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Book Czech Yearbook of International Law   Regulatory Measures and Foreign Trade   2013

Download or read book Czech Yearbook of International Law Regulatory Measures and Foreign Trade 2013 written by Alexander J. Belohlávek and published by Juris Publishing, Inc.. This book was released on 2013-04-01 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The foreign trade is the engine of the global economics. In these turbulent days, when governments and international organizations tend to protect their markets spheres of interest, the application of regulatory measures gains in importance. The Czech Yearbook of International Law - Regulatory Measures and Foreign Trade - 2013 pinpoints these trends and its various aspects on different levels in comparative analysis. The Yearbook provides insight into problematic of regulatory measures in investment law on global level same as from the EU prospective. Similarly, authors also analyze various aspects of the regulatory measures applied in the areas of financial markets and money laundering, market abuse, Common European Sales Law and Consumer Protection. Local practitioners from the region also share their views on the measures in foreign trade on the domestic level and the problems interconnected with such regulation in the region. The new volume of the Czech Yearbook of International Law - Regulatory Measures and Foreign Trade - 2013 brings useful resource for everyone who is dealing with international trade, be it an academic, practitioner, law or international relations student who seeks global compendium on the issue including an overlap to economic and politic aspects of the problematic.

Book Czech Yearbook of International Law   Rights of Host States within the System of International Investment Protection   2011

Download or read book Czech Yearbook of International Law Rights of Host States within the System of International Investment Protection 2011 written by Alexander J. Bělohlávek and published by Juris Publishing, Inc.. This book was released on 2011-03-01 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the successful introduction in 2010 of the Czech Yearbook of International Law, Professor Alexander J. Bělohlávek and Professor Naděžda Rozehnalová, the editors, present the 2011 volume of this ambitious project. The second volume focuses on the admittedly controversial topics relating to a shift from the investors’ viewpoints on investment protection to the contrasting viewpoints of the host states, which are facing growing numbers of alleged claims by investors. Volume II has set as its objective to plot the shift in the paradigm towards a new balance between investors and host states in the investment protection system. Such a shift can be observed in the rising number of counterclaims brought by host states against investors, by the introduction of new standards for evaluation of investments in light of the good faith of the investor at the time of an investment, and by the choice of an absolute means of protection of a host state's interest against investor claims by termination of an existing investment treaty. These topics represent pieces of the whole mosaic of this problem, to which the second volume of the Czech Yearbook of International Law is dedicated to a wide professional audience. The Czech Yearbook of International Law (CYIL) is a collective effort by the following persons and institutions

Book Czech and Central European Yearbook of Arbitration   2012  Party Autonomy versus Autonomy of Arbitrators

Download or read book Czech and Central European Yearbook of Arbitration 2012 Party Autonomy versus Autonomy of Arbitrators written by Alexander J. Bělohlávek and published by Juris Publishing, Inc.. This book was released on 2012-04-01 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the first volume of the Czech (& Central European) Yearbook of Arbitration (CYArb), the second volume of CYArb thematically concurs that the points of friction between arbitration, as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism are the freedom parties have in setting up the methods and mechanisms for the dispute settlement, and the state organized court proceedings with its obligatory jurisdiction and strict rules. The state organized court proceedings guarantee the firm borders and equality of means regarding the protection of the fundamental rights of the parties during the proceedings. The primary focus of CYArb is the issue of autonomy throughout the arbitration process. The principle of autonomy represents the backbone of arbitration as the ADR mechanism. It provides to the parties the necessary freedom to stipulate the adequate method for the solution of the dispute. On the other hand, the autonomous approach of the parties creates an informal relationship among the subjects involved in dispute resolution. The informality provides room for the autonomy of the arbitrators or that of the arbitral tribunal, be it in ad hoc or institutional proceedings on how to advance the dispute. The CYArb project aims to highlight the (potential) pitfalls of each of the categories of the autonomous parties present during the various types of arbitral proceedings in order to analyze the role of autonomy as a leading principle in the ADR mechanisms in its mutual interaction. The topic therefore provides a wide spectrum of interesting issues to be addressed from the practice and academic points of view, particularly with regard to the comparison of the specific national and international approaches of the permanent arbitral courts. The project concept and editors are drawn from Czech Yearbook of International Law – CYIL. The ideological similarity between CYIL and CYArb is primarily reflected in its concept. The third volume of CYIL is in preparation and will be published by JURIS. The CYArb annual volume will be published exclusively in English with abstracts of the articles provided in Czech/Slovak, French, German, Polish, Russian and Spanish. The website dedicated to the project, www.czechyearbook.org is operational in a total of 16 languages. A vital part of the project is the cooperation with leading figures and institutes in the field. In the Czech Republic, endeavor has the cooperation of the particular departments of the following institutions: – University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Faculty of Law, Department of International Law & Department of Constitutional Law – Masaryk University in Brno, Faculty of Law, Department of International and European Law – VŠB – TU Ostrava, Faculty of Economics, Department of Law – Institute of State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic In the Slovak Republic: – Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Faculty of Law, Department of Commercial Law Non-academic institutions participating in the CYArb Project: – International Arbitral Centre of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber, Vienna. – Court of International Commercial Arbitration attached to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania, Bucharest. – Arbitration Court attached to the Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Budapest – Arbitration Court attached to the Economic Chamberof the Czech Republic and Agricultural Chamber of the Czech Republic, Prague – Arbitration Court attached to the Czech-Moravian Commodity Exchange Kladno (Czech Republic) – ICC National Committee Czech Republic – The Court of Arbitration at the Polish Chamber of Commerce in Warsaw

