Download or read book Current Condition and 10 year Historic Trend Analysis for Moose Alces Alces Populations in the Thompson Okanagan Region written by Douglas Lewis and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Phylogeography of Moose Alces Alces written by Kris J. Hundertmark and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Through analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, I examined phylogeographic relationships among moose (Alces alces) from Europe, Asia, and North America and inferred historic population trends explaining present-day structure of genetic variance. Diversity of mucleotide composition in cytochrome 'b' was low worldwide, with no variation detected among North American moose. The North American lineage was more closely related to European than to Asian lineages, indicating a recent colonization of North America and refuting the theory of eastern and western races of moose. An analysis of the control region provided greater resolution, which revealed similar yet more detailed patterns, including detectable variation within North America subspecies. Patterns of genetic variation among regional populations identified central Asia as the source of extant lineages of moose. Moreover, a recent coalescence was indicated, with the most recent common ancestor dating to the last ice age. Two historic expansions of moose populations were detected: an initial exansion in Eurasia coincident with an interstade of the last ice age, and a second expansion in eastern Asia and North America following the end of the last ice age. Data indicate a low effective population size in Eurasia during the peak of the last ice age followed by population and range exansion, likely facilitated by climate change. Haplotypes within North America formed a star phylogeny, indicative of recent expansion. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity were greatest in central North America and least in peripheral populations (Alaska, Colorado, and eastern North America). My data indicate a pattern of colonization consistent with a large central population providing founders for peripheral populations, perhaps resulting from leptokurtic dispersal. Low diversity in Alaska indicated a bottleneck susequent to colonization and recent population expansion. Establishment of regional populations through small numbers of founders combined with selection pressure for smaller body size likely led to morphological differentiation among regional populations and likely was adequate for rapid development of subspecies. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity were low in southeastern Alaska, but were high in neighboring areas of British Columbia; there little sharing of haplotypes occurred despite close proximity, indicating recent admixture of separate colonizing populations"l--Leaves iii-iv.

Download or read book Life History Strategies in Moose Alces Alces written by Håkan Sand and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Moose Alces Alces Browse Availability and Utilization in Cape Breton Highlands National Park written by Sean Basquill and published by Halifax, N.S. : Parks Canada Atlantic Region. This book was released on 1997 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes and presents results from a spring/summer 1996 moose browsing survey conducted to determine the availability and utilization of winter browse in Cape Breton Highlands National Park. Observations are made regarding differences in forest structure and browsing intensity between various biotopes of the Park; the percentage utilization of available biomass by moose; the areas where moose concentrated their efforts; and the influence of moose winter browsing on the functional dynamics of Park forests.

Download or read book Effects of Climate Change on Moose Populations written by Robert Stewart Rempel and published by . This book was released on 2012-10 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The effect of climate change on moose (Alces alces) is of interest within the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) because of the potential role this species plays in the conservation of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and possible losses of recreational and economic opportunities if moose populations decrease. Moose have numerous direct and indirect linkages to climate and represent a potentially useful indicator of how climate change is affecting wildlife populations in general. The objective of this vulnerability study was to utilize a plausible, parsimonious, systems-level model of moose population dynamics to explore the response of moose populations to climate projections in the northeast Clay Belt region of Ontario (Ecodistrict 3E-1). Scenario analysis was conducted using a variety of assumptions about future biotic and abiotic interactions under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios A2 and B1 (for details see IPCC 2000)."--publisher.

Download or read book The Status and Management of Moose in Northern America in the Early 1990s written by H. R. Timmermann and published by [Thunder Bay, Ont.] : Northwest Science & Technology. This book was released on 1997 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews strategies used to manage moose hunting harvest, non-harvest moose management strategies, and current population status of moose in all Canadian provinces and territories and in ten US states which actively manage moose. Topics covered include harvest control objectives, allocation of hunting opportunities, control concepts, license qualifications and fees, hunting seasons, management areas and harvest strategies, harvest assessment, population trends, and management in parks, refuges, and special areas.

