Download or read book Decline of Above and Belowground Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Diversity Over an Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Gradient Near Kenai Alaska written by Erik Andrew Lilleskov and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments written by Wim de Vries and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-04-20 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a unique overview of research methods over the past 25 years assessing critical loads and temporal effects of the deposition of air pollutants. It includes critical load methods and applications addressing acidification, eutrophication and heavy metal pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Applications include examples for each air pollution threat, both at local and regional scale, including Europe, Asia, Canada and the US. The book starts with background information on the effects of the deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and heavy metals and geochemical and biological indicators for risk assessments. The use of those indicators is then illustrated in the assessment of critical loads and their exceedances and in the temporal assessment of air pollution risks. It also includes the most recent developments of assessing critical loads and current and future risks of soil and water chemistry and biodiversity under climate change, with a special focus on nitrogen. The book thus provides a complete overview of the knowledge that is currently used for the scientific support of policies in the field of air pollution control to protect ecosystem services.
Download or read book The Importance and Conservation of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Diversity in Forest Ecosystems written by Michael P. Amaranthus and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Canadian Journal of Botany written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to Global Forests written by Enzai Du and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-10-22 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in Global Forests: Spatial Variation, Impacts, and Management Implications provides the most comprehensive knowledge on spatial variation and ecological impacts of reactive nitrogen deposition in global forests, as well as forest management options to mitigate the negative impacts. Written and edited by international experts in the field, this book synthesizes recent research developments and insights in monitoring and modeling nitrogen deposition in global forests. The book also assesses ecological impacts of enhanced nitrogen deposition on forest structure and function and responses of forest ecosystems to decreasing nitrogen deposition in regions such as the European Union and North America. Finally, the book reviews indicators and thresholds for nitrogen saturation in global forests and analyzes remediation options to reduce impacts of excess nitrogen deposition. This is an important resource for researchers in forestry and biodiversity conservation, as well as graduate students, policymakers and others who want to understand environmental issues of reactive nitrogen deposition in global forests. - Offers a systematic view of the ecological impacts of enhanced nitrogen deposition - Provides the most comprehensive knowledge on spatial variation and the ecological impacts of reactive nitrogen deposition in global forests - Presents expert research and findings on forest management options to remediate negative impacts
Download or read book Ectomycorrhizal Diversity of White Spruce Picea Glauca at Treeline Along a Latitudinal Gradient in Alaska written by Kendra L. Calhoun and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "We assessed the species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities at treeline and forested sites within three Alaskan mountain ranges along a latitudinal gradient (Chugach Mountains, White Mountains, Brooks Range). The study took place during the growing seasons of 2001 and 2002 and was part of a larger study evaluating the possible mechanisms that control latitudinal and elevational limits of forest growth. In 2001, we measured EMF species richness, diversity (Simpson's Index), and similarity at and between forested and treeline sites in all three mountain ranges. In 2002, more focused studies were conducted measuring EMF abundance along a forest to treeline transect within the White Mountains. We evaluated possible species shifts spatially within the ecotone from treeline to forest as well as temporally throughout the growing season (June-August) at Twelve Mile summit within the White Mountains. Overall, we found that EMF species richness was highest in the White Mountains and lowest in the Brooks Range. There was no difference in species richness between forested and treeline sites with the exception of the Brooks Range, where species richness was higher in the forested site. Diversity of EMF at forested and treeline sites was similar, with no significant differences detected either between sites or among mountain ranges. The similarity of EMF species was higher between forested and treeline stands within a site than between sites within a range, that is, a forested site was more similar to the adjacent treeline site than it was to other forested sites within any given range. Abundance of EMF varied along the forest to treeline transect with species dominance throughout the growing season. These findings reflect the highly localized nature of EMF communities in forest and treeline habitats"--Leaves iii-iv.
