimately, however, little consensus exists on the function of UCP3 within SKM, and subsequently, even less is known about its purpose in BAT. Previous data has shown that murine UCP1 has the capacity to bind to itself and form homo-tetramers when expressed in vitro in recombinant E. coli (Hoang T. et al. 2013). Here we show that UCP1 interacts with UCP3 in BAT in vivo, supporting Hoang's research above by showing that UCP1 has the capacity to not only homodimerize but potentially oligomerize with other UCP homologs. While many groups using UCP3-null mice have reported no gross changes in physiologic responses, data previously published in the lab showed that mice lacking UCP3 were protected from potentially fatal hyperthermic effects when administered sympathomimetic agents such as 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine (METH), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or norepinephrine (NE) (Mills et al. 2003, Kenaston et al. 2010). This implies that UCP3 plays an intimate role in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediated thermogenesis. Based upon the foregoing, the primary goal of the research discussed in this thesis was to elucidate the functions of UCP3 within BAT. In this study, we recapitulated results seen by other students in this lab: that global UCP3-null mice do indeed exhibit a blunted thermogenic response when treated with sympathomimetic agonists. In addition, despite the near-ubiquitous expression of UCP2 throughout the mammalian organism, this UCP is not involved in SNS-mediated thermogenesis (Arsenijevic et al. 2000). Our data shows that UCP3 is vital to the catecholamine-mediated thermogenic responses following sympathomimetic drug administration. When challenged by METH, UCP3-null mice were able to respond, albeit with a blunted increase in body temperature. Furthermore, when challenged by NE, a key neurotransmitter involved in mediating the responses initiated by the SNS following METH exposure, UCP3-null mice were able to mount half the hyperthermic response seen in WT littermates. However, UCP1/UCP3 double-null animals exhibited an almost four-fold hypothermic effect compared to WT littermates when challenged with NE. In addition, UCP1/UCP3 double-null mice were unable to restore body temperatures back to baseline values, an effect seen in all the other genotypes. This implies that UCP3 plays an important role in restoring body temperatures to physiological norms. Therefore, while the mechanism underlying the decreased responsiveness to NE remains unclear, it is clear that whether localized to SKM or BAT, UCP3 is a major player in the mammalian response to SNS-mediated thermogenesis and global thermoregulation.
Download or read book The Adipose Organ written by Saverio Cinti and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Progress in Obesity Research 8 written by Bernard Guy-Grand and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sensing Signaling and Cell Adaptation written by J.M. Storey and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-09-16 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume of Cell and Molecular Responses to Stress articles provide up-to-date information on key areas of signal sensing (sensing of pain, heat, cold, light, infrared radiation), molecules involved in the intracellular transmission of these signals, metabolic responses to stress including changes in gene expression and production of specialized proteins that aid cell responses to factors including interrupted blood supply (ischemia), oxygen limitation (hypoxia/anoxia), freezing and dehydration, amino acid limitation, radiation and processing drugs. There are chapters which also provide insights into new technologies (such as cDNA arrays), analysis of metabolic control theory (a key method for analysing stress effects on cells), and examine how enzymes evolve in the face of stress.
Download or read book Tissue Specific Cell Signaling written by Joana Vieira Silva and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-05-29 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Signal transduction comprises the intracellular biochemical signals which induce the appropriate cell response to an external stimulus. The players in signal transduction are diverse, from small molecules as first messengers, to proteins, receptors, transcription factors, among many others. The different signaling pathways and the crosstalk between them originates the unique signaling profile of every cell type in the human body. The cell signaling specificity depends on several aspects including protein composition, subcellular localization and complexes and gene promoters. This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the specific signaling pathways on a variety of human tissues. This information can be of great value for health science researchers, professionals and students to understand key pathways for tissue-specific functions in the plethora of signals, signals receptors, transducers and effectors. Chapter 3 and 15 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Cellular Metabolism and Related Disorders written by Jesmine Khan and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with a vital topic: metabolism in the cells of the body and various disorders due to its imbalance and/or diseases that disrupt the metabolism of the body. The objective of this book was to collect and compile up-to-date information from reputed researchers in their respective fields to disseminate the latest information about topics that have profound effects on the metabolic processes in the body including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, metabolic syndrome, glycogen storage disease, and the urea cycle disorder. In total, there are 12 chapters in this book in which the authors have shared their research findings and real-life experiences in managing their patients.