Download or read book Alces moose ecology written by Jean Bédard and published by Presses de L'Universite Laval. This book was released on 1975 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Management of an Expanding Moose Alces Alces Population on the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta Alaska written by Eric J. Wald and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My overall objective of this project was to identify and develop management tools for an expanding moose population in western Alaska. The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) is home to over 40 villages that rely on subsistence resources across the region, and the high demand for resources has prioritized moose management on the Delta. It is critical for wildlife managers to understand not only wildlife ecology, but also the social component to resource management, which often times is the most important factor for success. I investigate a historical perspective of moose and moose management on the YKD. The historical colonization of moose into Alaska and subsequently into the Yukon-Kuskokwim region is described. I document a case study of the dual-management process for wildlife management in Alaska between the state and federal agencies and how this process worked for moose in the region. Additionally, the success of co-management is documented where the local residents of the region worked with agencies to make resource management decisions such as enacting a short-term moose hunting moratorium that benefited them in the long-term. I investigated management tools to help better understand the expanding moose population. There was a need to develop an alternative population survey technique for parts of the region that do not receive adequate or reliable survey conditions for the standard method used in the area. I developed a helicopter-based distance sampling technique that can be used in narrow riparian corridors during low snow years. Additionally, I developed a method for characterizing and indexing moose browse species within the region. Moose expanding into previously unoccupied habitats could have lasting effects on forage if populations become excessive in localized areas. It is important to characterize the condition of the browse base before the moose population expands and increases in density in order to have a baseline for future comparisons. This project also investigates the effects that snowshoe hares and beavers have on moose browse in the study area. Lastly, I relate a brooming index based on plant architecture to moose twinning rates, a measure of population productivity.

Download or read book Status Movements and Habitat Use of Moose in Massachusetts written by David William Wattles and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moose (Alces alces) have been re-established in much of the historic range in the northeastern United States. Recently the southern edge of the species ranges has been extended southward into southern New England and northern New York from established populations in northern New England. The southern expansion raised questions as to the ability of this northern species to cope with higher temperatures, areas densely populated by humans, and different forest types further south. In light of these recent developments, we conducted a literature search on moose in the northeastern United States and distributed a questionnaire and conducted phone interviews with biologists responsible for moose management across the region to determine the status and management of moose in New England and New York. Furthermore, in 2006 we initiated a study on the home ranges, movements, and habitat use of moose in Massachusetts. We captured and collared moose with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars to track their movements in the Commonwealth. The surveys and interviews with the state biologists revealed that moose populations appeared to be stabilizing in southern New England. However, the moose population continued to grow in northern New York. Moose populations in northern New England were managed with an annual fall harvest, but moose hunting was not allowed in southern New England or New York. Throughout the region moose vehicle collisions were a major concern (>1,000 occur each year) including several that resulted in human fatalities. The collaring study has revealed the importance of maintaining a variety of forest cover types, age classes, and wetland habitats to meet the seasonal needs of moose, including early successional habitats created by logging that appear to be important for moose. Mean home range sizes were 64.9 km2 (SE = 12.9) and 73.3 km2 (SE = 9.4), respectively, for females and males in central Massachusetts, and 164.5 km2 (SE = 62.6) for males in western Massachusetts. Moose often interacted with roads and human development on the uplands, but used less developed areas of their home ranges. This demonstrates the importance of preserving the integrity and connectivity of the forested landscape of Massachusetts.