Download or read book Partitioning of Atmospheric Nitrogen Under Long term Reduced Atmospheric Deposition Conditions in a Norway Spruce Forest Ecosystem written by Zhuo Feng and published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen. This book was released on 2010 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past century, anthropogenic activities have increased N input drastically to terrestrial ecosystems and influenced the global N cycle. Especially temperate forest ecosystems are affected in their productivity, species composition, soil chemistry and water quality. N input to forest ecosystems is retained in trees and soil. Excessive N is leached out or released as gases. The retention of N input in soils is mainly influenced by the stability of soil organic matter (SOM). Many forests in central Europe and North America have been subjected to N saturation, i.e. excessive N appeared as nitrate in the leachate below the rooting zone. Reduction of atmospheric N emission and consequent atmospheric N deposition is proposed to be the only practical long-term solution to improve N-saturated forest ecosystems. However, responses of N-saturated forest ecosystems to reduced atmospheric N deposition have been seldom investigated. In the present study, atmospheric deposition was manipulated through roof constructions below the canopy of a mature Norway spruce forest on the Solling plateau in central Germany. A £^(5)N tracer field and a density fractionation laboratory experiment were conducted in the present study to investigate the influence of long-term reduced atmospheric N deposition on the partitioning of atmospheric N in different forest ecosystem compartments as well as on the partitioning of atmospheric N retained in the soil in different SOM pools.
Download or read book Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on the Growth Metabolism and Activity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biogeochemical Responses to Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in Subalpine Ecosystems of the Cascades written by Justin Paul Poinsatte and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examined the influence of snow regime on subalpine ecosystem C and N cycling at Mount Rainier under ambient conditions and in climate change scenarios. Timing of snow release influenced ecosystem C and N storage and loss. Climate change may reduce snow accumulation by up to 80% at Mount Rainier by 2050. Snowpack loss may enhance ecosystem C and N accumulation during the growing season and increase winter N leaching.
Download or read book Responses of Microbial Communities to Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Within Different Soil Horizons in High Arctic Tundra written by Aimeric Blaud and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arctic environments are subject to acute nitrogen deposition events, in which 40% or more of annual atmospheric N input can be deposited as acidic rainfall in less than one week. The overall aim of this research was to investigate the impact of acute N deposition events upon soil microbial communities in High Arctic tundra. A plot scale field experiment, established on the High Arctic tundra (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard), and a microcosm experiment, were used to simulate acute N deposition over the summer by the application of NH4NO3 solution at ~pH 4, at rates of 0.4, 4 and 12 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Changes in soil characteristics were measured on soil samples from the organic and mineral horizons. Variation in the structure and abundance of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities and in the presence and abundance of N-cycling functional guilds were investigated using molecular (DNA)-based approaches such as Terminal Restriction Fragment Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and quantitative-PCR. T-RFLP analysis revealed significant (P
Download or read book Assessment of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Sulfur Deposition Critical Loads for Aquatic and Terrestrial Resources on National Forest System Lands in the Intermountain Region written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical load (CL) is a science-based threshold that identifies the amount of pollutant deposition below which no significant ecological harm to an ecosystem component is expected. This report provides baseline critical load (CL) analyses for nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) as required under the 2012 Planning Rule for forest plan assessments. The data also can be used to inform land management decisions where the effects of N and S deposition are relevant, including the evaluation of large projects through the National Environmental Policy Act, Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permitting program, wilderness monitoring, and watershed condition. Significant portions of the USDA Forest Service system lands in the Intermountain Region are exposed to N deposition levels that exceed CLs. Areas in exceedance have an increased risk of negative ecological effects. Nine of the 12 National Forests within the Intermountain Region have areas that exceed CLs for surface water acidification and therefore are at higher risk for declines in abundance and diversity of aquatic species. All 12 National Forests have areas that exceed CLs for surface water eutrophication, lichen species richness, forage lichen abundance, and tree species growth rate and probability of survival (over 10 years). In areas with increased risk of surface water eutrophication, competitive interactions and community structure of primary producers can shift and cause compounding effects within the food web. Diversity and abundance of key aquatic species may decrease to the point of extirpation. Areas that exceed CLs for lichen species richness and forage lichen abundance have an increased risk to experience reduced diversity, occurrence, and abundance of lichen species which can negatively affect other biota such as mammals, birds, and invertebrates, that rely on lichens for food, shelter, and camouflage. Areas with an increased risk for declines in tree growth rate and probability of survival may experience a change in the composition of forest communities.
