Download or read book Corrosion Resistant Weld Overlays for Pipelines Oil and Gas and Petrochemical Installations written by Timothy Olegovich Babyak and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nickel-base alloy corrosion resistant weld overlays (WOLs) are used in the oil and gas and petrochemical industry to protect against pipeline failure due to corrosion while also reducing costs. Currently, for some industry specific applications, these WOLs are produced using hot wire gas tungsten arc welding (HW-GTAW), a high heat input process. Per specifications such as API 5LD and DNV-OS-F101, additional iron content in the weld metal of nickel-base WOLs must be sufficiently reduced to ensure adequate corrosion resistance of the WOL. The amount of additional iron in the weld metal is a result of dilution of the clad layer by the substrate. High heat input processes such as HW-GTAW tend to produce welds with higher dilution, and as a result, up to three layers of weld metal are needed to sufficiently reduce iron content in the weld metal. Previous projects at OSU, addressing corrosion resistant WOLs in the nuclear industry, have demonstrated that low heat input gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes, such as cold metal transfer (CMT), can produce WOLs with lower dilution, higher deposition rates, and greater corrosion resistance than similar overlays produced with HW-GTAW. However, concerns of lack of fusion and lack of penetration defects along with insufficient process optimization have hindered the widespread application of low heat input GMAW for WOLs. This study aimed to investigate the viability of CMT for production of WOLs for the oil and gas and petrochemical industry. Bead-on-plate welds of three nickel-base alloys (alloy 625, alloy 686, and alloy 825) were produced with CMT on low alloy steel X65 using a design of experiments approach. Bead geometry, heat input, deposition rate, and the presence of lack of penetration defects from each sample were measured and categorized to identify parameter sets that produced welds adhering to certain criteria such as low dilution, moderate toe angles, and lack of defects. Deposition rates for CMT were around 3.5 times higher than HW-GTAW. Analysis of CMT sample microstructure revealed smaller planar growth regions, less swirls as well as smaller swirls, and smaller secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS) as compared with HW-GTAW. These characteristics respectively contribute to a lower potential for solidification cracking, a lower potential for hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC), and increased corrosion resistance. Microhardness maps revealed CMT produced samples with lower heat affected zone (HAZ) hardness values along with higher weld metal (WM) hardness values. Higher WM hardness increases erosion resistance and lower HAZ hardness decreases the need for PWHT. Thermodynamic simulations between each of the filler metals and the base metal revealed CMT samples were less susceptible to solidification and liquation cracking due to the widest solidification ranges occurring in planar growth regions. Overlays of all three filler metals were constructed using both processes. Specimens extracted from the CMT overlays passed ASME Section IX bend tests. The bend tests were validated using digital image correlation (DIC) as lack of strain concentration along fusion boundaries indicated proper fusion had occurred. EDS traverses across fusion boundaries showed a transition from base metal to minimally diluted filler metal within tens of micrometers for CMT as compared with millimeters for HW-GTAW. Compositional comparisons from EDS traverses parallel to fusion boundaries and top surfaces showed nearly identical compositions for CMT at both locations but not for HW-GTAW. Corrosion testing following ASTM G48 found critical pitting temperatures (CPT) of 60°C, 85°C, and 20°C, respectively, for alloy 625, 686, and 825 single-layer overlay samples created using CMT. Double-layer HW-GTAW samples tested at the same temperatures, as their CMT counterpart, had deeper maximum pitting as well as greater overall weight loss. Through comparative analyses, CMT was determined a superior WOL production process to HW-GTAW as CMT increases structural integrity and decreases cost with its ability to produce defect-free, corrosion-, erosion-, and cracking-resistant WOLs at higher deposition rates and with less filler material.
Download or read book Piping and Pipeline Engineering written by George A. Antaki and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-05-28 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking a big-picture approach, Piping and Pipeline Engineering: Design, Construction, Maintenance, Integrity, and Repair elucidates the fundamental steps to any successful piping and pipeline engineering project, whether it is routine maintenance or a new multi-million dollar project. The author explores the qualitative details, calculations, and techniques that are essential in supporting competent decisions. He pairs coverage of real world practice with the underlying technical principles in materials, design, construction, inspection, testing, and maintenance. Discover the seven essential principles that will help establish a balance between production, cost, safety, and integrity of piping systems and pipelines The book includes coverage of codes and standards, design analysis, welding and inspection, corrosion mechanisms, fitness-for-service and failure analysis, and an overview of valve selection and application. It features the technical basis of piping and pipeline code design rules for normal operating conditions and occasional loads and addresses the fundamental principles of materials, design, fabrication, testing and corrosion, and their effect on system integrity.