Download or read book Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention written by Victor R Preedy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2010-03-23 with total page 1520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long used in sacred ceremonies and associated with good health, the nutritional and health promoting benefits of olives and olive oils have been proven by an ever-increasing body of science. From cardiovascular benefits to anti-microbial, anti-cancer, antioxidant activity and effects on macrophages and aptoptosis to cellular and pathophysiollogical process, olives and olive oils are proving important in many healthful ways. For example, reactive components in olive oils or olive oil by-products have now been isolated and identified. These include tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid elenolic acid and oleuropein. Oleic acid is the main monosaturated fatty acid of olive oil. These have putative protective effects and modulate the biochemistry of a variety of cell types including those of the vascular system. Some but not all components have been characterised by their putative pharmacological properties. It is possible that usage of these aforementioned products may have beneficial application in other disease. However, in order for this cross-fertilization to take place, a comprehensive understanding of olives and olive oils is required. Finding this knowledge in a single volume provides a key resource for scientists in a variety of food an nutritional roles. Explores olives and olive oil from their general aspects to the detailed level of important micro-and micronutrients Includes coverage of various methodologies for analysis to help scientists and chemists determine the most appropriate option for their own studies, including those of olive-related compounds in other foods Relates, in a single volume resource, information for food and nutritional chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, nutritionists and dieticians Presents information in three key categories: General aspects of olives an olive oils; Nutritional, pharmacological and metabolic properties of olives and olive oil; Specific components of olive oil and their effects on tissue and body systems
Download or read book Mammalian Thermogenesis written by Lucien Girardier and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: an attempt to rationalize these terminological and conceptual difficulties we have considered the origins of mammalian heat production from two different points of view. The scheme depicted in Fig. 1. 1 illustrates the fate of energy in the body as seen by the nutritionist. After allowing for losses of energy in faeces and urine, the metabolizable energy obtained from food is utilized for main taining and increasing body energy content (maintenance, external work, growth and production). The transformation of metabolizable energy into these forms of net energy also involves inevitable energy losses in the form of heat - thermic energy. Similarly, maintaining homeothermy in cold en vironments involves shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and the energy costs of assimilating nutrients and retaining net energy results in obligatory heat losses due to diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). This obligatory DIT is mainly due to the energy cost of protein and fat synthesis but, in addition to this, there is an adaptive component of DIT that helps maintain body energy content (i. e. body weight) by dissipating the metabolizable energy consumed in excess of the requirements for maintenance, growth and production. In Fig. 1. 2, we have converted this nutritionist's scheme (A) into one that A B r-------. . . , I I Production, Growth I I External work I I I I Essential energy expenditure NET BASAL Obligatory 1 I ENERGY Maintenance HEAT heat I FASTING at (BMR) productlpn for t ROC thermoneutrallty homeothermia r.
Download or read book Nutrigenomics written by Carsten Carlberg and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-11 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fascinating area of Nutrigenomics describes this daily communication between diet, food and nutrients, their metabolites and our genome. This book describes how nutrition shapes human evolution and demonstrates its consequences for our susceptibility to diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. Inappropriate diet can yield stress for our cells, tissues and organs and then it is often associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. Overnutrition paired with physical inactivity leads to overweight and obesity and results in increased burden for a body that originally was adapted for a life in the savannas of East Africa. Therefore, this textbook does not discuss a theoretical topic in science, but it talks about real life, and our life-long “chat” with diet. We are all food consumers, thus each of us is concerned by the topic of this book and should be aware of its mechanisms. The purpose of this book is to provide an overview on the principles of nutrigenomics and their relation to health or disease. We are not aiming to compete with more comprehensive textbooks on molecular nutrition, evolutionary biology, genomics, gene regulation or metabolic diseases, but rather will focus on the essentials and will combine, in a compact form, elements from different disciplines. In order to facilitate the latter, we favor a high figure-to-text ratio following the rule “a picture tells more than thousand words”. The content of this book is based on the lecture course “Nutrigenomics”, which is held since 2003 once per year by Prof. Carlberg at the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio. The book is subdivided into three sections and twelve chapters. Following the "Introduction" there are sections on the "Molecular genetic basis" and the "Links to disease", which take a view on nutrigenomics from the perspective of molecular mechanisms or from the causes of metabolic diseases, respectively. Besides its value as a textbook, Nutrigenomics will be a usefull reference for individuals working in biomedicine.
Download or read book Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease written by Todd Leff and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-03-19 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely and most comprehensive reference available on the topic covers all the different aspects vital in the fight against the global obesity epidemic. Following a look at adipose tissue development and morphology, the authors go on to examine its metabolic and endocrine functions and its role in disease. The final section deals with comparative and evolutionary aspects of the tissue. The result is an essential resource for cell and molecular biologists, physiologists, biochemists, pharmacologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical industry.