Download or read book Yosemite Region Nitrogen Deposition and Patterns in the Composition of Lichen Communities written by Martin Hutten and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation describes patterns in epiphytic macrolichen community composition along a nitrogen deposition gradient in the Yosemite region of the Sierra Nevada in California. This region is part of the largest federal air quality Class 1 designated air-shed in the western United States, covering the entire crest of the Sierra Nevada, and is protected under the Clean Air Act. Aside from the westernmost foothills, most of the region is federally designated Wilderness and has been subjected to few direct human impacts. The main air pollutants are nitrogen compounds which are carried eastward by prevailing winds from emission sources in the Central Valley. For more than a decade, measurements of nitrogen deposition at the Yosemite National Atmospheric Deposition Program station have been near or above the published lichen critical load; the quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur according to present knowledge. A California-wide deposition model predicts that critical load exceedance has become the norm throughout the western slope of the central and southern Sierra Nevada. The principal objectives of the study were to determine the threshold response level of epiphytic lichen communities to nitrogen deposition and to map where that deposition level is exceeded in the Yosemite area. I measured throughfall nitrogen deposition at 12 sites for one year and related it to the accumulation of nitrogen in the thalli of the lichens Letharia vulpina, Letharia columbiana, and Evernia prunastri. I then measured the accumulation of nitrogen by lichens at nearly 300 additional locations throughout the study area to calibrate a model for lichen nitrogen accumulation at the landscape level. I extrapolated the calibration model to estimate N inputs at a high level of resolution throughout the study area. In 38 intensive study sites along the nitrogen deposition gradient, I conducted detailed assessments of the composition of epiphytic macrolichen communities to evaluate the apparent responses to elevated nitrogen deposition. I combined the data from two independent sampling techniques: a standard, semi-quantitative, stand-level method; and a new quantitative, branch-level assessment method to determine a lichen critical load for the coniferous forests in the study area. Concurrent with the branch lichen community assessment, I measured the pH and conductivity of the branch bark to address persistent questions in the literature about the role of the ionic environment of the substrate in mediating the response of lichen communities to nitrogen deposition. Both lichen community assessment methods revealed similar trends in the composition of lichen communities along the nitrogen deposition gradient. Lichen communities exposed to low N deposition levels were dominated by species adapted to low nitrogen inputs and had a low species richness and abundance of lichen eutrophs. Exposure to elevated nitrogen deposition was associated with lichen communities that were increasingly eutroph-dominated. There was weak evidence for a decline of lichen oligotrophs on conifer branches with increasing nitrogen deposition. Lichen substrate pH and electrical conductivity were not correlated with nitrogen deposition, and the abundance of individual lichen species, including eutrophs, was not correlated with substrate pH or conductivity. Therefore, the increase in eutrophs was likely a direct consequence elevated nitrogen deposition. The lichen community work demonstrated that lichen thallus nitrogen concentrations standardized to Letharia vulpina equivalents exceeding 1.1% dry-weight were associated with major changes in the composition of lichen communities. This corresponded to 2.9 kg inorganic nitrogen ha−1 yr−1 (wet + dry); the empirical critical load determined in this study. Throughfall deposition measurements from this study, and deposition measurements at the Yosemite National Atmosphere Deposition Program station verify that nitrogen deposition reached or exceeded that critical load at 12 locations in the study area. The lichen thallus nitrogen accumulation model, which included hundreds of local calibration points, suggested the critical load is exceeded in at least 68% of the study area, including more than 70% of the area designated as federal air quality Class 1 air-sheds.