Book Czech and Central European Yearbook of Arbitration 2011  The Relationship between Constitutional Values  Human Rights and Arbitration

Download or read book Czech and Central European Yearbook of Arbitration 2011 The Relationship between Constitutional Values Human Rights and Arbitration written by Alexander J. Bělohlávek and published by Juris Publishing, Inc.. This book was released on 2011-04-01 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The topic for the inaugural edition of the Czech (& Central European) Yearbook of Arbitration (CYArb) is a highly interdisciplinary investigation into the relationship between human rights and arbitration. While providing a broad comparative approach of national tribunals from the perspective of different legal traditions, this topic has many significant practical aspects, such as service of process in arbitration proceedings. The CYArb also features articles by leading authorities from not only the Czech Republic but also Central and Eastern Europe, Switzerland and Russia on different topics in international arbitration; The Yearbook includes commentary and analysis of selected important case law - where international arbitration and the courts meet - from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Russia. To ensure the integrity and quality of the CYArb, it boasts an Advisory Board featuring leading arbitration figures of the region, including: Anton Baier, Vienna, Austria Silvy Chernev, Sofia, Bulgaria Sir Anthony Colman, London, UK Bohuslav Klein, Prague, Czech Republic Pierre Lalive, Geneva, Switzerland Piotr Nowaczyk, Warsaw, Poland Ivan Szász, Budapest, Hungary Stanislaw Soltysiński, Warsaw, Poland Jozef Suchoža, Košice, Slovak Republic Vladimír Týč, Brno, Czech Republic A vital component of the CYArb is the unprecedented cooperation from the leading academic and arbitral institutions in the field: In the Czech Republic, this endeavor has the cooperation of the following institutions: – Faculty of Law, Charles University, Prague, – Faculty of Law, Masaryk University, Brno, – Faculty of Law, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, – Faculty of Law, Palacký University, Olomouc, – Institute of State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic In the Slovak Republic: – Institute of State and Law, Slovak Academy of Sciences, A large degree of collaboration was provided by the permanent arbitration courts and other institutions in the region: · International Arbitral Centre of the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber (VIAC) · Court of International Commercial Arbitration attached to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania · Arbitration Court attached to the Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry · Arbitration Court attached to the Economic Chamber of the Czech Republic and Agricultural Chamber of the Czech Republic · Arbitration Court attached to the Czech-Moravian Commodity Exchange · ICC National Committee Czech Republic · The Court of Arbitration at the Polish Chamber of Commerce The degree of collaboration and cooperation from leading individuals, academic and arbitral institutions, allows the CYArb to fulfill its goal of being the leading Yearbook on arbitration developments and case law for the region.

Book Yearbook on International Investment Law and Policy 2012 2013

Download or read book Yearbook on International Investment Law and Policy 2012 2013 written by Andrea K. Bjorklund and published by Yearbook on International Inve. This book was released on 2014 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, international investment law consists of a network of multifaceted, multilayered international treaties that, in one way or another, involve virtually every country of the world. The evolution of this network raises a host of issues regarding international investment law and policy, especially in the area of international investment disputes. The Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2012-2013 monitors current developments in international investment law and policy, focusing on recent trends and issues in foreign direct investment (FDI). With contributions by leading experts in the field, this title provides timely, authoritative information on FDI that can be used by a wide audience, including practitioners, academics, researchers, and policy makers. Contributions to the Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2012-2013 cover the 2012-2013 trends in international investment agreements, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) trends, and the challenge of investment policies for outward FDI, as well as a review of 2012 international investment law and arbitration. This edition contains essays from the Symposium on Sustainable Development and International Investment Law: Bridging the Divide. Also included are general articles providing an analysis of arbitral tribunal practice regarding the applicable law to state contracts under the ICSID Convention in the Twenty First Century; the role of municipal laws in investment arbitration; the status of state-controlled entities under international investment law, the US and the Trans-Pacific partnership (TPP); new 2012 US Model BITs; and the Regulation of FDI in Bolivia. This volume concludes with the winning memorials from the 2012 FDI International Moot Competition.

