Download or read book Data Locality Optimizations for Multi Level Caches in Java Multi Core Compiler written by 龍泰文 and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Compiler Optimizations for Cache Locality and Coherence written by University of Rochester. Dept. of Computer Science and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "Almost every modern processor is designed with a memory hierarchy organized into several levels, each of which is smaller, faster, and more expensive than the level below. High performance requires the effective use of the cached data, i.e. cache locality. Smart compiler transformations can relieve the programmer from hand-optimizing for the specific machine architectures. In a multiprocessor system, data inconsistency may occur between memory and caches. For example, the memory and multiple caches may have inconsistent copies of the same cache block. This introduces the problem of cache coherence. Several cache coherence protocols have been developed to maintain data coherence for multiple processors. Since multiple variables are located in the same block, it may cause the problem of false sharing, which has been identified by many researchers as a major obstacle to high performance. Therefore, in a multiprocessor system, we need to avoid false sharing as well as exploit cache locality. In this paper, we first develop a new data reuse model and an algorithm called height reduction to improve cache locality. The advantage of this algorithm is that it can improve band matrix programs as well as dense matrix programs. It is more accurate and general than the existing techniques on improving cache locality, which were developed to optimize dense matrix programs. Then with the height reduction algorithm, we extend loop tiling to exploit not only intra-tile data locality but also inter-tile data locality. We call the new tiling affinity tiling. Our experiments show that affinity tiling is less sensitive to the choice of the tile size. Finally, we show that the algorithm also helps to eliminate or reduce false sharing in multiprocessor systems. With the height reduction algorithm and affinity tiling, significant performance improvement (speedups from 2.5 to 10) has been ovserved on HP workstations and KSR1 multiprocessors."
Download or read book Locality aware Cache Hierarchy Management for Multicore Processors written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Next generation multicore processors and applications will operate on massive data with significant sharing. A major challenge in their implementation is the storage requirement for tracking the sharers of data. The bit overhead for such storage scales quadratically with the number of cores in conventional directory-based cache coherence protocols. Another major challenge is limited cache capacity and the data movement incurred by conventional cache hierarchy organizations when dealing with massive data scales. These two factors impact memory access latency and energy consumption adversely. This thesis proposes scalable efficient mechanisms that improve effective cache capacity (i.e., by improving utilization) and reduce data movement by exploiting locality and controlling replication. First, a limited directory-based protocol, ACKwise is proposed to track the sharers of data in a cost-effective manner. ACKwise leverages broadcasts to implement scalable cache coherence. Broadcast support can be implemented in a 2-D mesh network by making simple changes to its routing policy without requiring any additional virtual channels. Second, a locality-aware replication scheme that better manages the private caches is proposed. This scheme controls replication based on data reuse information and seamlessly adapts between private and logically shared caching of on-chip data at the fine granularity of cache lines. A low-overhead runtime profiling capability to measure the locality of each cache line is built into hardware. Private caching is only allowed for data blocks with high spatio-temporal locality. Third, a Timestamp-based memory ordering validation scheme is proposed that enables the locality-aware private cache replication scheme to be implementable in processors with out-of-order memory that employ popular memory consistency models. This method does not rely on cache coherence messages to detect speculation violations, and hence is applicable to the locality-aware protocol. The timestamp mechanism is efficient due to the observation that consistency violations only occur due to conflicting accesses that have temporal proximity (i.e., within a few cycles of each other), thus requiring timestamps to be stored only for a small time window. Fourth, a locality-aware last-level cache (LLC) replication scheme that better manages the LLC is proposed. This scheme adapts replication at runtime based on fine-grained cache line reuse information and thereby, balances data locality and off-chip miss rate for optimized execution. Finally, all the above schemes are combined to obtain a cache hierarchy replication scheme that provides optimal data locality and miss rates at all levels of the cache hierarchy. The design of this scheme is motivated by the experimental observation that both locality-aware private cache & LLC replication enable varying performance improvements across benchmarks. These techniques enable optimal use of the on-chip cache capacity, and provide low-latency, low-energy memory access, while retaining the convenience of shared memory and preserving the same memory consistency model. On a 64-core multicore processor with out-of-order cores, Locality-aware Cache Hierarchy Replication improves completion time by 15% and energy by 22% over a state-of-the-art baseline while incurring a storage overhead of 30.7 KB per core. (i.e., 10% the aggregate cache capacity of each core).