Download or read book Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems written by Ernst-Detlef Schulze and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-12-01 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume quantifies carbon storage in managed forest ecosystems not only in biomass, but also in all soil compartments. It investigates the interaction between the carbon and nitrogen cycles by working along a north-south transect through Europe that starts in northern Sweden, passes through a N-deposition maximum in central Europe and ends in Italy. For the first time biogeochemical processes are linked to biodiversity on a large geographic scale and with special focus on soil organisms. The accompanying CD-ROM provides a complete database of all flux, storage and species observations for modellers.
Download or read book The Soils of Japan written by Ryusuke Hatano and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-18 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the distribution, properties, and function of soils in Japan. First, it offers general descriptions of the country’s climate, geology, geomorphology, and land use, the history of the Japanese soil classification system and characteristics and genesis of major soil types follow. For each region – a geographic/administrative region of the country – there is a chapter with details of current land use as well as properties and management challenges of major soils. Maps of soil distribution, pedon descriptions, profile images, and tables of properties are included throughout the text and appendices.
Download or read book Animals Influence on the Landscape and Ecological Importance written by Friedrich-Karl Holtmeier and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-22 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its first English-language edition, this book introduces the many-faceted interactions of animal populations with their habitats. From soil fauna, ants and termites to small and large herbivores, burrowing mammals and birds, the author presents a comprehensive analysis of animals and ecosystems that is as broad and varied as all nature. Chapter 2 addresses the functional role of animals in landscape ecosystems, emphasizing fluxes of energy and matter within and between ecosystems, and the effects of animals on qualitative and structural habitat change. Discussion includes chapters on the role of animal population density and the impacts of native herbivores on vegetation and habitats from the tropics to the polar regions. Cyclic mass outbreaks of species such as the larch bud moth in Switzerland, the mountain pine beetle and the African red-billed weaver bird are described and analyzed. Other chapters discuss Zoochory – the dispersal of seeds by ants, mammals and birds – and the influence of burrowing animals on soil development and geomorphology. Consideration extends to the impact of feral domestic animals. Chapter 5 focuses on problems resulting from introduction of alien animals and from re-introduction of animal species to their original habitats, discusses the effects on ecosystems of burrowing, digging and trampling by animals. The author also addresses keystone species such as kangaroo rats, termites and beavers. Chapter 6 addresses the role of animals in landscape management and nature conservation, with chapters on the impact of newcomer species such as animals introduced into Australia, New Zealand and Europe, and the consequences of reintroduction of species to original habitat. It also discusses the carrying capacity of natural habit, public attitudes toward conversation and more. The final section ponders the effects of climate on interactions between animals and their habitats.
Download or read book Climate Change 2014 written by Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae written by P. Bonfante and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forty years after the discovery of the helix nature of DNA and more than twenty after the first applications of recombinant DNA technology to the pharmaceutical industry, the Pandora's vase of biotechnology seems far from being empty. New products for agriculture and the food industry are constantly being placed on the market, and powerful monitoring techniques have been developed to track non-modified and genetically modified vaccines, viruses, microbes and plants released into the environment. Molecular approaches for taxonomic purposes, which might also be useful for quality control and assurance, have been successfully developed and used for taxonomic purposes in the last decade for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including yeasts and filamentous fungi. Mycorrhizae are one example of a traditional biotechnology that can greatly benefit from the latest molecular approaches. These universal symbioses between soil fungi and plant roots playa central role in most of the natural and agricultural ecosystems in such key processes as nutrient cycling, soil structural conservation and plant health. For these reasons, mycorrhizae have been successfully used to improve the quality of forest and agricultural seedlings, to produce high-quality micropropagated plants and to increase the production of edible mushrooms of high economic value, such as truffles. However, although controlled inoculation of oak and hazel seedlings with ectomycorrhizal truffles has been carried out for decades in France and Italy, and is still expanding commercially, several technological gaps remain to be filled.