Download or read book Evaluating Tools Used to Estimate and Manage Browse Available to Wintering Moose on the Copper River Delta Alaska written by Sharon E. Smythe and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ungulates comprise some of the most well researched and intensely managed wildlife populations on earth. As such, they are recognized as ideal study subjects for developing and modifying management tools or theories (Danell et al. 1994, Shipley 2010). An introduced moose (Alces alces gigas) population on the Copper River Delta (CRD; Delta) of south-central Alaska functions as a valuable resource for the residents of Cordova and an isolated research population on which to test managerial techniques. Since its introduction (1949-1958), the founding population of 23 moose has grown to over 830 in 2013, divided into two sub-populations. However, in 1964, the largest earthquake recorded in U.S. history (9.2 magnitude) uplifted the Delta by 1.0-4.0 m, initiating delta-wide changes in hydrology, vegetation distributions, and successional processes. The proportion of stands dominated by woody species, especially alder (Alnus viridis sinuata) and spruce (Picea sitchensis), increased visibly. Furthermore, previous research (1987-89) observed that 90% of the moose on the western region of the Delta wintered within 9-24% of the total land area, possibly restricting their available winter browse. Because moose diets on the CRD are dominated by willows (Salix spp.), managers were concerned that the combined effects of a restricted winter range and earthquake-initiated vegetation changes would negatively influence the population. Managers have responded to this concern by 1) supporting work to estimate the nutritional carrying capacity (NCC; i.e., the forage available to a population within a specified area and time) of the Delta, and 2) by exploring the feasibility of mechanical treatment as a means of stimulating browse production for the moose. Thus, the objectives of this thesis were to 1) explore the factors influencing NCC for moose on the west CRD while combining updated digital and field-collected data to estimate NCC, and 2) to assess the effects of mechanical treatment on the production of moose browse across stand types and over time. We collected field data and evaluated differences in the past (1988-89) and present (2012-13) biomass-predicting regression equations for two willow species (Barclay's and Hooker's willow, Salix barclayi and hookeriana) used within NCC models to determine 1) whether past and present models of Barclay's willow predicted similarly and 2) whether Hooker's and Barclay's willow differed in average available biomass, nutritional quality, and utilization by moose. The linear coefficients for the current (2013) Barclay's willow, Hooker's willow, and combined equations were 2.2x, 1.6x, and 1.9x larger, respectively, than that derived from the 1988 model for Barclay's willow (which possibly included Hooker's willow data). Thus, willows on the CRD may now be supporting more biomass per stem than predicted by prior models. Hooker's and Barclay's willow did not differ in mean available biomass, nutritional values, or utilization rates. These results suggest a need to evaluate the accuracy of older allometric regressions, though separate identification of the visually-similar Barclay's and Hooker's willow may be unnecessary for future biomass-estimating efforts on the CRD. To further explore the factors influencing the biomass available to moose and their associated NCC estimates, we compared 5 NCC model types across 4 winter ranges and under 3 winter-severity scenarios for the western CRD moose population. We conducted a sensitivity analysis (Sx) of our final model to determine the relative influence of factors affecting NCC estimates. Lastly, we compared current (2012-13) browse available biomass, stand type areas (2011), and NCC results to those obtained by past research (1987-89, MacCracken et al. 1997 and 1959/1986, Stephenson et al. 2006) to determine changes over time, while evaluating the effects of models incorporating satellite-based estimates of stand areas and forage nutritional values on NCC estimates. Because recent aerial survey observations suggest expansion of the moose winter range, our final model estimated NCC between 2,198-3,471 moose depending on winter severity within a winter range encompassing the entire west Delta. These results suggest the current western moose population (approximately 600 in 2013) is below NCC. Model components with the largest and smallest Sx were snow depth and tannin- and lignin-caused reductions in forage nutritional quality, respectively. Changes from 1987-2013 in available biomass of forage species ranged from -66-493%, while changes from 1959-2011 in stand type areas ranged from -60-661%. Overall, NCC estimates only declined by 2% from 1959-2013, however inclusion of forage nutritional quality in models reduced NCC estimates by 60%. Lastly, we assessed the use of hydraulic-axing (i.e., hydro-axing) as tool for increasing the available willow biomass. We evaluated treatment effects on biomass, height, nutritional quality (crude protein, lignin, and tannin levels), utilization, and snow burial of the winter forage species within 3 winter-severity scenarios. Sites were treated in 4 winters (1990-92, 2008, 2010, and 2012) within 5 stand types in 20 locations varying from 0.86-63.40 ha in size. Results indicate few significant differences relative to controls, though treatment significantly increased the ratio of willow to alder. Our results may be limited by sample sizes (n = 1-9 per stand type or treatment year) as visual comparison suggests treatment via hydraulic-axing may be an effective method for increasing willow biomass without influencing nutritional quality. However, willows 20-23 years post-treatment are still significantly shorter than untreated willows (P = 0.03). Thus, treatment may result in decreased forage available to moose in severe winters. Management concerns regarding continued earthquake-initiated changes in vegetation distributions and successional processes prompted our investigation. However, studies on the vegetation dynamics of the CRD suggest the vegetation distribution of the Delta may be relatively stable (Boggs 2000, Thilenius 2008). If so, our current estimates of NCC suggest the west Delta can support a larger moose population than is currently present. Hydro-axing may not be necessary to ensure the future of the moose population, though it could be used to counter increases in alder (Alnus viridis sinuata) which are likely within certain successional sequences. However, together with earthquakes, the processes determining the future forage available on the CRD include complex, interactive forces such as glaciers, the Copper River, oceanic tides, and zoological- and human-caused influences. These forces and their effects on the vegetation create a dynamic ecosystem for the moose population, are difficult to predict, and may be further complicated by climate change. As a result, application of any managerial tool may be temporary and often difficult. However, this guarantees a constant need for further revision and redevelopment of the tools used to manage the moose population, ensuring that the moose of the CRD will remain an important resource for researching and refining ungulate management worldwide.