Book Yearbook on International Investment Law   Policy 2012 2013

Download or read book Yearbook on International Investment Law Policy 2012 2013 written by Andrea Bjorklund and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-07 with total page 738 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, international investment law consists of a network of multifaceted, multilayered international treaties that, in one way or another, involve virtually every country of the world. The evolution of this network raises a host of issues regarding international investment law and policy, especially in the area of international investment disputes. The Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2012-2013 monitors current developments in international investment law and policy, focusing on recent trends and issues in foreign direct investment (FDI). With contributions by leading experts in the field, this title provides timely, authoritative information on FDI that can be used by a wide audience, including practitioners, academics, researchers, and policy makers. Contributions to the Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2012-2013 cover the 2012-2013 trends in international investment agreements, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) trends, and the challenge of investment policies for outward FDI, as well as a review of 2012 international investment law and arbitration. This edition contains essays from the Symposium on Sustainable Development and International Investment Law: Bridging the Divide. Also included are general articles providing an analysis of arbitral tribunal practice regarding the applicable law to state contracts under the ICSID Convention in the Twenty First Century; the role of municipal laws in investment arbitration; the status of state-controlled entities under international investment law, the US and the Trans-Pacific partnership (TPP); new 2012 US Model BITs; and the Regulation of FDI in Bolivia. This volume concludes with the winning memorials from the 2012 FDI International Moot Competition.

Book Protection of Foreign Investments in an Intra EU Context

Download or read book Protection of Foreign Investments in an Intra EU Context written by Moskvan, Dominik and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Achmea judgment revolutionised intra-EU investment protection by declaring intra-EU bilateral investment treaties (intra-EU BITs) incompatible with EU law. This incisive book investigates whether intra-EU foreign investments benefit from this alteration, which discontinued the parallel applicability of intra-EU BITs and EU law in the EU internal market. In addition to comparative legal analysis from an investor perspective, Dominik Moskvan puts forward a proposal for a creation of a permanent intra-EU foreign investment court to ensure a balanced economic development of the EU internal market.

Book Global Values and International Trade Law

Download or read book Global Values and International Trade Law written by Csongor István Nagy and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-26 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the relationship and interaction between economic interests and normative non-trade values, this book argues that the emergence and development of non-trade values is based on a complex dialectic interaction between selfish economic interests and normative values, and examines how their structural interdependence has given rise to a remarkable evolution in international trade. Conceiving this relationship as an intricate dialectic one that is neither purely value-driven, nor purely economic-interest-driven, it addresses the emergence, function, and role of non-trade values in international trade with a synthetizing approach and explores the results of their interaction in international economic intercourse. Approaching the non-trade issues of trade in a holistic manner, the book demonstrates that trade can operate smoothly only if it is framed by an architecture of normative value standards and international trade liberalization has reached the level where further development calls for cooperation also in fields that, at first glance, may appear to be non-trade in nature.