Download or read book Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine written by Victor R Preedy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-03-17 with total page 1335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over two billion people worldwide are at risk for the spectrum of disorders known as "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders." 1-10% will suffer cretinism; 5-30% will have some sort of brain damage or neurological impairment and 30-70% will be hypothyroid. The causes of iodine deficiencies can be considered from both simplistic and more complex perspectives: From the leaching of iodine from soil resulting in crops with low iodine content to malnutrition resulting in impaired iodine absorption. Poor dietary diversification and impoverished socio-economic development can also lead to iodine deficiencies. Although it is possible to diagnose and treat deficiencies, there is still an ongoing dialogue regarding the detailed molecular pathology of iodine homeostatis, how hypothyroidism impacts the body tissues, and efficient diagnosis and treatment of the Iodine Deficiency Disorders. This Handbook provides a resource of information on the various pathways and processes based on different countries or diseases. Because there is a constant flow of new information on iodine and related disorders, the goal of this Handbook is to provide a base of scientific information upon which additional knowledge can be applied. Provides important information on one of the most common micro-nutrient deficiencies in the world, the most important "single nutrient-multiple consequences" paradigm today Includes information on iodine-related diseases, including those that are common, preventable and treatable Provides insight from a broad perspective of viewpoints -- from subcellular transports to economic impact
Download or read book Mechanisms of Insulin Action written by Alan R. Saltiel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-05 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. This book attempts to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. It explores insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems.
Download or read book Fat Detection written by Jean-Pierre Montmayeur and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-09-14 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the State-of-the-Art in Fat Taste TransductionA bite of cheese, a few potato chips, a delectable piece of bacon - a small taste of high-fat foods often draws you back for more. But why are fatty foods so appealing? Why do we crave them? Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Post Ingestive Effects covers the many factors responsible for the se
Download or read book Obesity written by Shamim I. Ahmad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-19 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings a comprehensive treatise about obesity, examining the measures that can be taken to stop and even reduce obesity if these right measures are taken in time. Recent studies show that obesity is on the increase at an alarming rate, especially in the industrialized and affluent countries. A number of reasons have been put forward for this increase, including life style choices, over-eating, over-use of commercially processed food, addiction for fast food, high caloric diet specially containing high levels of sugar and fat, lack of exercise and sedentary life style. Also genetic make up has been associated with obesity. Obesity can lead to a variety of lethal diseases, notably coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes. These diseases account for the highest number of human death amongst all other causes. There are also a number of other side effects associated with obesity including increased stress, loss of intelligentsia, pancreatitis, premature birth and osteoarthritis. In recent years media have been playing important roles in highlighting the lethality and damage caused by obesity, nevertheless no significant effects can be seen in the population and obesity remains on the increase, especially amongst children. The editors believe that it is important that more education, campaign and research are used to stop this increasing disease.
Download or read book Biochemistry and Oral Biology written by A. S. Cole and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2014-06-28 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochemistry and Oral Biology presents a unique exposition of biochemistry suitable for dental students. It discusses the structural basis of metabolism and the general principles of nutrition. It addresses the soft tissues, hard tissues, and the biology of the mouth. Some of the topics covered in the book are the free radical production; scope of biochemistry; characteristics of atoms; structure and properties of water; molecular building materials; ionization of proteins; affinity chromatography of proteins; structural organization of globular proteins; classification of enzymes; and biochemically important sugar derivatives. The naturally occurring fatty acids are fully covered. The nucleic acid components are discussed in detail. The text describes in depth the energy equivalents of different nutrients. The physiological effects of dietary fiber vitamin D deficiency are completely presented. A chapter is devoted to the alternative methods of fluoride administration and description of vitamins. The book can provide useful information to dental students, and researchers.
Download or read book Neurobiology of Disease written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-09-06 with total page 1105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurobiology of Disease is aimed at any basic scientist or clinician scientist teaching a course or conducting research on the basic science underlying the major neurological diseases. It provides an excellent overview of cutting-edge research on the fundamental disorders of the nervous system, including physiological and molecular aspects of dysfunction. The major categories of neurological disease are covered, and the chapters provide specific information about particular diseases exemplifying each of these categories. Sufficient clinical information is included to put into perspective the basic mechanisms discussed. The book assembles a world-class team of section editors and chapters written by acknowledged experts in their respective fields. Provides cutting edge information about fundamental mechanisms underlying neurological diseases Amply supplied with tables, illustrations and references Includes supporting clinical information putting the mechanisms of disease into perspective
Download or read book Molecular Mechanisms in Bioenergetics written by L. Ernster and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1992-12-16 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarises current knowledge of the structure, function,biosynthesis and regulation of energy-transducing enzymes inmitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria. Each of the twenty chapters is written by top experts in their field, and Prof. Ernster has ensured that the book as a whole gives a well-integrated picture of the present state of knowledge of the field at its different levels and complexities. Since the publication of Bioenergetics edited by Lars Ernster in 1984, (New Comprehensive Biochemistry Vol. 9) the whole field of bioenergetics has undergone a tremendous expansion. Additionally a transition from membrane bioenergetics to molecular bioenergetics has accompanied this expansion - due mainly to the spectacular progress in the field of molecular biology over the past twenty years. Hence this volume, Molecular Mechanisms in Bioenergetics, is certain to be of interest, not only to the specialist in bioenergetics, but also to researchers working in the various fields of biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, cell biology and physiology. Also of interest, this volume contains an historical introduction, including a list of earlier publications relating to the history of bioenergetics.