Download or read book Winter Habitat Selection Winter Diet and Seasonal Distribution Mapping of Moose Alces Alces Shirasi in Southeastern Wyoming written by Phillip E. Baigas and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winter (01 Jan - 15 Apr) habitat selection by Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi) within individual home ranges was investigated using global positioning (GPS) collars on 23 adults (7 M, 16 F) during 2 winters (2005, 2006) of differing snow pack in the Snowy Range of the Medicine Bow mountains, southeastern Wyoming. Although wide variation was observed among animals, moose commonly selected for riparian shrub, deciduous forest, and mixed forest cover types. Mixed mountain shrub was occupied extensively by several moose and was used more often towards the end of winter, as moose tended to minimize movements and increasingly use other cover types in place of riparian shrub. Differences in selection ratios between sexes were not detected for any cover type and differences between years were minimal among moose collared both winters. Diets of moose during winter were also investigated through fecal analysis. Willow (Salix spp) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) composed a mean 60% and 30% of moose diets, respectively, with the remaining 10% comprised mostly antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), or Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia). Diets were more diverse in the year of less snow pack. Patterns of habitat selection by collared moose did not differ between winters, as would be expected if forage availability differed considerably between years. This was likely because moose GPS locations did not overlap fecal collection sites and forage item selection within those sites occurs at a different scale than the selection of cover types within home ranges. A literature-based winter habitat suitability index (HSI) model was developed from common geographic information system (GIS) layers and scrutinized with GPS locations of sampled moose. However, the HSI model was poorly predictive of winter habitat occupancy. More accurate resource selection function (RSF) models were constructed by integrating moose GPS locations with more refined GIS data layers. Numerous vegetative, topographic and distance variables were calculated across the study area and were used in a forward stepwise general linear regression model to identify important components of moose habitat during winter and non-winter seasons. Distance to forest edge and distance to deciduous forest were significant predictors in both seasons. Slope also influenced habitat use year-round, although slope2 was a factor in the winter model. While distance to riparian shrub was predictive of moose habitat occupancy during winter, the total area of riparian shrub within a circular 1 km radius was a better determinant of summer habitat use. The combination of variables in the winter model accounts for the distribution of willow, subalpine fir, mountain mahogany and antelope bitterbrush, in proximity to forest cover. The non-winter model demonstrated the nearly exclusive importance of riparian shrub habitat in proximity to thermal cover across a wider range of elevations than during winter. A technique was employed to make spatial calculations of the potential range capacity for moose using the winter RSF map predictions observed within individual moose winter home ranges. A wide range of capacity estimates were computed by adjusting the minimum habitat quality and maximum size parameters observed in moose winter ranges. Because not all moose are energetically capable of occupying the maximum observed home range size or competing for the highest quality habitat, more sensible estimates were produced using the mean winter home range quality and size inputs.