Download or read book Multi Core Cache Hierarchies written by Rajeev Balasubramonian and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key determinant of overall system performance and power dissipation is the cache hierarchy since access to off-chip memory consumes many more cycles and energy than on-chip accesses. In addition, multi-core processors are expected to place ever higher bandwidth demands on the memory system. All these issues make it important to avoid off-chip memory access by improving the efficiency of the on-chip cache. Future multi-core processors will have many large cache banks connected by a network and shared by many cores. Hence, many important problems must be solved: cache resources must be allocated across many cores, data must be placed in cache banks that are near the accessing core, and the most important data must be identified for retention. Finally, difficulties in scaling existing technologies require adapting to and exploiting new technology constraints. The book attempts a synthesis of recent cache research that has focused on innovations for multi-core processors. It is an excellent starting point for early-stage graduate students, researchers, and practitioners who wish to understand the landscape of recent cache research. The book is suitable as a reference for advanced computer architecture classes as well as for experienced researchers and VLSI engineers. Table of Contents: Basic Elements of Large Cache Design / Organizing Data in CMP Last Level Caches / Policies Impacting Cache Hit Rates / Interconnection Networks within Large Caches / Technology / Concluding Remarks
Download or read book Game Programming Patterns written by Robert Nystrom and published by Genever Benning. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The biggest challenge facing many game programmers is completing their game. Most game projects fizzle out, overwhelmed by the complexity of their own code. Game Programming Patterns tackles that exact problem. Based on years of experience in shipped AAA titles, this book collects proven patterns to untangle and optimize your game, organized as independent recipes so you can pick just the patterns you need. You will learn how to write a robust game loop, how to organize your entities using components, and take advantage of the CPUs cache to improve your performance. You'll dive deep into how scripting engines encode behavior, how quadtrees and other spatial partitions optimize your engine, and how other classic design patterns can be used in games.
Download or read book Compiler Optimizations for Improving Data Locality written by Rice University. Department of Computer Science and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements on a wide selection of programs validate the effectiveness of our cost model, and illustrate the potential and obstacles for exploiting data locality in scientific programs."
Download or read book Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing written by Anu G. Bourgeois and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-05-29 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, ICA3PP 2008, held in Agia Napa, Cyprus, in June 2008. The 31 revised full papers presented together with 1 keynote talk and 1 tutorial were carefully reviewed and selected from 88 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on scheduling and load balancing, interconnection networks, parallel algorithms, distributed systems, parallelization tools, grid computing, and software systems.
Download or read book Parallel Programming for Modern High Performance Computing Systems written by Pawel Czarnul and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-03-05 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In view of the growing presence and popularity of multicore and manycore processors, accelerators, and coprocessors, as well as clusters using such computing devices, the development of efficient parallel applications has become a key challenge to be able to exploit the performance of such systems. This book covers the scope of parallel programming for modern high performance computing systems. It first discusses selected and popular state-of-the-art computing devices and systems available today, These include multicore CPUs, manycore (co)processors, such as Intel Xeon Phi, accelerators, such as GPUs, and clusters, as well as programming models supported on these platforms. It next introduces parallelization through important programming paradigms, such as master-slave, geometric Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) and divide-and-conquer. The practical and useful elements of the most popular and important APIs for programming parallel HPC systems are discussed, including MPI, OpenMP, Pthreads, CUDA, OpenCL, and OpenACC. It also demonstrates, through selected code listings, how selected APIs can be used to implement important programming paradigms. Furthermore, it shows how the codes can be compiled and executed in a Linux environment. The book also presents hybrid codes that integrate selected APIs for potentially multi-level parallelization and utilization of heterogeneous resources, and it shows how to use modern elements of these APIs. Selected optimization techniques are also included, such as overlapping communication and computations implemented using various APIs. Features: Discusses the popular and currently available computing devices and cluster systems Includes typical paradigms used in parallel programs Explores popular APIs for programming parallel applications Provides code templates that can be used for implementation of paradigms Provides hybrid code examples allowing multi-level parallelization Covers the optimization of parallel programs
Download or read book Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing written by Keith Cooper and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-03-07 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 23rd International Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, LCPC 2010, held in Houston, TX, USA, in October 2010. The 18 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 47 submissions. The scope of the workshop spans foundational results and practical experience, and targets all classes of parallel platforms in- cluding concurrent, multithreaded, multicore, accelerated, multiprocessor, and cluster systems.
