Download or read book Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing Estimation of Agricultural Crop Biomass Water Equivalent written by Ammar Wahbi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-05 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book provides methods for the estimation of Biomass Water Equivalent (BEW), an essential step for improving the accuracy of area-wide soil moisture by cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS). Three techniques are explained in detail: (i) traditional in-situ destructive sampling, (ii) satellite based remote sensing of plant surfaces, and (iii) biomass estimation via the use of the CRNS itself. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed along with step by step instructions on proper procedures and implementation.

Download or read book Cosmic Rays at Earth written by P.K.F. Grieder and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-07-27 with total page 1117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1912 Victor Franz Hess made the revolutionary discovery that ionizing radiation is incident upon the Earth from outer space. He showed with ground-based and balloon-borne detectors that the intensity of the radiation did not change significantly between day and night. Consequently, the sun could not be regarded as the sources of this radiation and the question of its origin remained unanswered. Today, almost one hundred years later the question of the origin of the cosmic radiation still remains a mystery.Hess' discovery has given an enormous impetus to large areas of science, in particular to physics, and has played a major role in the formation of our current understanding of universal evolution. For example, the development of new fields of research such as elementary particle physics, modern astrophysics and cosmology are direct consequences of this discovery. Over the years the field of cosmic ray research has evolved in various directions: Firstly, the field of particle physics that was initiated by the discovery of many so-called elementary particles in the cosmic radiation. There is a strong trend from the accelerator physics community to reenter the field of cosmic ray physics, now under the name of astroparticle physics. Secondly, an important branch of cosmic ray physics that has rapidly evolved in conjunction with space exploration concerns the low energy portion of the cosmic ray spectrum. Thirdly, the branch of research that is concerned with the origin, acceleration and propagation of the cosmic radiation represents a great challenge for astrophysics, astronomy and cosmology. Presently very popular fields of research have rapidly evolved, such as high-energy gamma ray and neutrino astronomy. In addition, high-energy neutrino astronomy may soon initiate as a likely spin-off neutrino tomography of the Earth and thus open a unique new branch of geophysical research of the interior of the Earth. Finally, of considerable interest are the biological and medical aspects of the cosmic radiation because of it ionizing character and the inevitable irradiation to which we are exposed. This book is a reference manual for researchers and students of cosmic ray physics and associated fields and phenomena. It is not intended to be a tutorial. However, the book contains an adequate amount of background materials that its content should be useful to a broad community of scientists and professionals. The present book contains chiefly a data collection in compact form that covers the cosmic radiation in the vicinity of the Earth, in the Earth's atmosphere, at sea level and underground. Included are predominantly experimental but also theoretical data. In addition the book contains related data, definitions and important relations. The aim of this book is to offer the reader in a single volume a readily available comprehensive set of data that will save him the need of frequent time consuming literature searches.

Download or read book Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nuclear and related techniques can help develop climate smart agricultural practices by optimizing water use efficiency. The measurement of soil water content is essential to improve the use of this resource in agriculture. However, most sensors monitor small areas (less than 1m in radius), hence a large number of sensors are needed to obtain soil water content across a large area. This can be both costly and labour intensive and so larger scale measuring devices are needed as an alternative to traditional point-based soil moisture sensing techniques. The cosmic ray neutron sensor (CRNS) is such a device that monitors soil water content in a non-invasive and continuous way. This publication provides background information about this novel technique, and explains in detail the calibration and validation process.

Download or read book Electrons and Protons Photons Neutrons Mesotrons and Cosmic Rays written by Robert Andrews Millikan and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Solar Particle Radiation Storms Forecasting and Analysis written by Olga E Malandraki and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar energetic particles (SEPs) emitted from the Sun are a major space weather hazard motivating the development of predictive capabilities. This book presents the results and findings of the HESPERIA (High Energy Solar Particle Events forecasting and Analysis) project of the EU HORIZON 2020 programme. It discusses the forecasting operational tools developed within the project, and presents progress to SEP research contributed by HESPERIA both from the observational as well as the SEP modelling perspective. Using multi-frequency observational data and simulations HESPERIA investigated the chain of processes from particle acceleration in the corona, particle transport in the magnetically complex corona and interplanetary space, to the detection near 1 AU. The book also elaborates on the unique software that has been constructed for inverting observations of relativistic SEPs to physical parameters that can be compared with space-borne measurements at lower energies. Introductory and pedagogical material included in the book make it accessible to students at graduate level and will be useful as background material for Space Physics and Space Weather courses with emphasis on Solar Energetic Particle Event Forecasting and Analysis. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors.

Download or read book Theoretical Response of the Deep River Neutron Monitor to an Anisotropic Solar Cosmic ray Event written by M. A. Shea and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The response of the Deep River, Canada neutron monitor to an anistropic flux of solar cosmic rays is a function of the viewing direction of the detector through the magnetosphere, as defined by the asymptotic cone of acceptance, and the interplanetary direction and spatial distribution of the flux anisotropy. Using a mathematical model of the magnetosphere, the authors have calculated the viewing directions for Deep River as a function of time and evaluated the response of the neutron monitor to various solar cosmic-ray anisotropies propagating along the ecliptic plane. (Author).