Download or read book Challenges to Monitoring Moose in Alaska written by Kalin Ann Kellie and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monitoring moose (Alces alces) populations is a key component of wildlife management in Alaska. In response to reports of recent difficulties implementing the existing techniques for monitoring moose, an interagency work group identified the monitoring techniques currently in use, characterized technique performance, and examined commonality and geographic patterns of problems encountered when applying techniques in the field. Field biologists engaged in monitoring moose in Alaska were emailed an online questionnaire designed to organize information about overall program satisfaction, population parameters monitored, techniques for estimating parameters, and current impediments to monitoring. During 2007-2017, biologists failed to complete 42% of scheduled surveys to estimate abundance (n = 295 surveys, 42 respondents). Survey failure rates differed across ecoregions: failure rates were highest in the Kenai/Southcentral (57%), Eastern Interior (43%) and Coastal Subarctic (41%) ecoregions, but lower rates of survey failure were reported for Western Interior (20%) and Arctic Slope (15%) ecoregions of Alaska. Patterns of survey failure were similar for composition. Lack of adequate snow cover and poor flying weather were the first and second most commonly cited reasons, respectively, for failure to complete scheduled surveys. Where surveys were successfully completed, estimates generally had less precision than desired, with only 50% of respondents achieving intended precision goals for abundance estimation. Biologists indicated a strong willingness to use a new method for monitoring moose if it 1) did not rely on complete snow cover, 2) was more accurate, 3) provided higher precision, 4) provided continuity with previous estimates, 5) could be used where inclement flying weather is frequent, 6) could be used in areas with dense vegetative cover, 7) was accompanied by technical assistance or a user manual, and 6) was similar in cost to existing methods. They indicated mild unwillingness to use a new method that 1) used ground observations, 2) required hunters to turn in specimens, 3) used helicopters for aerial observation, or 4) required more resources than current methods. These results highlight the need to develop new survey and measurement techniques that can be conducted independently of problematic snow and weather conditions, or at least have far more flexibility in implementing survey protocols. Indeed, the problem of monitoring moose in areas with poor snow conditions is so challenging and pervasive that solutions may require a concentrated, cooperative effort among agencies, including practical feedback from field biologists. Precision of existing techniques may also be improved through better optimization of survey design, the integration of more historical population information in estimation, and perhaps by better clarifying precision requirements relative to program goals.

Download or read book Effects of Hunting Closures and Timber Harvest on Local Moose Densities and Hunting Opportunities in Northwestern Ontario written by G. D. Racey and published by Thunder Bay, Ont. : Northwest Science and Technology. This book was released on 2000 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Demography and Determinants of Population Growth in Utah Moose Alces Alces Shirasi written by Joel S. Ruprecht and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moose in Utah represent the southernmost naturally occurring populations of moose in the world. Concerns over possible numeric declines and a paucity of baseline data on moose in the state prompted the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources to initiate a study of moose demography in collaboration with Utah State University. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine reproductive rates of moose in Utah and the factors which influence them, and 2) combine aerial count data from multiple management units within the state to identify factors which influence interannual variation in population growth rates. We constructed generalized linear models to relate maternal body condition and age to reproductive success. We found that body condition (P = 0.01) and age (P = 0.02) contributed significantly to the probability of pregnancy and the best model describing this relationship was nonlinear. Body condition also related positively to subsequent calving (P = 0.08) and recruitment (P = 0.05), but model selection suggested the relationship for these metrics was best described by linear models. A meta-analysis of moose reproductive rates in North America suggested that reproductive rates declined significantly with latitude (P 9́Þ 0.01), i.e. as populations approached their southern range limit. We used Bayesian state-space models to combine moose count data from different management units to estimate statewide population dynamics between 1958 and 2013. This approach incorporated uncertainty in population counts arising from observation error. Population density and warm winter temperatures negatively influenced population growth rate with a high degree of confidence; 95% Bayesian Credible Intervals for these variables did not overlap zero. Short-term projections of moose abundance in the state suggested that the population will likely remain stable despite projected increases in winter temperature. Results from this study will aid managers in achieving management objectives as well as future decision making. The unique characteristics of the population also have application toward understanding the dynamics of populations of cold-adapted species at their southern range limit.