Download or read book No Inclusion in Multi Level Caches written by Bharath Vasudevan and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inclusive property in multi-level cache has been the norm in most processor architectures. Nevertheless, recent trends in cache implementations call for a reexamination of this issue. This thesis analyzes and evaluates the traditional inclusive scheme, no-inclusiON scheme and mutual exclusion scheme. Using a Simple Scalar-based simulation and the SPEC2000 benchmark, it is been shown that the no-inclusion scheme, one of the non-inclusion schemes, provides the best performance. Further the thesis proposes two techniques to optimize the no inclusion scheme by selectively writing back data from L1 to L2. The first optimization filters out stack data that are unlikely to be accessed again immediately, and the second one filters out non-stack data of poor temporal locality. The two techniques not only reduce the L1-L2 traffic but also improve the efficiency of L2 cache as a backup storage. The simulation results show that these optimizations may reduce the main memory accesses by up to 23% and improve the performance of the no-inclusion scheme by up to 9%.
Download or read book Parallel Computing written by Barbara Chapman and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Multicores and GPUs to Petascale. Parallel computing technologies have brought dramatic changes to mainstream computing the majority of todays PCs, laptops and even notebooks incorporate multiprocessor chips with up to four processors. Standard components are increasingly combined with GPUs Graphics Processing Unit, originally designed for high-speed graphics processing, and FPGAs Free Programmable Gate Array to build parallel computers with a wide spectrum of high-speed processing functions. The scale of this powerful hardware is limited only by factors such as energy consumption and thermal control. However, in addition to"
Download or read book Heterogeneous Computing Architectures written by Olivier Terzo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heterogeneous Computing Architectures: Challenges and Vision provides an updated vision of the state-of-the-art of heterogeneous computing systems, covering all the aspects related to their design: from the architecture and programming models to hardware/software integration and orchestration to real-time and security requirements. The transitions from multicore processors, GPU computing, and Cloud computing are not separate trends, but aspects of a single trend-mainstream; computers from desktop to smartphones are being permanently transformed into heterogeneous supercomputer clusters. The reader will get an organic perspective of modern heterogeneous systems and their future evolution.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing written by David Padua and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 2211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containing over 300 entries in an A-Z format, the Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing provides easy, intuitive access to relevant information for professionals and researchers seeking access to any aspect within the broad field of parallel computing. Topics for this comprehensive reference were selected, written, and peer-reviewed by an international pool of distinguished researchers in the field. The Encyclopedia is broad in scope, covering machine organization, programming languages, algorithms, and applications. Within each area, concepts, designs, and specific implementations are presented. The highly-structured essays in this work comprise synonyms, a definition and discussion of the topic, bibliographies, and links to related literature. Extensive cross-references to other entries within the Encyclopedia support efficient, user-friendly searchers for immediate access to useful information. Key concepts presented in the Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing include; laws and metrics; specific numerical and non-numerical algorithms; asynchronous algorithms; libraries of subroutines; benchmark suites; applications; sequential consistency and cache coherency; machine classes such as clusters, shared-memory multiprocessors, special-purpose machines and dataflow machines; specific machines such as Cray supercomputers, IBM’s cell processor and Intel’s multicore machines; race detection and auto parallelization; parallel programming languages, synchronization primitives, collective operations, message passing libraries, checkpointing, and operating systems. Topics covered: Speedup, Efficiency, Isoefficiency, Redundancy, Amdahls law, Computer Architecture Concepts, Parallel Machine Designs, Benmarks, Parallel Programming concepts & design, Algorithms, Parallel applications. This authoritative reference will be published in two formats: print and online. The online edition features hyperlinks to cross-references and to additional significant research. Related Subjects: supercomputing, high-performance computing, distributed computing