Book Yearbook on International Investment Law   Policy  2013 2014

Download or read book Yearbook on International Investment Law Policy 2013 2014 written by Andrea K. Bjorklund and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-07-31 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International investment law today consists of a network of multifaceted, multilayered international treaties that, in one way or another, involve virtually every country of the world. The evolution of this network raises a host of issues regarding international investment law and policy, especially in the area of international investment disputes. The Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2013-2014 monitors current developments in international investment law and policy, focusing on recent trends and issues in foreign direct investment (FDI). With contributions by leading experts in the field, this title provides timely, authoritative information on FDI that can be used by a wide audience, including practitioners, academics, researchers, and policy makers. The 2013-2014 Yearbook begins with trends in international investment and the activities of multinational enterprises, a review of trends and new approaches in international investment agreements for 2013-2014, and a review of international investment law and arbitration for 2013. This edition contains a sample of the research and ideas generated by the Investment Treaty Forum at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law--The Investment Treaty Forum brings together experts in international investment law to engage in high-level debate about salient topics in investment law. This edition covers many important topics, such as the principle of proportionality and the problem of indeterminacy in international investment treaties; proportionality, reasonableness and standards of review in investment treaty arbitration; and the role of investors' legitimate expectations in defense of investment treaty claims. The general articles included in this volume provide analysis of balancing investor protection and regulatory freedom in international investment law. The jurisprudential interaction between ICSID tribunals and the International Court of Justice are also discussed, along with inconsistencies in investor-state awards, the role of state interpretations; old and new ways for host states to defend against investment arbitrations, and approaches and analogies in the countermeasures defense in investor-state disputes. This volume explores the political economy of crises and the international law of necessity after the great recession. In addition to this are articles on minilateral treaty-making and bilateral investment treaties; investment promotion, agencies; the trend toward open contracting; and new regulations on foreign acquisitions of land in Brazil and Argentina. This volume concludes with the winning memorials from the 2013 FDI International Moot Competition.

Book European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2016

Download or read book European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2016 written by Marc Bungenberg and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-16 with total page 847 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 7 of the EYIEL focusses on critical perspectives of international economic law. Recent protests against free trade agreements such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) remind us that international economic law has always been a politically and legally contested field. This volume collects critical contributions on trade, investment, financial and other subfields of international economic law from scholars who have shaped this debate for many years. The critical contributions to this volume are challenged and sometimes rejected by commentators who have been invited to be “critical with the critics”. The result is a unique collection of critical essays accompanied by alternative and competing views on some of the most fundamental topics of international economic law. In its section on regional developments, EYIEL 7 addresses recent megaregional and plurilateral trade and investment agreements and negotiations. Short insights on various aspects of the Transpacific Partnership (TPP) and its sister TTIP are complemented with comments on other developments, including the African Tripartite FTA und the negotiations on a plurilateral Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA). Further sections address recent WTO and investment case law as well as recent developments concerning the IMF, UNCTAD and the WCO. The volume closes with reviews of recent books in international economic law.

Book Hague Yearbook of International Law   Annuaire de La Haye de Droit International  Vol  26  2013

Download or read book Hague Yearbook of International Law Annuaire de La Haye de Droit International Vol 26 2013 written by Nikolaos Lavranos and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The title of the Hague Yearbook of International Law reflects the close ties which have always existed between the AAA and the City of The Hague with its international law institutions, and indicates the Yearbook’s aim of devoting attention to developments taking place in the international law institutions based in The Hague. However, the Yearbook has a broader scope as well: to offer a platform for review of new developments in the field of international law. As of the 2010 Volume, the Yearbook has been compiled by a new and expanded Editorial Board, offering fresh ideas and a new approach. A newly established Advisory Board has also been added, including ICJ Judge Bruno Simma, Serge Brammertz, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Jacomijn J. van Haersolte-van Hof, advocate (advocaat) at HaersolteHof and arbitrator (The Netherlands) and Professor Peter Hilpold, Innsbruck University (Austria). Sections have been created on public international law, private international law, international investment law and international criminal law, containing in-depth articles on current issues. The breadth of the Yearbook’s content thus offers an interesting and valuable illustration of the dynamic developments in the various sub-areas of international law.

Book Foreign Investment  International Law and Common Concerns

Download or read book Foreign Investment International Law and Common Concerns written by Tullio Treves and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-23 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly, transnational corporations, developed countries and private actors are broadening the boundaries of their investments into new territories, in search of a higher return on capital. This growth in direct foreign investment involves serious concerns for both the investor and host state. Various exponents of international civil society and non-governmental organisations persuasively claim that such growth in foreign investments constitutes potential and serious hazards both to the environment and the fundamental rights and freedoms of local populations. This book explores from an international law perspective the complex relationship between foreign investments and common concerns, i.e. values that do not coincide, or do not necessarily coincide, with the interests of the investor and of the host state. It pays particular attention to the role of the main international development banks in reconciling the needs of foreign investors with the protection of common concerns, such as the environment, human rights and labour rights. Among its collection of essays, the volume asks how much "regulatory space" investment law leaves; whether international investment law is an effective means of balancing contrasting interests, and whether investment arbitration currently constitutes a mechanism of global governance. In collecting the outlooks of various experts in human rights, environmental and international economic law, this book breaks new ground in exploring how attention to its legal aspects may help in navigating the relationship between foreign investment and common concerns. In doing so, the book provides valuable insights into the substantive issues and institutional aspects of international investment law.