Download or read book Girth Welding of Internally Clad API 5L Grade X65 Pipes Using Low Alloy Steel Filler Metal written by Alejandro Alvarez and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study focuses on the development of low alloy steel (LAS) girth welds on internally clad API 5L Grade X65 steel by investigating the metallurgical phenomena of welds made using a high melting temperature consumable over a low melting temperature substrate. The metallurgical phenomena of welds made using a low melting temperature consumable over a high melting temperature substrate have been widely reported in literature. The solidification behavior of alloy 625 overlays on high-strength steel (HSS) has been reported in works pertaining to the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation industries. Extensive investigations have been conducted analyzing microstructural and compositional gradients along the fusion boundary and transition zone that degrade the mechanical properties of such welds. Alloy 625 girth welds on internally clad HSS have also become a topic of continued discussion as premature failures have been associated to the fusion boundary between the Ni-based alloy weld metal and HSS pipe. The oil and gas industry is investigating the potential replacement of alloy 625 girth welds with LAS girth welds. LAS girth welds could possibly reduce susceptibility to premature failures while also reducing pipeline manufacturing and installation expenses. Reel pipelay is a method of installing pipelines to the ocean floor from giant reels mounted on an offshore vessel. Reel pipelay is known to increase installation rates and reduce manufacturing expenses since welding and inspection is performed onshore. DNV-OS-F101, however, states that girth welds intended for reel pipelay applications shall overmatch the base metal yield strength by 100 MPa. Careful consideration is also required during girth welding to ensure that the corrosion resistant properties of the internally clad layers remain intact. Such girth welds have been challenging to develop due to poor weldability. Dilution from the low melting temperature substrate into the high melting temperature girth weld metal increases susceptibility to solidification cracking, liquation cracking and shrinkage porosity. Industry has not yet developed single U-groove LAS girth welds on internally clad HSS pipes due to a lack of understanding of the metallurgical phenomena in such welds. This study presents a methodology used for determining material compatibility to alleviate weldability concerns. Thermodynamic computational modeling is used to analyze the solidification behavior, partitioning characteristics, and phase transformations. Button melting, SS-DTA, and dilatometry is used to analyze the microstructural evolution in ER80S-G as a function of dilution from FM-686. Such testing methods help identify critical transformation temperatures such as AC1, AC3, Ms and Mf and, mechanisms that could be used to alleviate cracking susceptibility. Upon identifying the material compatibility between ER80S-G and FM-686, this study presents a procedure optimization approach to develop defect-free LAS girth welds. LAS girth welds are developed utilizing a combination of arc welding processes (i.e., CMT and GMAW-P) to minimize dilution from the Ni-based alloy substrate. A controlled sequence for depositing weld passes is also applied to further decrease dilution and create a temper bead welding effect to help reduce hardness. Lastly, this study subjects the newly developed LAS girth welds to metallurgical characterization and mechanical testing to develop a correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties. Testing is first conducted in accordance with DNV-OS-F101 to determine strength properties. Afterwards, hardness mapping and customized tensile testing utilizing Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is performed to determine the local mechanical properties of regions that contain both compositional and microstructural gradients. This study presents the successful development of LAS girth welds on internally clad API 5L Grade X65 steel. Girth welds exhibit a 200 MPa overmatching strength but failed to meet bend and hardness requirements stated by DNV. 1 of 3 bend specimens contained a crack longer than 3-mm that propagated from a pore. Per DNV, re-testing is required. Hardness is also above the 250 HV10 maximum requirement. Further testing is required to determine if PWHT could reduce hardness below the desired requirement.