Download or read book Modeling Moose Habitat Use and Fitness Consequences of Habitat Selection in Vermont USA written by Joshua Alexander Blouin and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The moose (Alces alces) population has been declining across the northeastern US largely due to the impacts of winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus). In epizootic years, an individual moose can host a staggering number of ticks (> 60,000), affecting both survival and reproduction. Habitat management may be used to improve the status of the moose population and health of individuals, but this requires knowledge of key habitat types used by moose and their spatial distribution. We investigated 1) habitat use by moose and 2) the fitness consequences of habitat selection during two critical winter tick life stages in northeastern Vermont. To assess habitat use, we combined more than 41,000 moose locations collected from radio-collared individuals (n = 74), recent land cover data, and high resolution, three-dimensional lidar data to develop Resource Utilization Functions that linked home range use to habitat characteristics by age, season, and sex. In general, the home ranges of female moose had proportionally more regenerative forest and canopy structure, while male home ranges consisted of mixed forests at higher elevations. Winter ticks tend to be fairly immobile throughout all life stages, and therefore their distribution patterns at any given time are shaped by the occurrence of moose across the landscape during the peak of two critical time periods: fall questing (when ticks latch onto a moose) and spring drop-off (when engorged female ticks detach from moose). We used a dynamic occupancy modeling framework to estimate habitat selection of female moose (n = 74) during these periods. Further, we investigated if habitat selection decisions made by adult females during the fall questing period influenced the survival of their offspring through the winter. Adult females whose offspring perished selected habitats during the questing period that were characterized by higher proportions of young mixed forests at higher elevations. In contrast, adult females whose offspring survived selected areas characterized by young deciduous habitats and higher proportions of mature evergreens forests and wetlands at lower elevations. The resulting maps of habitat use and resource selection define "hotspots" that are likely encouraging the deleterious effects of the tick-moose cycle. These hotspots presumably reflect areas with the highest moose and winter tick densities, which may be targeted for future management actions such as hunter harvest to reduce moose density and habitat manipulation or application of experimental treatments (e.g., fungus-based biopesticides) to reduce tick density. This study provides new information and tools that may help managers disrupt the tick-moose cycle and promote heathier and more persistent populations across the region.

Download or read book Habitat Selection Condition and Survival of Shiras Moose in Northwest Wyoming written by Scott A. Becker and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seasonal movements, habitat selection, physiological health, and demography of Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi) were studied in the Jackson Valley of northwest Wyoming. Moose congregated on low-elevation ranges during winter and migrated to more dispersed, mid-elevation ranges during summer. Moose selected winter habitat dominated by deciduous shrubs, whereas they selected summer habitat that was more variable. Blood parameters indicated that moose were in moderate physical condition. Ultrasonic rump fat measurements were relatively high, but there were indications of nutritional deficiencies. Diseases and parasites appeared to have minimal population-level effects. Population modeling suggested that the moose population was more likely to be declining than stable or increasing and the population growth rate was influenced primarily by late-winter and early-spring adult female mortality. Pregnancy rates were high, but calf production was relatively low. Neonate and annual calf survival were relatively high. Habitat quality appeared to be the primary factor limiting population growth while the effects of predation appeared to be less important.

Download or read book Genetic Variation in a Large Game Species the Moose Alces Alces written by Christina Reuterwall and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: