Download or read book Corrosion and Metal Release for Lead containing Materials written by Gregory V. Korshin and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 1999 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion and Metal Release for Lead containing Plumbing Materials Influence of NOM written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OBJECTIVES: This project addressed the issue of effects of natural organic matter (NOM) on the corrosion of lead-containing materials in potable water. Specifically, the research focused on the effects of NOM in the corrosion of leaded brass, lead tin solder, and lead pipe. BACKGROUND: Lead is released because of the corrosion of lead-containing materials such as lead pipe, lead tin solder, and lead-containing brasses. Of all water quality parameters affecting the corrosion of metals in potable water, the influence of NOM has been the least studied. NOM is an important, site-specific component of water quality that is responsible for aesthetic properties (color) and for chemical reactions exemplified by the generation of disinfection by-products. NOM also binds pesticides, absorbs at water/solid phase boundaries, and forms strong complexes with many metallic cations, including lead. HIGHLIGHTS: Effects of NOM on corrosion depend on the corroding material. For example, the corrosion of and lead release from brass in potable water has specific features. In this alloy, lead forms a separate micro-phase that is galvanically coupled with the copper zinc matrix, thus promoting preferential oxidation and release of lead. Similar phenomena were observed for other materials. APPROACH: Studies were conducted using synthetic water qualities representing a highly plumbosolvent low-pH water, a low-aggressive high-pH water, and a medium-pH orthophosphate-containing water. NOM used in the study was isolated from Judy Reservoir, near the city of Mt. Vernon, Wash. This NOM was altered by ozonation, chlorination, and coagulation. The comparison of effects observed in the lab studies was made based on the data obtained for coupons exposed at selected sites and was also related to pilot-scale projects in which the efficiency of corrosion-mitigation water treatments was evaluated. RESULTS/FINDINGS: Soluble lead in the absence of NOM was low and close to theoretical predictions. NOM always induced an increase of soluble lead and caused relatively large colloidal particles to break down into smaller fragments. The major increase of soluble lead caused by NOM was found in the dissolved organic carbon range between 0 and 3 mg/L. The morphology of surfaces was very sensitive to the presence of NOM. Effects of NOM alteration by ozonation and chlorination on lead release were secondary in comparison with the effects of the presence of NOM. In general, the effects of NOM on the rate of corrosion depend on the exposure time and the nature of the corroding material. Overall, the presence of NOM may be a major factor affecting lead release from lead pipe, lead tin solder, and leaded brass or bronze. The adverse effects of NOM may be especially prominent in low-pH, low-alkalinity water qualities. Increasing pH and alkalinity are likely to alleviate the adverse effects of NOM. IMPACT: Water utilities with particularly high levels of NOM in source waters may be vulnerable to greater lead release in distribution systems and household plumbing. Control strategies such as pH and alkalinity control may be effective for reducing lead release. Risks of lead release may be somewhat evaluated from this research based on the presence of NOM and other contributing factors.
Download or read book Influence of Natural Organic Matter on Corrosion and Lead Release for Lead containing Materials written by Alice Nancy Lancaster and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Materials Selection for Corrosion Control written by Sohan L. Chawla and published by ASM International. This book was released on 1993-01-01 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a methodology for integrating materials selection with the design process, including simultaneous technical and economic evaluation. Save hours of frustrating research time: Get fast answers about the best material for a particular application. In the past, researching the endless sources on corrosion and materials in their countless applications were next to impossible. That's why this book was written: to help simplify your materials selection problems. It's an exhaustive source on the different corrosion-resistant materials, types of corrosion, factors affecting corrosion, passivation, corrosion monitoring, corrosion control measures, methodology of materials selection, and more.
Download or read book Lead and Lead Alloys written by Wilhelm Hofmann and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Corrosion written by L L Shreir and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 1233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion, Volume 1: Metal/Environment Reactions is concerned with the subject of corrosion, with emphasis on the control of the environmental interactions of metals and alloys used as materials of construction. Corrosion is treated as a synthesis of corrosion science and corrosion engineering. This volume is comprised of nine chapters; the first of which provides an overview of the principles of corrosion and oxidation, with emphasis on the electrochemical mechanism of corrosion and how the kinetics of cathodic and anodic partial reactions control the rate of overall corrosion reaction. Attention then turns to the effects of environmental factors such as concentration, velocity, and temperature based on the assumption that either the anodic or cathodic reaction, but not both, is rate-controlling. The corrosion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys, as well as rarer and noble metals, is considered. The reader is also introduced to high-temperature corrosion and mechanical factors that affect corrosion. This book concludes with topics of electrochemistry and metallurgy relevant to corrosion, including the nature of the electrified interface between the metal and the solution; charge transfer across the interface under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions; overpotential and the rate of an electrode reaction; and the hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen absorption by ferrous alloys. This book will be of value to students as well as workers and engineers in the field of corrosion.
Download or read book Research Information Surveys on Corrosion of Metals written by National Research Council (U.S.). Research Information Service and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1924 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Public Water Systems written by HDR Engineering Inc. and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2001-03-23 with total page 1152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public water systems deliver high-quality water to the public. They also present a vast array of problems, from pollution monitoring and control to the fundamentals of hydraulics and pipe fitting.
Download or read book Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations written by James A. Jacobs and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 921 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to environmental and communication issues related to fracking and the best approach to protect communities Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations offers a much-needed resource that explores the complex challenges of fracking by providing an understanding of the environmental and communication issues that are inherent with hydraulic fracturing. The book balances the current scientific knowledge with the uncertainty and risks associated with hydraulic fracking. In addition, the authors offer targeted approaches for helping to keep communities safe. The authors include an overview of the historical development of hydraulic fracturing and the technology currently employed. The book also explores the risk, prevention, and mitigation factors that are associated with fracturing. The authors also include legal cases, regulatory issues, and data on the cost of recovery. The volume presents audit checklists for gathering critical information and documentation to support the reliability of the current environmental conditions related to fracking operations and the impact fracking can have on a community. This vital resource: Contains the technical information and mitigation recommendations for safety and environmental issues related to hydraulic fracturing Offers an historical overview of conventional and unconventional oil and gas drilling Explains the geologic and technical issues associated with fracking of tight sand and shale formulations Presents numerous case studies from the United States EPA and other agencies Discusses issues of co-produced waste water and induced seismicity from the injection of wastewater Written for environmental scientists, geologists, engineers, regulators, city planners, attorneys, foresters, wildlife biologists, and others, Environmental Considerations Associated with Hydraulic Fracturing Operations offers a comprehensive resource to the complex environmental and communication issues related to fracking.
Download or read book Mineral Facts and Problems written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 1076 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin written by United States. Bureau of Mines and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 1076 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Materials Science written by RS Khurmi | RS Sedha and published by S. Chand Publishing. This book was released on 2008 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We take an opportunity to present 'Material Science'to the students of A.M.I.E.(I)Diploma stream in particular,and other engineering students in general.he object of this book is to present the subject matter in a most concise,compact,to the point and lucis manner.While preparing the book,we have constantly kept in mind the requirments of A.M.I.E(I) students,regarding the latest trend of their examination.To make it really useful for the A.M.I.E.(I) students,the solutions of their complete examination has been written in an easy style,with full detail and illustrations.
Download or read book Role of Water Chemistry in Lead Release During Drinking Water Supply and Augmentation written by Anushka Mishrra and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lead is a toxic heavy metal and legacy contaminant in drinking water that can be released from lead service lines and lead-containing premise plumbing. Lead concentrations in water are sensitive to changes in water chemistry. The extent of lead release is often driven by the solubility of the corrosion products formed on the interior of the pipes. Therefore, it is critical to advance our understanding of the extent of lead released from different lead-based plumbing materials at equilibrium and the ability to control lead when it exceeds the regulatory levels. Lead measured in the 1st liter of water collected from a tap can be significantly different from the lead measured in the water parcels beyond the 1st liter. The differences in the lead measured are usually driven by the differences in the types of pipe materials in contact with water during stagnation in the overall configuration of a service line that supplies a residence and the premise plumbing within the residence. The lead measured at the tap is regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Lead and Copper Rule of 1991, which stipulates that the 90th percentile of lead concentrations should be below 15 [mu]g/L. Recent revisions to the LCR introduced a 5th liter sample collection in addition to 1st liter sample for monitoring lead at residences with lead service lines (LSLs). However, there is limited information regarding the extent to which the 1st and 5th liter lead concentrations will differ. A systematic approach based on equilibrium solubility modelling can be used to accurately predict the lead in the 5th liter if the water stagnates within the LSL long enough to reach equilibrium. A national database was created with information on the 90th percentile 1st liter lead and key water chemistry variables from 434 very large public water systems in the United States in 2019. The solubility-based model was used to estimate dissolved lead concentrations in equilibrium with the lead corrosion products predicted to form in these systems. Solubility-based predictions exceeded the 90th percentile 1st liter lead for 98.9% of systems. While this was approach can be used for making conservative estimates for the 5th liter, it cannot be used to predict lead in the 1st liter. Process-based factors such as rates of dissolution, mass transfer and water usage patterns in addition to the water chemistry usually drive the 1st liter lead. In the absence of historical data required to implement a process-based model, an empirical approach built upon artificial neural network model was used for predicting 1st liter lead. Lead concentrations in drinking water can be lowered with the help of corrosion inhibitors. Sodium silicate is one such corrosion inhibitor and in typical deployments its addition results in an increase in the pH of water that can lower the solubility of lead corrosion products in addition to an increase in dissolved silicate. However, the role of sodium silicate independent of the pH-based lead control is not well understood. Pipe loop experiments were used to determine the effect of sodium silicate on lead release from LSLs harvested from a water system that has one of the Great Lakes as its source water. The LSLs were first conditioned with a synthetic water similar to the source water chemistry. The conditioned LSLs were then tested at two pH conditions: the original source water pH and an elevated pH. The corrosion scales were periodically assessed to investigate silicate accumulation in the scales. A similar approach was also used to investigate the effect of sodium silicate on lead release from new copper pipes containing lead solder. At the original source water pH and dissolved silicate concentrations of 0.33 mM, sodium silicate effectively lowered lead release from LSLs to lead concentrations below 10 mg/L, but it did not have any effect on the lead release from copper pipes containing lead solder. To further probe the mechanism of corrosion inhibition exhibited by sodium silicate within LSLs, supplemental batch-scale experiments were carried out to explore the interactions between dissolved silicate and corrosion scales developed inside of LSLs. These batch scale experiments complemented the previous pipe loop experiments by allowing a focus on chemical interactions in the absence of any mass transfer limitations. Corrosion of service lines and premise plumbing can be sensitive to changes in the source water chemistry. Despite the resiliency that introduction of alternative water sources (e.g., direct potable reuse and desalination) into existing drinking water distribution systems offers, blending water supplies can impact the metal release and microbial communities within premise plumbing. Long-term pipe loop experiments with new copper pipes containing lead solder and with new brass rods with 3% lead were carried out to study the impact of gradual and abrupt introduction of advanced treated water (ATW) on drinking water quality with a primary emphasis on release of metals. The pipes were conditioned for six months with the baseline water (BLW) supply. Since the as-received ATW is highly purified with a low pH (
Download or read book Uhlig s Corrosion Handbook written by R. Winston Revie and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-12 with total page 1299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a reference for engineers, scientists, and students concerned with the use of materials in applications where reliability and resistance to corrosion are important. It updates the coverage of its predecessor, including coverage of: corrosion rates of steel in major river systems and atmospheric corrosion rates, the corrosion behavior of materials such as weathering steels and newer stainless alloys, and the corrosion behavior and engineering approaches to corrosion control for nonmetallic materials. New chapters include: high-temperature oxidation of metals and alloys, nanomaterials, and dental materials, anodic protection. Also featured are chapters dealing with standards for corrosion testing, microbiological corrosion, and electrochemical noise.
Download or read book Stagnation time composition pH and orthophosphate effects on metal leaching from brass written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer written by and published by . This book was released on 1925 with total page 858 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Chemical Trade Journal and Chemical Engineer written by G Kelville Davis and published by . This book was released on 1924 with total page 900 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