Book Yearbook on International Investment Law   Policy 2014 2015

Download or read book Yearbook on International Investment Law Policy 2014 2015 written by Andrea K. Bjorklund and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-30 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several themes emerge in this 2014-2015 edition of the Yearbook. The first is a notable focus on country and region-specific developments. Different articles focus on key developments in such countries as Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Russia, and South Africa. Others focus on regional innovations, in particular in Latin America. A second area of attention is reform, and proposals for reform, in investor-state dispute settlement and in investment law generally. The third theme is the continued concern about states' regulatory autonomy and the importance of their retaining ability to protect the interests of their nationals. A fourth theme concerns the continued contribution that investment arbitration makes to the development of international law, and the influence that it is starting to have on other areas of law, whether that is as a source of inspiration in the interpretation of other norms or as a source of potentially powerful persuasive authority given the "teeth" that investment law has with respect to enforcement. Included are the winning memorials of the FDI Moot for both 2014 and 2015. In 2014 a team from the University of Ottawa submitted the winning claimant's memorial, while students from Harvard Law School submitted the winning respondent's memorial. In 2015, Harvard repeated its stellar performance, again winning best respondent's memorial. The winning claimant's memorial in 2015 was submitted by students from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. These excellent memorials reveal once again the growing interest of students in international investment law and demonstrate a striving for excellence and an enthusiasm for grappling with intellectually challenging issues.

Book European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2013

Download or read book European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2013 written by Christoph Herrmann and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-02 with total page 607 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part one of Volume 4 (2013) of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law offers a special focus on recent developments in international competition policy and law. International competition law has only begun to emerge as a distinct subfield of international economic law in recent years, even though international agreements on competition co-operation date back to the 1970s. Competition law became a prominent subject of political and academic debates in the late 1990s when competition and trade were discussed as one of the Singapore issues in the WTO. Today, international competition law is a complex and multi-layered system of rules and principles encompassing not only the external application of domestic competition law and traditional bilateral co-operation agreements, but also competition provisions in regional trade agreements and non-binding guidelines and standards. Furthermore, the relevance of competition law for developing countries and the relationship between competition law and public services are the subject of heated debates. The contributions to this volume reflect the growing diversity of the issues and elements of international competition law. Part two presents analytical reports on the developments of the regional integration processes in North America, Central Africa and Southeast Asia as well as on the treaty practice of the European Union. Part three covers the legal and political developments in major international organizations that deal with international economic law, namely the IMF, WCO, WTO, WIPO, ICSID and UNCTAD. Lastly, part four offers book reviews of recent works in the field of international economic law.

Book The Rule of Law at the National and International Levels

Download or read book The Rule of Law at the National and International Levels written by Machiko Kanetake and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to enhance understanding of the interactions between the international and national rule of law. It demonstrates that the international rule of law is not merely about ensuring national compliance with international law. International law and institutions (eg, international human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and human rights courts) respond to national contestations and show deference to the national rule of law. While this might come at the expense of the certainty of international law, it suggests that the international rule of law can allow for flexibility, national diversity and pluralism. The essays in this volume are set against the background of increasing conflict between international and national legal norms. Moreover the book shows that international law and institutions do not always command blind national obedience to international law, but incorporate a process of adjustment and deference to national law and policies that are protected by the rule of law at the national level.

Book Yearbook on International Investment Law   Policy 2011 2012

Download or read book Yearbook on International Investment Law Policy 2011 2012 written by Karl P. Sauvant and published by . This book was released on 2013-03-21 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2011-2012 monitors current developments in international investment law and policy, focusing on recent trends and issues in foreign direct investment (FDI). This edition also discusses regulatory and policy developments regarding FDIs in extractive industries.

Book Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2016

Download or read book Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2016 written by Martin Kuijer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-13 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International law holds a paradoxical position with territory. Most rules of international law are traditionally based on the notion of State territory, and territoriality still significantly shapes our contemporary legal system. At the same time, new developments have challenged territory as the main organising principle in international relations. Three trends in particular have affected the role of territoriality in international law: the move towards functional regimes, the rise of cosmopolitan projects claiming to transgress state boundaries, and the development of technologies resulting in the need to address intangible, non-territorial, phenomena. Yet, notwithstanding some profound changes, it remains impossible to think of international law without a territorial locus. If international law is undergoing changes, this implies a reconfiguration of territory, but not a move beyond it. The Netherlands Yearbook of International Law was first published in 1970. It offers a forum for the publication of scholarly articles of a conceptual nature in a varying thematic area of public international law.