Download or read book COSMIC RAY NEUTRON STUDIES written by Serge Alexander Korff and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a study of the neutrons generated by the cosmic radiation. A series of balloon flights were made, in which the neutrons in the energy range between one and ten Mevs were measured, throughout the atmosphere. These flights were made from various stations, over a range of latitudes from near equatorial to near polar, and in time over several years. It was found that a large variation with solar activity exists, especially at the near-polar locations where the lowest-energy part of the incoming radiation is observable. The numbers of neutrons going into radiocarbon were calculated for various epochs as were the numbers escaping from the top of the atmosphere. The importance of studying the production of other isotopes including especially beryllium ten is stressed. Various solar acceleration mechanisms were also examined, with especial reference to those which on infrequent occasions inject spectacularly large amounts of radiation into the space surrounding the earth. (Author).

Download or read book Cosmic Rays and Earth written by J.W. Bieber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The year 1998 marked the 50th anniversary of the invention of the neutron monitor, a key research tool in the field of space physics and solar-terrestrial relations. In honor of this occasion a workshop entitled 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' was organized to review the detection of cosmic rays at the surface and in the lower atmosphere of Earth, including the effect that this radiation has on the terrestrial environment. A special focus was the role of neutron monitors in the investigation of this radiation, on the science enabled by the unique dataset of the worldwide network of neutron monitors, and on continuing opportunities to use these data to solve outstanding problems. This book is the principal product of that workshop, integrating the contribu tions of all participants. Following a general summary of the workshop prepared by the editors, the volume leads off with a keynote article by Professor John Simpson describing his invention of the neutron monitor in 1948 and the early scientific discoveries made with this instrument.

Download or read book Electrons and written by Robert Andrews Millikan and published by . This book was released on 1935 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Neutron Production in the Cosmic Radiation written by Arthur Beiser and published by . This book was released on 1954* with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Remote Compositional Analysis written by Janice L. Bishop and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive overview of the spectroscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques used in planetary remote sensing.

Download or read book Cosmic Rays in the Earth s Atmosphere and Underground written by Lev Dorman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 891 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present monograph as well as the next one (Dorman, M2005) is a result of more than 50 years working in cosmic ray (CR) research. After graduation in December 1950 Moscow Lomonosov State University (Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics Division, the Team of Theoretical Physics), my supervisor Professor D. I. Blokhintsev planned for me, as a winner of a Red Diploma, to continue my education as an aspirant (a graduate student) to prepare for Ph. D. in his very secret Object in the framework of what was in those time called the Atomic Problem. To my regret the KGB withheld permission, and I, together with other Jewish students who had graduated Nuclear Divisions of Moscow and Leningrad Universities and Institutes, were faced with a real prospect of being without any work. It was our good fortune that at that time there was being brought into being the new Cosmic Ray Project (what at that time was also very secret, but not as secret as the Atomic Problem), and after some time we were directed to work on this Project. It was organized and headed by Prof. S. N. Vernov (President of All-Union Section of Cosmic Rays) and Prof. N. V. Pushkov (Director of IZMIRAN); Prof. E. L. Feinberg headed the theoretical part of the Project.

Download or read book Solar Neutrons and Related Phenomena written by Lev Dorman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-15 with total page 912 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Short Historical Overview In the 1940s, two phenomena in the ?eld of cosmic rays (CR) forced scientists to think that the Sun is a powerful source of high-energy particles. One of these was discovered because of the daily solar variation of CR, which the maximum number of CR observed near noon (referring to the existence of continuous ?ux of CR from the direction of the Sun); this became the experimental basis of the theory that CR’s ́ originate from the Sun (or, for that matter, from within the solar system) (Alfven 1954). The second phenomenon was discovered when large ?uxes of high energy particles were detected from several solar ?ares, or solar CR. These are the - called ground level events (GLE), and were ?rst observed by ionization chambers shielded by 10 cm Pb (and detected mainly from the secondary muon-component CR that they caused) during the events of the 28th of February 1942, the 7th of March 1942, the 25th of July 1946, and the 19th of November 1949. The biggest such event was detected on the 23rd of February 1956 (see the detailed description in Chapters X and XI of Dorman, M1957). The ?rst phenomenon was investigated in detail in Dorman (M1957), by ?rst correcting experimental data on muon temperature effects and then by using coupling functions to determine the change in particle energy caused by the solar-diurnal CR variation.

Download or read book Cosmic Ray Neutrons in the Atmosphere written by Devrie S. Intriligator and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ames Collaborative Study of Cosmic Ray Neutrons written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cosmic ray Neutron Data in written by Nagoya Daigaku WDC for Cosmic Rays and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Closer Look at Neutrons in Nuclear and Radiological Engineering written by V. P. Singh and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2021 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The neutron is an unstable nucleon outside the atomic nucleus; its mass is approximately 0.0014 times higher than the proton's mass and it plays an essential role in the atomic nucleus's stability. The neutron does not have an electric charge and interacts with matter causing numerous reactions. The above properties make the neutron essential in several areas. In nuclear power production, for instance, the neutron combined with the moderator plays a critical role. This book is a collection of works related to the neutron and its applications. Each chapter of this book's content is self-contained and is derived from the experience and research carried out by the authors. The book describes each aspect of neutrons ranging from their essential characteristics to their applications. Chapters of this book concern topics including the description of neutron characteristics, the challenge of neutron dosimetry, the ambient dose equivalent due to cosmic neutrons, the use of neutrons as an analytical tool through neutron activation analysis, the absorbed dose response of natural minerals which also have thermoluminescent features, and the use of neutrons in medicine to treat cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The book also discusses topics such as neutron attenuation by super-alloys, neutron production in radiotherapy with electrons, the use of neutrons to detect explosives, and cloud computing technology for neutron dosimetry and spectrometry. This book would be handy for scientists, engineers, researchers, students, and practitioners in neutron studies and applications"--