Download or read book Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry written by Linda Garverick and published by ASM International. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive collection of peer-reviewed data and information on corrosion in the petroleum, petrochemical, and chemical processing industries from a number of ASM International publications. The principal sources are Corrosion, Volume 13, and Failure Analysis and Prevention, Volume 11 of ASM H
Download or read book Petroleum Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-04 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion Problems and Solutions in Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry written by Alec Groysman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-24 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses corrosion problems and their solutions at facilities in the oil refining and petrochemical industry, including cooling water and boiler feed water units. Further, it describes and analyzes corrosion control actions, corrosion monitoring, and corrosion management. Corrosion problems are a perennial issue in the oil refining and petrochemical industry, as they lead to a deterioration of the functional properties of metallic equipment and harm the environment – both of which need to be protected for the sake of current and future generations. Accordingly, this book examines and analyzes typical and atypical corrosion failure cases and their prevention at refineries and petrochemical facilities, including problems with: pipelines, tanks, furnaces, distillation columns, absorbers, heat exchangers, and pumps. In addition, it describes naphthenic acid corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, hydrogen damages, sulfidic corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion fatigue occurring at refinery units. At last, fouling, corrosion and cleaning are discussed in this book.
Download or read book Petroleum Times written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 1024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion written by Joseph R. Davis and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2000 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the title suggests, this is an introductory book covering the basics of corrosion. It is intended primarily for professionals who are not corrosion experts, but may also be useful as a quick reference for corrosion engineers. Included in the 12 chapters are discussions of the physical principles and characteristics of corrosion, help in recognizing and preventing corrosion, and techniques for diagnosing corrosion failures.
Download or read book Amine Unit corrosion in Refineries EFC 46 written by J.D. Harston and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The corrosion of carbon steels in amine units used for gas treatment in refining operations is a major problem for the petrochemical industry. Maximizing amine unit reliability, together with improving throughput, circulation, and treatment capacity, requires more effective ways of measuring and predicting corrosion rates. However, there has been a lack of data on corrosion. This valuable report helps to remedy this lack of information by summarizing findings from over 30 plants. It covers such amine types as Methyl Diethanolamine (MDEA), Diethanolamine (DEA), Monoethanolamine (MEA) and Di-isopropanolamine (DIPA), and makes recommendations on materials and process parameters to maximize amine unit efficiency and reliability.
Download or read book Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry Second Edition written by and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1994, this second edition of Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry collects peer-reviewed articles written by experts in the field of corrosion that were specifically chosen for this book because of their relevance to the petrochemical industry. This edition expands coverage of the different forms of corrosion, including the effects of metallurgical variables on the corrosion of several alloys. It discusses protection methods, including discussion of corrosion inhibitors and corrosion resistance of aluminum, magnesium, stainless steels, and nickels. It also includes a section devoted specifically to petroleum and petrochemical industry related issues.
Download or read book Materials Performance written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Publications Programs Services written by American Petroleum Institute and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Oceanic Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-07 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essentials of Coating Painting and Lining for the Oil Gas and Petrochemical Industries written by Alireza Bahadori and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2015-01-06 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the oil and gas industry facing new challenges—deeper offshore installations, more unconventional oil and gas transporting through pipelines, and refinery equipment processing these opportunity feedstocks--new corrosion challenges are appearing, and the oil and gas industry's infrastructure is only as good as the quality of protection provided and maintained. Essentials of Coating, Painting, and Linings for the Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industries is the first guide of its kind to directly deliver the necessary information to prevent and control corrosion for the components on the offshore rig, pipelines underground and petrochemical equipment. Written as a companion to Cathodic Corrosion Protection Systems, this must-have training tool supplies the oil and gas engineer, inspector and manager with the full picture of corrosion prevention methods specifically catered for oil and gas services. Packed with real world case studies, critical qualifications, inspection criteria, suggested procedure tests, and application methods, Essentials of Coating, Painting, and Linings for the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries is a required straightforward reference for any oil and gas engineer and manager. - Understand how to select, prime and apply the right coating system for various oil and gas equipment and pipelines – both upstream and downstream - Train personnel with listed requirements, evaluation material and preparation guides, including important environmental compliance considerations - Improve the quality of your equipment, refinery and pipeline with information on repair and rejection principles
Download or read book NBS Special Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 1024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in the United States Appendix B written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