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing written by David Padua and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-08 with total page 2211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containing over 300 entries in an A-Z format, the Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing provides easy, intuitive access to relevant information for professionals and researchers seeking access to any aspect within the broad field of parallel computing. Topics for this comprehensive reference were selected, written, and peer-reviewed by an international pool of distinguished researchers in the field. The Encyclopedia is broad in scope, covering machine organization, programming languages, algorithms, and applications. Within each area, concepts, designs, and specific implementations are presented. The highly-structured essays in this work comprise synonyms, a definition and discussion of the topic, bibliographies, and links to related literature. Extensive cross-references to other entries within the Encyclopedia support efficient, user-friendly searchers for immediate access to useful information. Key concepts presented in the Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing include; laws and metrics; specific numerical and non-numerical algorithms; asynchronous algorithms; libraries of subroutines; benchmark suites; applications; sequential consistency and cache coherency; machine classes such as clusters, shared-memory multiprocessors, special-purpose machines and dataflow machines; specific machines such as Cray supercomputers, IBM’s cell processor and Intel’s multicore machines; race detection and auto parallelization; parallel programming languages, synchronization primitives, collective operations, message passing libraries, checkpointing, and operating systems. Topics covered: Speedup, Efficiency, Isoefficiency, Redundancy, Amdahls law, Computer Architecture Concepts, Parallel Machine Designs, Benmarks, Parallel Programming concepts & design, Algorithms, Parallel applications. This authoritative reference will be published in two formats: print and online. The online edition features hyperlinks to cross-references and to additional significant research. Related Subjects: supercomputing, high-performance computing, distributed computing
Download or read book A Primer on Memory Consistency and Cache Coherence written by Vijay Nagarajan and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2020-02-04 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many modern computer systems, including homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures, support shared memory in hardware. In a shared memory system, each of the processor cores may read and write to a single shared address space. For a shared memory machine, the memory consistency model defines the architecturally visible behavior of its memory system. Consistency definitions provide rules about loads and stores (or memory reads and writes) and how they act upon memory. As part of supporting a memory consistency model, many machines also provide cache coherence protocols that ensure that multiple cached copies of data are kept up-to-date. The goal of this primer is to provide readers with a basic understanding of consistency and coherence. This understanding includes both the issues that must be solved as well as a variety of solutions. We present both high-level concepts as well as specific, concrete examples from real-world systems. This second edition reflects a decade of advancements since the first edition and includes, among other more modest changes, two new chapters: one on consistency and coherence for non-CPU accelerators (with a focus on GPUs) and one that points to formal work and tools on consistency and coherence.
Download or read book CUDA Programming written by Shane Cook and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2012-11-13 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'CUDA Programming' offers a detailed guide to CUDA with a grounding in parallel fundamentals. It starts by introducing CUDA and bringing you up to speed on GPU parallelism and hardware, then delving into CUDA installation.
Download or read book Network Function Virtualization written by Ken Gray and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2016-07-04 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Network Function Virtualization provides an architectural, vendor-neutral level overview of the issues surrounding the large levels of data storage and transmission requirements needed for today's companies, also enumerating the benefits of NFV for the enterprise. Drawing upon years of practical experience, and using numerous examples and an easy-to-understand framework, authors Tom Nadeau and Ken Gary discuss the relevancy of NFV and how it can be effectively used to create and deploy new services. Readers will learn how to determine if network function virtualization is right for their enterprise network, be able to use hands-on, step-by-step guides to design, deploy, and manage NFV in an enterprise, and learn how to evaluate all relevant NFV standards, including ETSI, IETF, Openstack, and Open Daylight. - Provides a comprehensive overview of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) - Discusses how to determine if network function virtualization is right for an enterprise network - Presents an ideal reference for those interested in NFV Network Service Chaining, NSC network address translation (NAT), firewalling, intrusion detection, domain name service (DNS), caching, and software defined networks - Includes hands-on, step-by-step guides for designing, deploying, and managing NFV in the enterprise - Explains, and contrasts, all relevant NFV standards, including ETSI, IETF, Openstack, and Open Daylight
